ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РОЗРОБКИ ЦІЛЬОВИХ ПРОГРАМ ЯК ЕЛЕМЕНТУ ДЕРЖАВНОГО СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО ПЛАНУВАННЯ

In the mid-1980s, states expanded their initiatives of scholarships, loan repayment programs, and similar incentives to recruit primary care practitioners into underserved areas. With no national coordination or mandate to publicize these efforts, little is known about these state programs and their recent growth. To identify and describe state programs that provide financial support to physicians and midlevel practitioners in exchange for a period of service in underserved areas, and to begin to assess the magnitude of the contributions of these programs to the US health care safety net. Cross-sectional, descriptive study of data collected by telephone, mail questionnaires, and through other available documents, (eg, program brochures, Web sites). All state programs operating in 1996 that provided financial support in exchange for service in defined underserved areas to student, resident, and practicing physicians; nurse practitioners; physician assistants; and nurse midwives. We excluded local community initiatives and programs that received federal support, including that from the National Health Service Corps. Number and types of state support-for-service programs in 1996; trends in program types and numbers since 1990; distribution of programs across states; numbers of participating physicians and other practitioners in 1996; numbers in state programs relative to federal programs; and basic features of state programs. In 1996, there were 82 eligible programs operating in 41 states, including 29 loan repayment programs, 29 scholarship programs, 11 loan programs, 8 direct financial incentive programs, and 5 resident support programs. Programs more than doubled in number between 1990 (n = 39) and 1996 (n = 82). In 1996, an estimated 1306 physicians and 370 midlevel practitioners were serving obligations to these state programs, a number comparable with those in federal programs. Common features of state programs were a mission to influence the distribution of the health care workforce within their states' borders, an emphasis on primary care, and reliance on annual state appropriations and other public funding mechanisms. In 1996, states fielded an obligated primary care workforce comparable in size to the better-known federal programs. These state programs constitute a major portion of the US health care safety net, and their activities should be monitored, coordinated, and evaluated. State programs should not be omitted from listings of safety-net initiatives or overlooked in future plans to further improve health care access. JAMA. 2000;284:2084-2092.

Given the thousands of African American men that are released from prison each year, a growing number of national, state and local programs have been established to facilitate easier transitions for these men into the workforce. However, very little is known about the relational risk and resilience factors of married and cohabiting African American men and their partners after their release from prison. More specifically, there is a lack of data that addresses the qualitative responses of married and cohabiting African Americans regarding the following seven dimensions: (a) factors associated with initial attraction; (b) feelings when they realized they were in a “coupled” relationship; (c) post-cohabitation adjustments; (d) the meaning of commitment; (e) perceptions regarding how being in a relationship changed their lives; (f) perceptions regarding how the relationship expanded the couple’s view of commitment; as well as (g) couple perceptions regarding the future of their relationship. To address this paucity, this paper will feature narratives provided by two previously incarcerated African American men (one married; one cohabiting) and their partners. Qualitative analyses of the data resulted in risk and resilience themes related to each of the aforementioned dimensions. Themes were related to the start of the relationship, perceptions regarding in a “coupled” relationship, psychological and behavioral changes after cohabitation, the definition and demonstration of commitment, how being in a relationship positively changed the lives of these couples, broadened how they think about commitment, as well as confidence regarding the future of their relationship. Supporting qualitative data are presented in connection with each theme. Using qualitative coding and analysis, implications and recommendations regarding how national, state, and local programs can identify the risks and further develop the strengths of these men are also provided.

The effectiveness of state and local government programs that are intended to foster the use of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) and the use of government-based incentives to enhance the effectiveness of government AFV programs are analyzed. The findings from surveys of all 50 states of officials overseeing or managing state AFV programs are reported. The survey investigated AFV program motivation, financing, fuel tracking, barriers, applicability of incentives, and future needs. Research revealed that most AFV programs are in their infancy and are focused on basic needs, such as AFV procurement and refueling infrastructure development. Research also revealed that the federal AFV purchase and air quality mandates are the primary reason states engage in AFV activities, and federal funds are the primary funding source. Federal AFV purchase mandates are clearly stimulating activity; however, delay and modification of these mandates have a deleterious effect on state AFV programs. Many officials indicated that dual and bifuel AFVs do not use alternative fuels and that tracking of fuel use is limited. Political support, “fuel neutrality,” and increased AFV promotion were reported as important to program success. The authors conclude that both federal mandates and incentives are important, if not critical, for continued AFV progress at the state level. Using state programs as models, federal incentive programs should be flexible and fuel neutral, should reflect a “polluter pays” concept, should provide funds for federal mandates, and should address multiple federal goals.

