МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ГИДРООЧИСТКИ И ГИДРОДЕПАРАФИНИЗАЦИИ ДИЗЕЛЬНОЙ ФРАКЦИИ В ПРОГРАММНОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ ASPEN HYSYS

This study compares the tribological and thermophysical features of the lubricating oil using MoS2 and ZnO nano-additives. The average size of MoS2 and ZnO nanoparticles were 90 nm and 30 nm, respectively. The nanoparticles were suspended using Triton X-100 in three different concentrations (0.1, 0.4 and 0.7 wt.%) in a commercial diesel oil. Tribological properties such as mass loss of the pins, friction coefficient, and worn surface morphologies and thermophysical properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, flash point and pour point of resulting nano lubricant were evaluated and compared with those of pure diesel oil. The tribological behavior of nano lubricants was evaluated using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The worn surface morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The overall results of this experiment reveal that the addition of nano-MoS2 reduces the mass loss values of the pins in 93% due to the nano-MoS2 lubricant effect. With 0.7 wt.% in nanoparticles content, the viscosity of MoS2 and ZnO nano lubricants at 100 °C increased by about 9.58% and 10.14%, respectively. Pure oil containing 0.7 wt.% of each nanoparticle increased the flash point because of its small size and surface modifying behavior compared to the pure oil. Moreover, the addition of ZnO nanoparticles with pure oil lubricant is more suitable than MoS2 nanoparticles for improving the thermophysical properties of pure oil.

With the rapid improvement of exploration and monitoring technologies, the oil and gas industry has accumulated a large amount of data in the fields of seismic exploration, logging, production, and development. How to transform the huge “data resources” into “data assets” and fully utilize data and tap their real value to better serve society is a main concern in the oil and gas industry today. Therefore, the oil industry needs to complete the industrial upgrading of “Smart Oilfield” through digital and intelligent transformation. In recent years, the rise of big data technology and artificial intelligence have allowed international oil companies and oil service giants to accelerate the construction of digital and intelligent oil fields. The overall framework of the big data intelligent platform of oil and gas resources should be based on data resources with big data platform computing power as the support and artificial intelligence algorithms as the core. To meet the production needs of the oil and gas industry, it is of great urgency to build an oil and gas data resource pool that integrates exploration, development, and production data. The data quality can be improved via data cleaning and fusion. Physical simulations, data mining, and other approaches should be combined to achieve the modularization of service functions. Additionally, the goals of intelligent monitoring, early warning, and display on multi-dimensional platforms such as PC, control screen, and mobile apps can also be achieved. The analysis of artificial intelligence methods such as deep learning in the context of the oil and gas industry shows that these methods have good application prospects. In the future, oil companies should work together with scientific research institutes to tap the huge potential of oil industry data, achieve cost reduction and efficiency increase, and build a new smart oil and gas industrial ecosystem to complete industrial upgrading.

