ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ ГАЗОВ В ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ МОДУЛЕ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ БРОЙЛЕРОВ

Abstract. Atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are at unprecedented, record-high levels compared to the last 800 000 years. Those elevated GHG concentrations warm the planet and – partially offset by net cooling effects by aerosols – are largely responsible for the observed warming over the past 150 years. An accurate representation of GHG concentrations is hence important to understand and model recent climate change. So far, community efforts to create composite datasets of GHG concentrations with seasonal and latitudinal information have focused on marine boundary layer conditions and recent trends since the 1980s. Here, we provide consolidated datasets of historical atmospheric concentrations (mole fractions) of 43 GHGs to be used in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 6 (CMIP6) experiments. The presented datasets are based on AGAGE and NOAA networks, firn and ice core data, and archived air data, and a large set of published studies. In contrast to previous intercomparisons, the new datasets are latitudinally resolved and include seasonality. We focus on the period 1850–2014 for historical CMIP6 runs, but data are also provided for the last 2000 years. We provide consolidated datasets in various spatiotemporal resolutions for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as 40 other GHGs, namely 17 ozone-depleting substances, 11 hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 9 perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) and sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2). In addition, we provide three equivalence species that aggregate concentrations of GHGs other than CO2, CH4 and N2O, weighted by their radiative forcing efficiencies. For the year 1850, which is used for pre-industrial control runs, we estimate annual global-mean surface concentrations of CO2 at 284.3 ppm, CH4 at 808.2 ppb and N2O at 273.0 ppb. The data are available at https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/input4mips/ and http://www.climatecollege.unimelb.edu.au/cmip6 . While the minimum CMIP6 recommendation is to use the global- and annual-mean time series, modelling groups can also choose our monthly and latitudinally resolved concentrations, which imply a stronger radiative forcing in the Northern Hemisphere winter (due to the latitudinal gradient and seasonality).

There is an increasing concern over climate change and its environmental impacts. Effective greenhouse gases (GHG) monitoring and control strategies are of pivotal importance. Models such as STILT (Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport), statistical techniques, and experimental data analysis provide valuable tools for quantifying emissions and identifying greenhouse gas (GHG) tendencies. The Mediterranean basin is considered a global hotspot for air-quality and climate change: here, we combine experimental datasets of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with atmospheric transport models to present an atmospherically-based framework for monitoring GHG emissions. We applied methodologies, i.e., the Smoothed Minima (SM) and STILT, to extract background concentration data from the time series of atmospheric gases and identify measurements deemed representative of atmospheric background (GRD) levels. At the Lamezia Terme (Global Atmosphere Watch, GAW code: LMT), Capo Granitola (GAW code: CGR), and Lampedusa (GAW code: LMP) observation sites, GHG measurements were performed with specific calibration routines carried out using primary standards of calibration from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA–GML), with secondary standards used to evaluate possible drifts and calibration factors stability. The first two are coastal stations and the third is an island station. At these sites, atmospheric CH 4 and CO 2 mole fractions can be evaluated at local and continental scales, in locations with specific Mediterranean climatic characteristics. This paper presents the variability of CH 4 and CO 2 in the central Mediterranean basin by analyzing hourly GHG concentrations over a 9-year period (2015–2023) for LMT, a 8-year period (2015–2022) for CGR, and a 19-year period (2006–2024) for CO 2 and 5-year period (2020–2024) for CH 4 at LMP. STILT provides 3-hourly results for methane and carbon dioxide concentrations that correlate well with surface measurements at LMT, CGR, and LMP. These analyses are aimed at relevant long-term datasets of GHG over southern Italy. This work would provide a useful contribution to comparing the observed concentrations of gases measured at three sites in the central Mediterranean with those predicted by models such as STILT. The results indicate good agreement between in situ measurements and modeling, and underline the importance of synergies between different institutions and methodologies. Compared to the CGR and LMP site, LMT has recorded higher levels of anthropogenic emissions in the area. Graphical Abstract Framework shows the variability of methane and carbon dioxide in the Mediterranean basin at three permanent World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO/GAW) stations in southern Italy: Lamezia Terme (GAW code: LMT), Capo Granitola (GAW code: CGR) and Lampedusa (GAW code: LMP). Accurate modeling of atmospheric transport is essential to address environmental concerns and to establish a quantitative link between observed gas distributions and surface emissions. In the present work, we used the Stochastic Time Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) and the Smoothed Minima (SM) models. STILT simulates transport by following the time evolution of a particle ensemble, interpolating meteorological fields to the subgrid location of each particle. Both methods were used to extract background concentration data from the time series of atmospheric gases representative of the atmospheric background levels. The paper is an important contribution to the comparison between the observed and predicted by models concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide at three sites in the central Mediterranean. The STILT model datasets, validated at the three sites, show satisfactory results, with the exception of an overall underestimation in all comparisons (background and no-background). They demonstrate that the model can accurately estimate the CH 4 and CO 2 concentrations in the Mediterranean basin. Similar results are also obtained when comparing the SM and STILT background datasets. This last comparison indicates a good identification of the concentrations of the background gases by the models.

