«СИЛА» ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЙ АВТОНОМИИ И ЯЗЫКОВАЯ ПРЕФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ

Purpose: One of the inherent duties of the Cultural and Social Affairs Department of Farhangian University is to extend the governance of cultural and social spheres across all dimensions of the university. In this regard, numerous and diverse plans and activities have been implemented in recent years. The aim of this article is to analyze the cultural and social activities conducted at the university level and to provide an optimal model in this context. Methodology: The Three-Branch Model was used as a theoretical framework. The method employed was mixed, comprising both qualitative and quantitative sections. The qualitative sample population included 30 cultural experts selected through purposive sampling. The quantitative sample population consisted of 194 active members of student organizations, chosen through stratified random sampling. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Findings: The findings indicate that structural factors (0.195), behavioral factors (0.368), and contextual factors (0.312) play significant roles in the formation of issues and problems in cultural and social programs and activities. Additionally, the regression results show that 63% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by these three variables: structural factors, contextual factors, and behavioral factors. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the structural, behavioral, and contextual factors play significant roles in shaping the outcomes of cultural programs and activities at Farhangian University. This section discusses the implications of these results, drawing on relevant literature to highlight the broader context and potential strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of cultural programs in higher education.

The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented disruptions to routine health care in the United States. Screening mammography, a cornerstone of breast cancer control and prevention, was completely halted in the spring of 2020, and screening programs have continued to face challenges with subsequent COVID-19 waves. Although screening mammography rates dropped for all women during the pandemic, a number of studies have now clearly documented that reductions in screening have been greater for some populations than others. Specifically, minoritized women have been screened at lower rates than White women across studies, although the specific patterns of disparity vary depending on the populations and communities studied. We posit that these disparities are likely due to a variety of structural and contextual factors, including the differential impact of COVID-19 on communities. We also outline key considerations for closing gaps in screening mammography. First, practices, health systems, and communities must measure screening mammography use to identify whether gaps exist, and which populations are most affected. Second, we propose that strategies to close disparities in breast cancer screening must be multifaceted, targeting the health system/practice, but also structural factors at the policy level. Health disparities arise from a complex set of conditions, and multimodal solutions that address the complex, multifactorial conditions that lead to disparities may be more likely to succeed and are necessary for promoting health equity.

Oral health is a multidimensional concept, shaped by biological, behavioral, social, and structural factors, and represents a fundamental element of overall health and wellbeing 1 . Even though dental caries remains one of the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide, it reflects only one aspect of broader inequalities in oral health. These are influenced by unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and health awareness 2 . Amongst these factors, parental education level and socioeconomic status stand out as key factors that significantly influence the course of oral health in children 3 . Families with low levels of education or limited socioeconomic resources often face cumulative obstacles, including low levels of oral health awareness, limited access to preventive dental services, and increased exposure to unhealthy environments 4,5 . These social factors not only shape oral hygiene behaviors and dietary habits, but also determine the family's ability to cope with health systems and adopt preventive practices, thus perpetuating intergenerational inequalities 2,6 .Despite strong evidence linking parental education, socioeconomic status and oral health outcomes, the mechanisms by which these factors operate are still not adequately covered in the global public health discourse 3 . The differences between countries highlight the structural nature of these inequalities, underscoring the need for comprehensive, system-wide strategies to promote health equity 7,8 . This editorial brings together emerging evidence from diverse settings to illustrate how parental education and socioeconomic status act as overarching determinants of children's oral health. Rather than summarizing individual contributions in isolation, the editorial critically analyzes common themes, identifies persistent knowledge gaps, and considers their implications for public health policy, preventive dentistry, and health equity initiatives.Across all the included studies, a consistent pattern emerges linking parental knowledge, social support structures, socioeconomic conditions, broader social determinants, and children's oral health outcomes. Taken together, the evidence reinforces the central role of families and contextual factors, as described in conceptual models of oral health inequalities, in shaping caries experience, hygiene behaviors, service utilization, and developmental conditions affecting teeth. health status and related behaviors. Higher health literacy and family socioeconomic status were strongly associated with better oral health outcomes, while gender-based differences reflected variations in societal expectations and health communication.These findings reinforce the influence of cultural and educational determinants on adolescent oral health and are consistent with global evidence highlighting the interaction between social context and health behaviors.The studies included in this research topic reveal several interconnected themes, reinforcing the interrelated nature of the determinants of children's oral health. First, parental education and health literacy consistently emerge as key factors influencing children's daily oral hygiene practices, dietary choices, and engagement with preventive dental services. Whether it is social support, knowledge of how to access services, or awareness of appropriate feeding and hygiene behaviors, parental capabilities strongly predict children's oral health outcomes. Second, socioeconomic disadvantage exacerbates barriers to preventive care and healthy behaviors. As low socioeconomic status is associated with higher prevalence of dental caries, suboptimal nutritional practices, reduced access to services, and increased risk of developmental conditions such as MIH. These patterns reflect global evidence showing that inequalities in oral health follow clear social gradients across different countries and health systems. Third, studies highlight the importance of integrated policies and public health interventions, particularly those delivered through schools and family centered programs.Interventions that combine oral health education, nutritional counseling, and structured parental support show promising effectiveness in mitigating inequalities when integrated within broader social and health frameworks.These findings collectively confirm that oral health is shaped by multi-level interactions involving individual behaviors, family dynamics, community resources, and national policy environments. They also underscore that improving children's oral health requires addressing both structural and behavioral factors simultaneously.The body of evidence underscores the need to align oral health promotion with parentcentered educational strategies, particularly during early childhood when health habits This research topic clearly demonstrates that improving children's oral health cannot be achieved through clinical services alone. Sustainable progress requires addressing the educational, behavioral, and socioeconomic foundations that shape oral health from a young age. By integrating parental education, addressing social inequalities, and incorporating preventive strategies into community and school systems, health professionals and policymakers can contribute to reducing disparities and promoting lifelong oral health.