The article “Physics, fracking, fuel, and the future” had many crucial omissions and misleading statements and thus failed to give a clear idea of where we are and where we are headed with regard to fossil fuels in general, renewable energy, and energy technologies. For example, climate change, the main driver in the push to reduce fossil-fuel consumption, was not mentioned in the article.Moreover, the authors do not seem to realize that the movement away from fossil fuels is already well under way. The Energiewende (Energy Transition), Germany’s program to change to low-carbon, nonnuclear energy sources, is never mentioned, and that Germany, Spain, and Italy already obtain more than 20% of their electricity from renewable resources is ignored. The authors seem unaware of California’s goal to generate, without nuclear power, 30% of its electricity from renewable resources by 2020 and 50% by 2030.The authors attempt to discuss petroleum extraction modeling: Their figure 2 shows a plot of US crude-oil production and results from M. King Hubbert’s model. Inexplicably, the strong decrease in US petroleum production in the past year is omitted. That decrease is not due to resource limits but rather to the unprofitability of shale-oil production at oil prices of about $45 a barrel. Fracking has indeed opened up a significant new source of oil, but just like conventional oil it is a finite resource and production will peak based on economics and other factors.Hubbert crafted an econometric model with political constraints.11. A. Cavallo, Oil Gas J. 103 (21), 22 (2005);A. Cavallo, Oil Gas J. 103 (22), 20 (2005). The key role of economics is obvious: If oil is too expensive, demand and extraction will drop, as it did in 1973; if too cheap, companies will go bankrupt and supplies will drop, as they have in 2016. The role politics plays is less obvious than that of economics since regulations passed to restrict production and increase prices are unpopular and thus not widely debated. For example, in 1932 the US Congress established a tariff on oil imports to protect the US oil industry from cheaper foreign petroleum.If US producers had been forced to compete with oil first from Venezuela and then from the Middle East, US production would have peaked in the mid 1950s. Understanding how the oil market functions is crucial if oil production is to be modeled properly. Since 1973 the market has been divided between OPEC and non-OPEC producers, with OPEC adjusting production to obtain prices it deems appropriate based on economic and geopolitical considerations.22. A. Cavallo, Nat. Res. Resour. 11(3), 187 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019856621335In 2004 Exxon Mobil used that understanding and Hubbert’s model to project a peak in non-OPEC conventional crude-oil production by about 2010, at which point OPEC would have complete control of the market. Based on that projection, Exxon Mobil declared that it would build no new oil refineries in the US33. S. Nauman, NAS Workshop, Trends in Oil Supply and Demand, Washington, DC (2005). since increased supplies of oil for them could not be guaranteed. In fact, non-OPEC conventional crude-oil production peaked in 2005, and OPEC raised prices rather than increase production.Finally, the authors seem unable to imagine a world with much reduced fossil-fuel consumption (see the caption of the article’s figure 1). My house in Princeton, New Jersey, demonstrates that such reduced consumption is certainly possible. We insulate heavily, use high-efficiency windows, appliances, and lighting, and buy renewable wind electricity off the grid; a geothermal heat pump heats and cools our home; a heat-pump water heater supplies hot water; a photovoltaic array on our roof adds some renewable electricity to our grid. We also use an electric car for local travel.Alternatives to fossil fuels and technologies, including energy efficiency and conservation, are actually widely available and affordable both in the developing and developed world, but may not be as cheap as fossil-fuel technologies. All of us should adopt the new (and old) high-efficiency technologies and work to inform the public that alternatives are available and that we can live quite comfortably without much fossil-fuel consumption at all.ReferencesSection:ChooseTop of pageReferences <<1. A. Cavallo, Oil Gas J. 103 (21), 22 (2005); Google ScholarA. Cavallo, Oil Gas J. 103 (22), 20 (2005). Google Scholar2. A. Cavallo, Nat. Res. Resour. 11(3), 187 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019856621335, Google ScholarCrossref3. S. Nauman, NAS Workshop, Trends in Oil Supply and Demand, Washington, DC (2005). Google Scholar© 2017 American Institute of Physics.

As refinarias de petróleo apresentam uma grande importância no mercado mundial e tem como função realizar o refino de óleo cru extraído do solo, transformando-o em diversos subprodutos derivados tais como gasolina, querosene, GLP e óleo diesel. Para certas etapas do procedimento de refino, a água é um importante recurso na purificação desses produtos. No entanto, após sua utilização, a água contaminada por resíduos tóxicos, chamada de “água ácida” numa tradução livre do inglês sour water, necessita de tratamento para descarte no meio ambiente ou para ser reutilizada no processo de refino. Para evitar riscos ambientais e industriais relacionados à sua contaminação, as refinarias buscam solucionar esse problema, que é analisado de várias maneiras. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar e comparar duas alternativas de tratamento da água ácida: tratamento por esgotamento a vapor e separação por osmose reversa. Foi utilizado o software ASPEN PLUSÒ para modelagem e análise dos processos. A modelagem incluiu a caracterização da água ácida e a escolha do modelo termodinâmico adequado à representação do equilíbrio de fases e demais propriedades físico-químicas necessárias. Os resultados confirmam que o processo de tratamento da água ácida por esgotamento é o mais adequado.Petroleum refineries have a large importance in world business. Their main function is to refine crude oil, converting it to several products such as gasoline, diesel oil, LPG and fuel oil. In refinery operations, water is an important source of purification of the crude oil. However, after being used the water becomes contaminated by toxic residues that are dangerous to the environment if disposed incorrectly. Another option is purifying the water so that can be used again in other refining operation. For this alternative the contaminated water is referred as ‘’sour water’’. To avoid environmental and industrial risks related to its use, the refineries seek for a solution to their problem by applying the effluent treatment. In this scenario, the industries use modeling software to evaluate the benefit to cost ratio for the treatment of sour water. Lastly, this work has the objective of evaluating and comparing alternative processes such as stripping and membrane treatment, by formulating mathematical models that are going to be simulated by software used by Chemical Engineers, called ASPEN PLUSÒ , and an analysis of its preliminary cost.