There is strong scientific evidence that the average temperature of the earth's surface is rising as a result of the increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere owing to human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil, and gas. This global warming will lead to substantial changes of climate, many of which will impact human communities in deleterious ways. In terms of the likely global pattern of climate change over the twenty-first century, in the absence of any mitigating action the global average temperature is likely to rise by between about 1˙5 and 5˙5°C and sea level by about half a metre (range 0˙1–0˙9 m). The hydrological cycle is likely to be more intense (leading in some places to more frequent and more intense floods and droughts) and the rate of climate change is likely to be substantially greater than the earth has experienced over at least the last ten thousand years. It is particularly to this rapid rate of change that it will be difficult for many ecosystems and for humans to adapt. Action has been taken by the world's scientists through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to assess as thoroughly as possible knowledge regarding the basic science and the impacts, including an assessment of the uncertainties. The world's governments have also taken action in setting up the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC ) at the Earth Summit in 1992 and at subsequent meetings of the parties to that convention, especially that at Kyoto in 1997. In order to mitigate climate change the FCCC in its article 2 has set the objective of stabilisation of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level and on a timescale consistent with the needs both of the environment and of sustainable development. Such stabilisation will eventually demand severe cuts in global emissions, for instance of carbon dioxide, to levels well below today's by the second half of the twenty-first century. To achieve the required reductions in the emissions of carbon dioxide, three possibilities are available, to sequester carbon dioxide resulting from the burning of fossil fuels rather than releasing it to the atmosphere, to become much more efficient in the generation and use of energy, and to provide for energy supply from non-fossil fuel sources. This article will summarise the science of climate change including the evidence for it and will describe the main impacts, the actions taken so far, and the further actions that are likely to be necessary to mitigate climate change.

With the increasing utilization of fossil fuels in today’s technological world, the atmosphere’s concentration of greenhouse gases is increasing and needs to be controlled. In order to achieve this goal, it is imperative to have sensors that can provide data on the greenhouse gases in the environment. The recent literature contains a few publications that detail the use of new methods and materials for sensing these gases. The first part of this review is focused on the possible effects of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the second part surveys the developments of sensors for greenhouse gases with coverage on carbon nano-materials and composites directed towards sensing gases like CO2, CH4, and NOx. With carbon dioxide measurements, due consideration is given to the dissolved carbon dioxide gas in water (moisture). The density functional calculations project that Pd-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes are ideal for the development of NOx sensors. The current trend is to make sensors using 3D printing or inkjet printing in order to allow for the achievement of ppb levels of sensitivity that have not been realized before. This review is to elaborate on the need for the development of greenhouse gas sensors for climatic usage by using selected examples.

The recent trend of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere has led to an ele-vated concern and urgency to adopt measures for carbon (C) sequestration to mitigate the climate change. Among all GHGs, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important one which occurs in the greatest concentration and has the strong-est radiative forcing among all. Reducing the release of CO2 to the atmosphere through “green energy” technologies or fossil fuel energy alternatives, such as wind, solar and hydraulic energies, is a major challenge. However, removal of atmospheric CO2 by terrestrial ecosystems via C sequestration and converting the sequestered C into the soil organic C has provided a great opportunity for shifting GHG emission to mitigate the climate change. Soil is an ideal reservoir for storage of organic C since soil organic C has been depleted due to land misuse and inappropriate management through the long history. To optimize the efficiency of C sequestration in agriculture, cropping systems, such as crop rotation, intercropping, cover cropping, etc., play a critical role by influencing optimal yield, total increased C sequestered with biomass, and that remained in the soil. As matter of fact, soil C sequestration is a multiple purpose strategy. It restores degraded soils, enhances the land productivity, improves the diversity, protects the environment and reduces the enrichment of atmospheric CO2, hence shifts emission of GHGs and mitigates climate change.