Background Although there is a consensus on the potential benefits of information and communications technology (ICT) based mechanisms to improve cross-level clinical coordination, their introduction varies greatly among regions and services. The aim is to analyse the knowledge and use of digital coordination mechanisms and the factors related to the use in the health services of three autonomous communities (ACs) of the Spanish national health system. Methods Cross-sectional study based on an on-line survey by means of self-administration of the COORDENA-TICs questionnaire to primary and secondary care doctors of the health services in Catalonia (CAT) (n = 2277), Balearic Islands (BI) (n = 441), Basque Country (BC) (n = 572). Outcome variables: Knowledge and use of digital coordination mechanisms and difficulties of use. Explanatory variables: sociodemographic, labour-related, contextual, organizational, and interactional factors. Descriptive and multivariate analysis were performed to compare the ACs. Results There were some differences between the ACs: the access to and use of ICT-based coordination mechanisms in BI was limited, with the electronic health record (EHR) being the most available but infrequently used, whereas in BC and CAT there was wide access to and use of the EHR and virtual consultations between levels. In all three ACs common difficulties in EHR use emerged such as, technical problems, disorganized and/or insufficient information. Different contextual, organizational, and interactional factors were associated to their use in all three ACs. Conclusions There were differences in the type and level of implementation of ICT-based coordination mechanisms between the ACs that can be related to organizational and contextual factors, that should be further analysed. Addressing the relevant factors in each context should contribute to design effective strategies based on ICT-based coordination mechanisms to improve cross-level clinical coordination. Key messages • Implementation and use of ICT-based coordination mechanisms differed across the three ACs and could be related to differences in contextual and organizational factors in each context. • It is necessary to explore factors and difficulties related to the use of these mechanisms to develop more effective strategies to improve their use and hence impact on clinical coordination.

Dil siyasəti dövlətlərin dil və milli kimliyi formalaşdırmaq, gücləndirmək və inkişaf etdirmək məqsədilə gerçəkləşdirdiyi dilplanlaşdırma fəaliyyətinin nəticəsi kimi meydana çıxmışdır. Dil siyasəti dövlətçilik siyasəti olaraq millətlərarası ünsiyyəti təmin edən effektiv vasitə kimi qiymətləndirilə bilər. Dil siyasəti hər dövlətdə və cəmiyyətdə fərqli şəkildə həyata keçirilir. Bu fərqli şəkildə həyata keçirilmənin əsas səbəbi hər dövlətin fərqli etnik quruluşa sahib olmasıdır. Özbəkistanda dil siyasətinin digər Mərkəzi Asiya ölkələri ilə müqayisədə daha nikbin inkişaf etdiyini söyləyə bilərik. Özbəkistan Prezidenti Ş. Mirziyoyevin 21 oktyabr 2019-cu ildə “Özbək dilinin dövlət dili kimi nüfuzunu və mövqeyini gücləndirmək barədə” tədbirlər planı haqqında fərmanı özbək dilinə dövlət tərəfindən verilən dəyərin göstəricisidir. Fərmanda dövlət dilinin qorunmasına, inkişaf etdirilməsinə və bu tədbirlər planından irəli gələn işlərin görülməsinə nəzarətin dövlət tərəfindən həyata keçirilməsi qeyd olunur. Bu gün Özbəkistanda qarışıq bir əlifbadan istifadə olunur. 1993, 1995 və 2001-ci illərdəki əlifba dəyişiklikləri digər türk dilləri ilə yaxınlaşma baxımından uğursuz cəhdlərdir. Ancaq dövlətin 2019-cu ildə qəbul etdiyi Tədbirlər planında keçmişdə latın əlifbasına keçiddə baş verən xətaların yenidən təkrarlanmaması üçün əlavə tədbirlərin görülməsi xüsusi qeyd olunmuşdur. Bu yazımızda Özbəkistanda müstəqillik dövründə həyata keçirilən dil siyasətindən bəhs edəcəyik.