Currently, the oil refining industry, as an integral part of the oil industry, makes a significant contribution to the economy of the Russian Federation and includes a significant contingent of workers exposed to a complex of harmful chemicals present in the air of the working area during the oil refining process. In this regard, the study of the prevalence of bronchopulmonary pathology in oil refinery workers is quite urgent task. The database of eLIBRARY.RU, Google Academy, CyberLeninka, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed were used for the preparation of the literature review. It has been established that in the available modern scientific literature of the data devoted to the influence of oil hydrocarbons and oil products polluting the air of the working zone on functional disorders of the respiratory system in oil refinery workers could not be found. The most relevant studies on the effects of the chemical factor on the respiratory system in refinery workers have a significant statute of limitations and do not reflect current working conditions. The few data on the prevalence of respiratory diseases in workers in modern refineries are characterized by ambiguous results obtained by various authors. Thus, the issues of the influence of working conditions on the development of bronchopulmonary pathology among workers of modern oil refineries are extremely insufficiently covered. The results of the review indicate the relevance of both an in-depth study of the causes of the pathogenetic mechanism of bronchopulmonary diseases and prenosological diagnosis of respiratory pathology. So far, the main stage in the development of sound medical and preventive measures contributes to the preservation of health and prolongation of occupational longevity in workers employed in the oil refining industry.

The formation of emulsion is one of the challenges facing the oil and gas industry today. This is normally encountered when water is dispersed as fine droplets in the bulk of oil. This study presents the treatment techniques used by Nigeria Petroleum Development Company in Oredo field in breaking crude oil emulsion. Wells 2L and 4L were used for the analysis. Crude samples were obtained at the upstream of chemical injection points to ensure the samples were true representatives of the crude from the wells in the field. Chemical demulsifiers (DM1, DM3, DM4, and DM5) were formulated in the laboratory which was used in the treatment of 100ml of emulsion. Results show that DM3 and DM5 were the most effective chemical demulsifiers formulated in the laboratory for Oredo wells 2L and 4L respectively and also, temperature is an indispensable determining factor in the treatment of emulsion.

Crude oil and natural gas with condensate production can contain varying ratios of acid gases which are extremely corrosive to metal surfaces. Because of its corrosiveness, sour production may require specialized production equipment such as Inconel metallurgy to mitigate the severe environment; hence the control of sour corrosion is a major concern in the oil and gas industry today. Currently, most sour corrosion inhibitors are based on alkyl pyridine (AP) chemistries and typical treatment rates for critical sour environments range from 200-1000 ppm based on brine production. The objective of this work is to develop an alternative sour corrosion inhibitor to replace alkyl pyridine formulations. This paper investigates the effect of different operating parameters such as temperature (30°C, 50°C, 80°C and 120°C), salinity (low, medium and high), H2S composition (10%, 20%, 35%), CO2 composition (4% and 10%) and brine to oil ratio (90:10, 70:30, and 50:50) on the performance of the new inhibitor chemistry. In this paper a non-alkyl pyridine corrosion inhibitor (NAP Cl) formulation was developed to prevent corrosion in critical sour systems. In the lab testing conditions used the unmitigated corrosion rates ranged from 30-50 mpy with varying degrees of pitting. The non-alkyl pyridine chemistry treatment ranges of 200-300 ppm demonstrate an excellent reduction in both the synthetic brine and gas phase corrosion rates. This was supported by corrosion rates of less than 3 mpy and no observed pits.

This document contains the results of an investigation to determine the suitability of the FMC COED Pyrolysis Process Western Kentucky Syncrude as a petrochemical feedstock. A sample of the whole crude was distilled into four straight run fractions: IBP-350/sup 0/F naphtha, 350-650/sup 0/F mid-distillate, 650 to 850/sup 0/F gas oil, and 850-FBP/sup 0/F resid. Laboratory studies in metal reactors and computer and mathematical simulations were performed to provide overall material balance data for a conceptual plant. The naphtha was subjected to hydrotreating and reforming studies. The mid-distillate was hydrocracked to produce more naphtha which was further processed by hydrotreating and reforming. The gas oil was hydrocracked to produce more hydrocrackate naphtha which was mathematically hydrotreated and reformed. Steam coil cracking of the various naphtha and mid-distillate fractions was also performed to evaluate their potential as feedstocks for direct olefin production. None of the fractions surveyed was very attractive as an ethylene cracker feed. The reformate from each of the three distillates was then mathematically hydrodealkylated so that each fraction was converted to a product slate consisting of methane, LPG's, benzene, and fuel, along with the total hydrogen consumed. The value of the products obtained per 100 pounds of each distillate was $10.43, $7.29, and $7.12 for the naphtha, mid-distillate, and gas oil, respectively. Based on these values, the gas oil was concluded to be economically unattractive as a petrochemical feedstock. The high aromatic yield obtained from the straight run and hydrocrackate naphthas, however, make these fractions very attractive as petrochemical feedstocks.