Measurements of land-cover changes suggest that such shifts may alter atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, owing to the lack of large-scale GHG data, a quantitative description of the relationships between land-cover changes and GHG concentrations does not exist on a regional scale. The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) launched by Japan on 23 January 2009 can be of use in investigating this issue. In this study, we first calculated the monthly average GHG concentrations in East Asia from April 2009 to October 2011 and found that CO2 concentration displays a seasonal cycle, but that the CH4 seasonal trend is unclear. To understand the relationship between land cover and GHG concentrations, we used GHG data from GOSAT, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and land-cover data from EAS-GlobCover (2009) to analyse the correlation coefficients between land cover and GHG concentrations. We observed that vegetation may generally be considered as a source of, but not a sink for, CO2 and CH4, either on a yearly scale or during the growing season. With respect to the relationships between land-cover types and GHG concentrations, we conclude that on a yearly scale, land-cover types are not closely correlated with GHG concentrations. During the growing season, croplands and scrublands are negatively correlated with XCO2 (the ratio of the total number of CO2 molecules to that of dry air molecules), and forest, grasslands and bare areas are positively correlated with XCO2. Forest and croplands can be viewed as CH4 sources, while scrublands and grasslands can be thought of as CH4 sinks.

Simple SummaryGas concentration is a relevant parameter for the estimation of emissions in dairy farms, but few studies have investigated the influence of cow behavior and barn management on gas concentrations in open buildings. In this study, concentrations of ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide were investigated in an open dairy barn in a hot Mediterranean climate. Since hot climate conditions cause heat stress to the cows, gas concentrations were statistically analyzed to assess whether variation of environmental and animal-related parameters produced significant effects on the level of gas concentrations in the barn environment. In this study, it was statistically proved that daily gas concentrations were influenced by both the effect of micro-climate conditions, connected with the barn typology, and of barn management on the animals. Therefore, the mitigation strategies for the reduction of these gases could be pursued through the improvement of the barn management aimed at modifying cow behavior and through the control of climatic conditions in relation to the building features.Measurement of gas concentrations constitutes basic knowledge for the computation of emissions from livestock buildings. Although it is well known that hot climate conditions increase gas emissions, in the literature the relation between gas concentrations from open barns and animal-related parameters has not been investigated yet. This study aimed at filling this gap by evaluating daily gas concentrations within an open-sided barn in hot Mediterranean climate. The influence of microclimatic parameters (MC) and cow behavior and barn management (CBBM) were evaluated for ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Results showed that both MC and CBBM affected concentrations of NH3 (p < 0.02), CH4 (p < 0.001), and CO2 (p < 0.001). Higher values of NH3 concentration were detected during the cleaning of the floor by a tractor with scraper, whereas the lowest NH3 concentrations were recorded during animal lying behavior. Measured values of CO2 and CH4 were highly correlated (C = 0.87–0.89) due to the same sources of production (i.e., digestion and respiration). The different management of the cooling systems during the two observation periods reduced significantly CH4 concentrations in the barn when the cooling system in the feeding area was switched off. Based on methodological choices due to the specific barn typology, parameters related to animals can provide information on the variation of gas concentrations in the barn environment in hot climate conditions.