Small-scale farmers often adopt simplified and low-cost drip irrigation systems rather than the sophisticated systems promoted conventionally. We studied different drip irrigation systems in small-scale farms in the Gharb (Morocco), equipped through state-driven or local initiatives. The first 'high-tech' system, promoted by state subsidy programs, concerns large commercial farms, but does not reach small-scale farmers. The second system is based on local expertise. Simpler and less expensive, it concerns small-scale horticultural farms. The third is a low-cost system with second-hand mobile equipment for small plots. Small-scale farmers prefer the latter two systems, installed by informal intermediaries, because of their low cost, simpler and more flexible procedures, and rapid return on investment. We show that the dynamics of local initiatives and state programs are mutually reinforcing. The large farmers initiated the diffusion of high-tech drip irrigation, which was later consolidated by the state subsidy program. The same farmers were also at the origin of the diffusion of low-cost drip irrigation through local initiatives, by training informal innovation intermediaries. Finally, the local initiatives have allowed deconstructing the innovation object as well as its adaptation to different contexts, making it accessible to a wide range of farmers.

The article examines the "Program for the development of local government in the Dnipropetrovsk region for 2012 –2021" prerequisites for development, phases of the life cycle and components’ content. Periodization was carried out with the definition of three Program stages, key events, achievements and challenges of the regional Program implementation. It is established that during the first two operational stages (2008–2011) significant results were obtained, which ensured further "breakthrough" movement of region local self-government in the decentralization processes. It is shown that Dnipropetrovsk region is a leader in decentralization processes: as of the beginning of 2020, 71 amalgamated territorial communities have been formed. The volumes of funding of the "Local self-government development projects and programs regional award" are analysed and it is determined that it is necessary to continue the practice of annual Regional award. It is emphasized that the process of decentralization has caused new challenges to be met by local governments in the implementation of fundamentally new tasks during the implementation of the next stage of the Program in 2016–2021. In particular, it is determined that in 2020–2021 the following additional challenges are relevant: territorial communities voluntary amalgamation processes’ completion & joining affluent communities’ intensification; the critical need to strengthen programs for mono-industry settlements’ economy diversification; regional vital activity’s organization in the conditions of the COVID 19 pandemic. Taking into account the results of modern scientific research, seven adjusted priority goals of the Program current stage are proposed. An updated system of the Regional Local Government Development Program’s key principles and values is presented, which formalizes key principles (openness; active internal dialogue; continuity of experience; design of local development processes at strategic and operational levels; systematic support for local development projects; local communities’ project-targeted financing; reasonable distribution of the budgetary resources and values involved) and values (proactive; productive; promising) that will ensure the success of the local self-government development programming at the regional level in today's challenges.

The aim of the study was to justify and develop a model of risk communication with the public on radiation protection issues and to conduct research based on it in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. The proposed model of risk communication consists of five continuously and cyclically alternating each other stages: 1) scientific research; 2) a scientifically based system of practical measures; 3) a regional risk communication program on the radiation protection of the public; 4) practical arrangements for the implementation of the program; 5) research to assess the effectiveness of risk communication. Four sets of questions to be answered in the framework of scientific research were identified: 1) the characteristics of the radiation-hygienic environment; 2) the demographic situation and the state of health of the public; 3) attitudes of the participants of the risk information field; 4) information field characteristic. The results obtained through the research allowed substantiating the system of practical measures: 1) to determine the directions of risk communication, 2) to assess the need for developing local programs within the framework of regional ones; 3) to assess the level of knowledge and perceptions of the public about possible sources of radiation risk; 4) to identify stakeholders in risk communication; 5) to determine the types and list of information materials and information resources that are optimal for different groups of stakeholders. The conducted studies indicate that the radiation situation in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region is stable. These regions contain all exposure situations that require the development of local risk communication programs. p Several differences were revealed in health indicators of the public in St-Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Public knowledge on radiation protection issues can be characterized as fragmented and uncertain. The preferred source of information for the public is the Internet. Among all sources of information, unconditional leaders in the level of public confidence are the employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, scientists and specialists. More than half of the respondents in St-Petersburg and the Leningrad Region (73% and 60% respectively) had no information about key public organizations covering issues of the radiation protection of the public, which indicates a rather low effectiveness of the activity of these public organizations. Both in all and in certain categories of mass media, a significant part (more than 50%) are publications with a neutral presentation of information. Only the media of the city of Sosnovy Bor is characterized by the active involvement of specialists in the radiation safety of the public in the preparation of information materials.