During the central months of the year, southwestern Spain is under strong insolation and weak synoptic forcing, promoting the development of sea breezes and mountain-induced winds and creating recirculations of pollutants. The complex topography of the Southwestern Iberia Peninsula induces the formation of vertical layers, into which the pollutants are injected and subjected to long-distance transport and compensatory subsidence. The characteristics of these highly complex flows have important effects on the pollutant dispersion. Air pollution studies in very complex terrains require high-resolution modelling for resolving the flow dynamics. This paper shows the results obtained from using the MM5-CAMx multiscale-nested air quality model to relate the sensitivity regimes for ozone, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in an area of high geographical complexity. The article assesses the impact on the hourly and eight-hourly maximum daily ozone concentrations of four reduction strategies during two ozone pollution episodes. This analysis of the ozone response has led to a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the most common control strategies: traffic, industry, mixed traffic and industry, and closure of some of the largest industries (oil and petrochemical refineries). Photochemical indicators show that ozone chemistry in southwestern Spain is strongly sensitive to NOx. However, volatile organic compound-sensitive points are found in areas with anthropogenic influence (highways, cities and industrial parks). Our results indicate that reductions in road traffic lead to ozone reductions over large areas, whereas reductions in industrial emissions, despite sometimes showing greater decreases in the maximum hourly and eight-hourly ground-level ozone levels, lead to ozone reductions in a local area only. In the control study case, with the oil refinery and the petrochemical plants closed, decreases in ozone hourly concentrations are up to 40% higher than in the other emission control scenarios studied. This analysis provides an assessment of the effectiveness of different policies for controlling precursor emissions by comparing the modelled results for different scenarios.

This paper presents briefly some of the principal results of a mortality analysis of a cohort of workers employed for at least 1 year between 1950 and 1975 at eight oil refineries and approximately 750 distribution centers in the U.K., together with detailed results for kidney cancer and leukemia. Over 99% of the workers were successfully traced. Their mortality was compared with that of all males in the national population. The mortality from all causes of death is lower than that of the comparison population in both studies, and reduced mortality is also found for many of the major nonmalignant causes of death. In the refinery study, some increased mortality patterns are found for diseases of the arteries, and no healthy worker effect is found in the distribution center study for ischemic heart disease. Mortality from all neoplasms is lower than expected overall in both studies, largely due to a deficit of deaths from malignant neoplasm of the lung. Mortality from malignant neoplasm of the kidney is increased overall in the distribution center study, and in drivers in particular. The mortality from this disease increases with increased time since first exposure. The observed deaths from leukemia are slightly less than expected in the refinery study and slightly more than expected in the distribution center study. One refinery shows increased mortality due to in myeloid leukemia, and mortality is increased among refinery operators. Mortality is also raised in distribution center drivers, particularly for myeloid leukemias, including acute myeloid leukemia.

Oil refinery hazardous effluents minimization by membrane filtration: An on-site pilot plant study

The analyses of individual organic sulfur compounds in petroleum distillates are the key to understanding the kinetics of the chemistry involved in hydrodesulfurization, HDS. A sample of vacuum gas oil (VGO) produced commercially by distillation of treated atmospheric residue was analyzed by GC-FID-SCD method for individual organic sulfur compounds characterization and quantification. Dibenzothiophene and benzonaphthothiophene and their alkyl derivatives were found to constitute almost the entire organic sulfur compound range present in the VGO. Using a relationship between the total sulfur determined by “X-ray” and “Coulomax” methods and the composition of individual sulfur compounds determined by SCD, the quantity of those organic sulfur compounds present in VGO was estimated. Despite the limit in temperature raise (325°C) in the capillary column and that the range studied (346-555°C) is higher than those limits, optimum conditions were chosen to overcome those obstacles. From the analyses the behavior of refractory and unrefractory sulfur compounds in the VGO region can now be followed easily.