Gas composition of bottom sediments of the Laptev-Siberian Sea geostructural zone (LSZ) was determined to include: helium and hydrogen in concentrations of 0.0028–0.2092 and 0.0012–0.8727 cm3/kg, hydrogen sulfide – 0.0006–0.0072, carbon monoxide – 0.0016–0.0577, carbon dioxide – 0.1482–21.1602, methane – 0.0017–8.3047 and its homologues (in total) – 0.00001–0.0355 cm3/kg. It was found that the values of average concentrations of gases in bottom sediments increase with the depth of their occurrence and exceed the anomaly criteria identified for the East Arctic shelf by 2.6–27.7 times, including: CO2, CO and H2S – by 2.6, 3.0 and 3.4 times, ΣC2–C5 and He – by 9.3 and 10.8 times, CH4 – by 27.7 times; this actually indicates a high degree of gas saturation of bottom sediments of the region. The formation of CO2, CO, H2S, H2, CH4 and ΣC2–C5 anomalies in sediments of the upper and the base of the middle sampling horizon is determined by relatively high contents of sapropelic and humic organic matter and gas influx from the lower horizon. Distribution of anomalies with maximum concentrations of natural gases and He in sediments of the lower horizon, with minimum contents of Corg, is associated with zones of faults, large dislocations, tectono-magmatic and seismic activity, which are the main routes of diffusion-migration of gas transfer to bottom sediments. Formation of concentrations of gases and their anomalies in sediments of the LSZ follows the rules of additivity, i.e. successive accumulation of migratory natural gases of different genesis with prevalence of gas phase and isotopic indicators of more gas-saturated parental source, epigenetic and syngenetic to sediments. It was found that maximum values of average gas saturation with CH4, ΣC2–C5, He and H2 in LSZ are typical for bottom sediments of the flanks of troughs, CO and CO2 – for the arch parts of uplifts. In sediments of monoclinal folds (structural terraces), minimal values of average gas saturation are observed, with the exception of the South Anyui Fault Zone. In general, gas saturation of LSZ sediments is determined by the complex impact of geological factors, with the major ones being: gas content of rock complexes and gas saturation of underlying sediments, fault and fold tectonics, a high degree of tectono-magmatic and seismic activity, a geostructural position, coal content, oil and gas content, as well as the depth of occurrence, organic saturation and material composition of OM in bottom sediments. The influence of the latter predetermined the formation and distribution of five geochemical fields of CH4, three of CO, ΣC2–C5, He and one of CO2, and one of H2 in LSZ.

Deciphering large-scale spatial pattern and modulators of dissolved greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) along the Yangtze River, China

Satellite instruments show a cooling of global stratospheric temperatures over the whole data record (1979-2014). This cooling is not linear, and includes two descending steps in the early 1980s and mid-1990s. The 1979-1995 period is characterized by increasing concentrations of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and by the two major volcanic eruptions of El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991). The 1995-present period is characterized by decreasing ODS concentrations and by the absence of major volcanic eruptions. Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations increase over the whole time period. In order to isolate the roles of different forcing agents in the global stratospheric temperature changes, we performed a set of AMIP-style simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (GEOSCCM). We find that in our model simulations the cooling of the stratosphere from 1979 to present is mostly driven by changes in GHG concentrations in the middle and upper stratosphere and by GHG and ODS changes in the lower stratosphere. While the cooling trend caused by increasing GHGs is roughly constant over the satellite era, changing ODS concentrations cause a significant stratospheric cooling only up to the mid-1990s, when they start to decrease because of the implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Sporadic volcanic events and the solar cycle have a distinct signature in the time series of stratospheric temperature anomalies but do not play a statistically significant role in the long-term trends from 1979 to 2014. Several factors combine to produce the step-like behavior in the stratospheric temperatures: in the lower stratosphere, the flattening starting in the mid 1990's is due to the decrease in ozone depleting substances; Mount Pinatubo and the solar cycle cause the abrupt steps through the aerosol-associated warming and the volcanically induced ozone depletion. In the middle and upper stratosphere, changes in solar irradiance are largely responsible for the step-like behavior of global temperatures anomalies, together with volcanically induced ozone depletion and water vapor increases in the post-Pinatubo years.

Feedstock particle size and pyrolysis temperature regulate effects of biochar on soil nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions

There are many definitions of emerging contaminants (ECs). They are not usually new chemicals and could be substances that have stayed long in the environment with their presence and importance being recognized now. They may be chemicals or microorganisms which are not usually monitored in the environment but with known or suspected potential to cause ecological damage or adverse human effects. Some natural products and those transformed through biochemical processes from synthetic chemicals may be formed in the environment as ECs. Emerging Agricultural Contaminants are released to the environment or enter indirectly to the soil during the application of manure, fertilizers, biosolids or other solid waste materials. Once they enter the soil, they may be transported by leaching, runoff and drainage processes to water bodies. The extent of the transport is dependent on the persistence of the EC and on how it interacts with soil and air. These ECs contribute to global warming through the emissions of Greenhouse gases. The largest source of GHG emission from Agriculture is Nitrous oxide (N2O) and it accounts for 38% of the total global emission through the process of nitrification and denitrification, anthropogenic activities (use of nitrogen fertilizer, production of nitrogen-fixing crops and forages, retention of crop residues, application of managed livestock manure) which are either through direct additions and/or through indirect additions (atmospheric deposition of applied nitrogen). The natural digestive processes in ruminants otherwise known as enteric fermentation account for the key source of methane production under livestock production hence the second largest source of total agricultural emission with 34% global share and rice cultivation being the third with 11%. The three important greenhouse gases (Methane, Carbon dioxide and Nitrous oxide) are not harmful in naturally occurring quantities for their atmospheric presence helps in sustaining life on the planet when they trap heat energy near the surface of the earth. Concentration of greenhouse gases from both the natural and human factors have been increasing and contributing to Global Warming and Climate Change. Increase in greenhouse gases may cause tremendous changes to our civilization positively or negatively but the total impact is uncertain. Climate change comes as a result of a warming planet which can affect the weather adversely in many ways. So, as climate changes, extreme weather activities release severe threats on human society. Indicators of global warming include sea surface temperature, temperature over land, snow cover on hills, temperature over land and humidity. It is expected that climate change may cause more floods, storms, droughts, heatwaves and other extreme weathers activities. IPCC estimated that temp may rise from 2 to 6°C within 2021. Mitigation of greenhouse effect could be achieved through Biochemical methods on enteric fermentation, development of good environmental policies even Methanotrophs also aid in recycling the atmospheric Methane.

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is one of the fossil fuels, and is nothing other than the compressed version of the natural gas extracted by mining. CNG is mostly used for heating and the production of electricity. If used as a fuel for motor vehicles, it entails less emission of CO2 than does the use of gasoline or diesel. Irrespective of usage, the contents of commercial natural gas are strictly regulated by laws. Besides energy density, hydrogen sulfide content for example is a critical quality parameter of natural gas, hence it is strictly regulated. Hydrogen sulfide is extremely corrosive for the pipes. When burning such gases, hydrogen sulfide is converted to sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is harmful for the environment. We have devised a procedure for the replacement of solid adsorbents and amine-containing chemicals in hydrogen sulfide removal that can also be used with gases containing carbon dioxide. The essence of the method is that the natural gas is brought into contact with a dilute solution of NaOH in contact time of less than 1 second. At the beginning of chemisorption, hydrogen sulfide is absorbed 1-2 orders of magnitude faster than carbon dioxide. For the experiments, a laboratory Jet reactor was planned. The efficiency of purification was examined with different hydrogen sulfide containing model gas mixtures with respect to the following parameters: gas volume flow, alkali volume flow and alkali concentration.

Are there "thresholds" in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations above which associated climate change impacts become economically, socially or environmentally unacceptable? If thresholds exist, then emissions might be limited in such a way that GHG concentrations are not exceeded. Environmental, social, and economic systems should be examined in order to determine these threshold levels.

The Holocene, started approximately 11.5 thousand years before present (ka), is the latest interglacial period with several rapid climate changes from decades to centuries time scales superimposed on the millennium scale mean climate trend. Climate models provide useful tools to investigate the underlying dynamic mechanisms for the climate change during this well-studied time period. Thanks to the improvements of the climate model and computational power, transient simulation of the Holocene offers an opportunity to investigate the climate evolution in response to time-varying external forcings and feedbacks. Here, we present the design of a new set of transient experiments for the whole Holocene from 11.5 ka to the preindustrial period (1850 CE) (HT-11.5ka) to investigate both combined and separated effects of the main external forcing of orbital insolation, atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, and ice sheets on the climate evolution over the Holocene. The HT-11.5ka simulations are performed with a relatively high-resolution version of the comprehensive Earth system model CESM1.2.1 without acceleration, both fully- and singly-forced by time-varying boundary conditions of orbital configurations, atmospheric GHGs, and ice sheets. Preliminary simulation results show a slight decrease of the global annual mean surface air temperature from 11.5 ka to 7.5 ka due to both decreases in orbital insolation and GHG concentrations, with an abrupt cooling at approximate 7.5 ka, which is followed by a continuous warming until the preindustrial period mainly due to increased GHG concentrations. The simulated cooling magnitude at 6 ka lies within the range of the 14 PMIP4 model results and is close to their median result for the mid-Holocene simulations. Further analyses on the HT-11.5ka transient simulation results will be covered by follow-up studies.