Most institutional theoretical research has focussed on organisations strategically incorporating different elements of multiple, contested logics. Less attention has been paid to the historically contingent complexities that allow residues of past deinstitutionalised practices to persist over time. We trace changes in World Bank rural development finance policy and practices in Pakistan over four decades and demonstrate how they performed boundary work, introducing new practices, players, and social relations. Doing so, we advance institutional theory by providing a fine-grained, practice-centred account of agency, illuminating how institutional detritus resurfaces and mingles with new practices to stymie the efforts of powerful change agents like the World Bank to completely discard deinstitutionalised past practices and compel them to accommodate (by decoupling and dilution) and merge them with new ones. We identify structural factors such as WB’s organisational mission and contextual factors such as the underdeveloped rural financial markets as explanatory factors for why residues of deinstitutionalised practices persisted over time. We also argue that it was the enduring goals of the field – to achieve poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development in the developing countries – which remained the same across space and time and were supported or hindered by the structural and contextual factors, that necessitated the persistence of the remnants of deinstitutionalised ideas and practices.

ABSTRACTConsumers’ prescription drug decisions are affected by a number of structural, psychological, and health communication source variables. To provide a theoretically sound and comprehensive prescription medication decision engagement framework, this study integrated Andersen’s Health Service Use Model to address contextual and structural factors, the Health Belief Model (HBM) to examine psychological factors, and extant research on the influence of various health communication sources to explain the prescription drug decision engagement mechanisms of health information-seeking intention, prescription drug-seeking intent, and prescription-seeking behavior. Employing survey methodology, the framework was tested using a sample of U.S. adult consumers (N = 370). Results demonstrated the utility of the integrated model for explaining consumers’ participation in their prescription decisions. Specifically, consumers’ assessment of target health behaviors and the use of various health communication sources significantly improved the explanatory power of the decision engagement model beyond structural factors. The results impart valuable theoretical contributions and have the potential to guide public health interventions related to consumers’ prescription drug decisions.

In today's economies, tourism is often used as a means to provide areas with few structural employment opportunities with the tools for economic development. This is especially when the areas in question are attractive because of their natural resources or because of their cultural and/or historical background. To get the best results from the tourism efforts in a city or region, all parties involved must work together, managed by the local government. The task is to make choices in which tourist category the city or region wishes to differentiate itself from the others. If a regional or local government coordinates initiatives with determination and competence, a complete region can enjoy a much higher added value, which by far exceeds the tourist aspect. The regional governments should keep the larger picture of regional development in perspective.

It is difficult for political theory to understand the issue of language policy in contemporary societies; likewise, theoriesof language planning and policy struggle to come to grips with political issues. Many political theories are limited by two perspectives. For theories concerned with ethnicity, language is often reduced to ethnicity, which is often seen as synonymous with ethnic conflict, while theories concerned with modernization appear to have such a strong attachment to its imperatives that aspects of language that appear to be retarding modernization present insuperable problems. A critique ofthese theories is advanced, based on the issue oflanguages in the former Soviet Union; the conflict between local and former colonial languages in third-world countries; and the searchfor appropriate language models in an increasingly integrated Europe. Three perspectives from contemporary social theory are suggested as providing a better way of relating languages to politics: a sociological perspective that looks at actual language use and attitudes rather than officialpronouncements; a culturalperspective that analyzes the significance of language in cultural terms, particularly in relation to changing concepts of ethnicity; and a discourse perspective that takes seriously language and discourse on it, identifying the relative autonomy of language issues, rather than attempting to reduce language attitudes to supposedly more basic ethnic or structural factors.