"The purpose of the research is to form the peculiarities of public management and public administration in territorial communities in the conditions of war, as well as to outline the role of the latter in the postwar development of Ukraine. The work used such methods of scientific knowledge as the method of synthesis, the method of analysis, the system-structural method, and the formal-logical method. The authors considered the peculiarities of the functioning of local self-government bodies as representatives of the territorial community in the conditions of martial law, their interaction with military administrations. The work describes the transformation of the powers of executive bodies of village, settlement and city councils after February 24, 2022. The publication pays special attention to the role and importance of territorial communities in the post-war development of Ukraine. For the first time, the authors proposed two criteria for dividing the powers of representative bodies of territorial communities during the period of martial law. The approaches proposed by the authors regarding the interaction of the executive bodies of village, settlement and city councils and city state administrations both at this stage of the implementation of state policy under martial law and in the future are important for the recovery of Ukraine in the postwar period, which indicates the practical value of the work."

Despite record-high immunization coverage nationally, there is considerable variation across state and local immunization programs, which are responsible for the implementation of vaccine recommendations in their jurisdictions. The objectives of this study were to describe activities of state and local immunization programs that sustained high coverage levels across several years and to identify common themes and practical examples for sustaining childhood vaccination coverage rates that could be applied elsewhere. We conducted 95 semi-structured key informant interviews with internal staff members and external partners at the 10 immunization programs with the highest sustained childhood immunization coverage from 2000 to 2005, as measured by the National Immunization Survey. Interview transcripts were analyzed qualitatively using a general inductive approach. Common themes across the 10 programs included maintaining a strong program infrastructure, using available data to drive planning and decision making, a commitment to building and sustaining relationships, and a focus on education and communication. Given the challenges of an increasingly complex immunization system, the lessons learned from these programs may help inform others who are working to improve childhood immunization delivery and coverage in their own programs.

Environmental monitoring is a necessity in this Nuclear Age. Monitoring programs, however, must be designed so that needed information is obtained in a cost-effective manner without redundancy among Federal, State, and local agency programs. The approach of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to monitoring is discussed, with emphasis on dose computation utilizing source data, environmental models, and minimal monitoring for validation. The compatible role of State and local agency monitoring programs is also presented.

One of the basic needs of life to the handicapped, as well as to all individuals, is the understanding of one's own sexuality. Sex education can help handicapped individuals in finding sexual satisfaction and may foster self-responsibility, maturity and positive actions toward other rehabilitation goals. Traditionally, the teachings of sexuality to handicapped persons have run into objections resulting from society's negative attitude toward the handicapped and parental apprehension regarding the decision-making skills of their children in relation to acceptable and unacceptable sexual behaviors. However, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 has provided a way for parents and health professionals to put pressure on local, state and federal programs to allocate funds for the development of a sound sex education program. As professionals in health education it is our challenge and responsibility to see that the sexual needs of the handicapped are not forgotten.