Pure vegetable oils have the greatest promise for alternative fuels for internal combustion engines beside the depletion of conventional petroleum resources. Among various possible options, pure vegetable oils present promising of greener air substitutes for fossil fuels. Pure vegetable oils, due to the agricultural origin, liquidity, ready availability, renewability, biodegradability are able to reduce the CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Also, in Vietnam, pure vegetable oils such as soybean oil (SoO100), coconut oil (CO100) and sunflower oil (SuO100) are available. The paper presents the results of using heated pure vegetable oils for diesel engine D243 with power of 80 hp (58.88) kW. The results of determining the power (Ne), specific fuel consumption (SFC) and efficiency (n) are used to evaluate the performance of engine. The results show that, the engine power (Ne) is 10%-15% lower, the SFC of engine D243 using pure vegetable oils is 3%-5% higher and the η is 2.5%-6.2% lower compared to diesel oil (DO). Among the pure vegetable oils, the best performance results for D243 diesel engine are obtained from heated pure sunflower oil up to 135oC.

Arctic Ocean environments are quite delicate, and shipping in Arctic regions has been very limited. Although ships are the most efficient means of cargo transport from an air quality perspective, they are never the less considered large point sources of CO2 and GHG emissions. Recognizing this, local far north Alaskan air quality requirements have called for the use of Ultra Low Sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuels to lessen SOx emissions from engine driven main propulsion systems and other onboard auxiliary machinery. ULSD (limited to 15 ppm or 0.0015% sulfur) exceeds all current requirements for marine diesel fuels to be burned in the proposed Emissions Control Areas worldwide. There is a price to pay for burning ULSD, as the physical properties of the diesel fuel are changed during the sulfur removal process. In addition, end-product fuel analysis varies depending upon the sulfur content in the feed stock, and the oil refinery used to produce ULSD. Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel is known to have caused engine and component malfunctions due to decreased lubricity, viscosity, and other compositional incompatibilities. This paper (referencing a recently completed project) will highlight the methodology used to prepare a ship for the switch from Marine Gas Oil to ULSD. Introduction Dry docked in the Philippines, a drill ship was undergoing extensive upgrading to ready it for service in Alaskan waters. The proven rig was ideally suited to the location where it was to operate and therefore, an investment decision was made to renew steel, machinery, and all equipment, required for the voyage. The original main diesel engine was to provide the propulsion power for the trip. Electrical power was to be provided by several large Caterpiller diesel engines located in a separate machinery space forward of the centrally located drilling rig. Because of the air quality restrictions in the working area, preparations were being made for the loading and use of Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD) in the main propulsion and other auxiliary diesel engine systems. ULSD is known to have caused engine and component malfunctions due to decreased lubricity, viscosity, and other compositional incompatibilities. The OEM no longer supported the main propulsion engine (although third party support was available), and there was little original, fuel system technical documentation remaining on-board. It wasn't well understood how the main diesel engine would handle the switch over to ULSD. There were also questions regarding several of the auxiliary engines too. For this reason, DNV was invited to perform a risk assessment (RA) on behalf of the vessel charterer to better understand the impact of switching from Marine Gas Oil to USLD. The objective of the exercise was to assess the risk, identify mitigating procedures, and inform the officers and crew.

Chromium-Molybdenum (Cr-Mo) steels are widely used in oil refineries, petrochemical industries and power plants forvarious applications, including heat exchangers, pressure vessels and piping. The main advantage of these steels are theimproved creep strength due to addition of Molybdenum and enhanced corrosion resistance imparted by chromium.5Cr-0.5Mo steels are extensively used in seamless tubing in petroleum industry because of their corrosion resistanceagainst oils and crude containing hydrogen sulphides and other corrosive agents. The main advantage of 5Cr-0.5Mo steelsis the improved oxidation resistance because of increased Chromium content. In modern refineries, a more recent andcommon application of this steel grade is in the fabrication of desulphurization plants used for the production of cleanlow Sulphur petrol and diesel fuels.In recent past, L&amp;T heavy engineering received a challenging project for manufacturing of 2 nos.of high-pressure exchangersinvolving 5Cr-0.5Mo material having a wall thickness of 85 mm. The severe operating conditions also demanded a stainlesssteel347 weld overlay on inner surface of the vessel. Producing crack-free weldments in 5Cr-0.5Mo which are adequate fora given service would conventionally entail correct choice of filler metal, stringent welding conditions including preheat,proper welding technique and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). This paper describes about development of weldingprocedures for this material and our experience in successful fabrication of high pressure exchangers with 5Cr-0.5Mo asthe material of construction.