As democratically elected institutions responsible for nearly half of total public expenditure, Spanish regional governments participate in the policy analysis process and generate their own information and technical knowledge about policy problems. In this chapter, we focus on Spanish regional governments as policy analysts in a context of increasing state intervention, greater decentralization and growing policy complexity. The chapter analyses this greater demand for policy analysis at the regional level in the light of the territorial distribution of powers between the center and the periphery; the historical and administrative legacy of the Spanish administrative system; the role of regional government in some basic policy areas of welfare, and the localization of the 2030 Agenda in two regions: Catalonia and the Basque Countries.

The organisational websites and second-generation web-based technologies like social media have led organisations to alter their activities and strategies both internally and externally. This marriage between Internet and organisations is especially relevant in the case of political organisations like parties. Politics in our society is basically media politics, based on socialised communication and the capacity to influence people’s opinions. Online communication has had a direct influence on the parties’ publics and the relations with them: on one side, the citizens, and on the other, the mass media and journalists. While top-down adaptations by organisations generally prove more costly or are even non-existent, what we are witnessing is a horizontal type of adaptation [2]. This gives the political class and press offices the opportunity to descend to ‘street level’ using the tools provided by the web, as well as to become direct communicators that replace the media’s traditional work of interpretation. In this context, this chapter offers results from a study (EHUA13/10) centred on understanding how political parties have adapted their communication strategies to meet the challenges of the multimedia paradigm. For that purpose, it focuses on a concrete case and on political parties with representation in the Basque autonomous parliament.

PERFORMING MORAL OPPOSITION: MUSINGS ON THE STRATEGY AND IDENTITY IN THE GÜLEN MOVEMENT

The COVID-19 crisis has disrupted when, where, and how employees work. Drawing on a sample of 5452 Finnish employees, this study explores the factors associated with employees’ abrupt adjustment to remote work. Specifically, this study examines structural factors (i.e., work independence and the clarity of job criteria), relational factors (i.e., interpersonal trust and social isolation), contextual factors of work (i.e., change in work location and perceived disruption), and communication dynamics (i.e., organizational communication quality and communication technology use (CTU)) as mechanisms underlying adjustment to remote work. The findings demonstrate that structural and contextual factors are important predictors of adjustment and that these relationships are moderated by communication quality and CTU. Contrary to previous research, trust in peers and supervisors does not support adjustment to remote work. We discuss the implications of these findings for practice during and beyond times of crisis.

The present study examined the applicability of the Social Ecological Model for explaining condom use in a sample of female sex workers (FSWs) (N=435) participating in a behavioral intervention to increase condom use in Tijuana, Mexico. Using a multigroup path analysis, we compared women who work in bar settings (n=233) to those who worked on the street (n=202) with regard to an individual factor (self-efficacy), an interpersonal factor (client financial incentives), and a structural factor (condom access). Competing models showed differential impacts of these factors in the two venue-based groups. Having access to condoms was associated with greater self-efficacy and less unprotected sex in women who worked in bars. Among street-based FSWs, having clients offer monetary incentives for unprotected sex was related to greater unprotected sex, while having access to condoms was not. Understanding the contextual factors associated with condom use among subgroups of FSWs has important implications for the development of HIV prevention interventions.

This study aimed to identify the dimensions, components, and indicators of professional ethics for managers in small and medium-sized enterprises. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of ethics and organizational management. Purposeful sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Thematic analysis was performed using MAXQDA version 12, and the Delphi technique was employed in three rounds to validate the findings using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and one-sample t-tests with SPSS version 25. The results revealed that professional ethics for managers are categorized into five main factors: organizational, environmental, contextual, structural, and individual. Organizational factors included combating organizational self-centeredness and having a strong organizational culture. Environmental factors emphasized the importance of policies and a supportive work environment, while contextual factors highlighted the impact of social and political environments. Structural factors underscored the significance of management styles and trust-building, and individual factors focused on the role of psychological well-being and personal competencies. The Kendall coefficient in the third round of the Delphi technique was 0.712, indicating substantial agreement among experts. The findings suggest that improving professional ethics among managers in small and medium-sized enterprises requires a comprehensive focus on various organizational, environmental, contextual, structural, and individual factors. Implementing transparent policies, promoting participative management styles, and fostering a healthy work environment can enhance managers’ ethical behavior.