Post-Bubble Foreclosure-Prevention and -Mitigation Options in Seattle

By introducing the assumptions of social participation into the practice of implementing revitalization projects, we assume that through dialogue, even if sometimes difficult, a compromise and agreement can be reached, which may result in cooperation in the implementation of a given project. The aim of this text is to present a practical application of the idea of dialogue and social participation, the theoretical context of which was de-scribed in the first part of the text in the process of developing and implementing the Local Revitalization Pro-gram of the City of Wojkowice which was reported in the second part of it. Civil dialogue can be understood as a more or less institutionalized form of conducting broad social consultations in the aspect of planning, solving and making decisions on socially important issues in a given group or community. Anna Olech and Tomasz Kaźmierczak (2011), proposed four models of public participa-tion. The basis for their separation and differentiation is the level and scope of their influence on the decision-making process of various social partners. The presented considerations refer to the experience and observations collected during the project titled Wojkowickie Social Revitalisation Laboratory implemented as part of the project entitled Silesian revitalization programs – support for municipalities, financed under the Operational Program Technical Assistance 2014–2020. The Social Work Unit of the Institute of Sociology, US team was involved in the work on the development of the Local Regeneration Program, especially in relation to the social issues of this document. Referring to the models of participation carried out in the revitalization activities referred by Krzysztof Skalski, it can be stated that the activities undertaken in the process of developing the Local Revitalization Pro-gram in the City of Wojkowice are close to the model with the highest degree of participation. Another issue is whether the idea of broad social participation will be maintained in practice at the implementation stage of this program.

From the *Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania †Penn Center for Perioperative Outcomes, Research and Transformation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ‡Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Accepted for publication August 10, 2022. Conflicts of Interest: See Disclosures at the end of the article. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Address correspondence to Emily A. Vail, MD, MSc, 333 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Address e-mail to [email protected].

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 786 of May 26, 2021 «On the Management System of State Programs of the Russian Federation» (hereinafter — Resolution No. 786) approved new rules for the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of state programs of the Russian Federation. In the development of the resolution, the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation No. 500 dated August 17, 2021 adopted methodological recommendations for the development and implementation of state programs of the Russian Federation that meet new requirements. Programs should acquire a homogeneous structure that includes five main elements: a list of strategic priorities, a passport of the state program containing goals and indicators with their decomposition by region, passports of federal, departmental projects and complexes of process measures (structural elements of the state program), plans for the implementation of structural elements and a regulatory «substrate» — acts necessary for the implementation of the program. For each state program, as well as its individual elements, a list of socially significant indicators linked to national development goals should be formed. In all state programs, the project part will be allocated, providing for the implementation of specific tasks and obtaining unique results for a limited period of time. One of the first (if not the first) to approve the updated version of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets (hereinafter also referred to as the State Program, Program), which comes into force on January 1, 2022. On the example of the updated version of the State Program, the article provides a critical and constructive analysis of systemic problems that may arise in the development of state programs of the Russian Federation as part of the implementation of a new system of program-targeted management.

The reform of the territory management system in Ukraine significantly expanded the powers of local authorities to increase their capacity to solve a number of socio-economic problems of rural areas. Both approaches to development planning and the document flow of its support has been changed. The purpose of the study is to identify inconsistencies in the legislative and regulatory framework regarding the requirements for the development of planning documents for the development of regions and territorial communities, as well as to develop proposals for their elimination. It was established that the corresponding update of legislation combined the classification features of the new and the old: the number of types of documents that should be formed by local self-government bodies has been increased and the scope of development coverage has been expanded. Believe that this overloads the document flow structure in strategic planning. It was established that using the program-target approach which was introduced in the budget process does not apply to the entire system of planning documents for the development of regions or territorial communities and has a recommendatory character. The need of regulating civil participation in the strategic planning of territorial communities was confirmed by strengthening the status of such a norm by enshrining it in legislation, as well as the transition from the level of informing the public to strengthening the ability to implement joint decisions and developments. In the course of research was revealed duplication of norms, inconsistency of terms of validity of strategic regional development planning documents, lack of uniform procedures for creating development programs, which have been forming by executive power bodies and local self-government bodies. The obsolescence and inconsistency of the norms of the Law of Ukraine "On state forecasting and development of economic and social development programs of Ukraine" in relation to the Law of Ukraine "On the principles of state regional policy" regarding the construction of a hierarchy of program documents for the development of territorial communities was noticed. The expediency of establishing the powers of formation and implementation of local target programs by local self-government bodies, standardizing the procedure for their development and monitoring of implementation has been substantiated. It is proposed to supplement the Law of Ukraine "On the principles of state regional policy" in terms of requirements for the formation of forecasts and program documents of economic and social development at the state and regional level; finalize the Procedure of developing, approving, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the implementation of strategies for the development of territorial communities in terms of increasing the responsibility of officials for not ensuring the conditions for citizen participation in strategic planning; develop methodological recommendations regarding the procedure of development, approval, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of local development programs, local (regional) development projects. Key words: regulatory and legal support, Local Government, strategic management and planning, territorial communities, management of community potential.