Державне управління у сфері пожежної безпеки Японії: досвід для України

The article analyzes the current state of the normative and legal support of the activity of public administration bodies in the field of fire safety of Ukraine. Their place, role and functions in providing fire safety, the need for further regulation and improvement of regulatory and legal regulation in this field are considered in order to optimize the work of state bodies in the field of fire safety of Ukraine, eliminating duplication of their functions. The subjects and objects of public administration in the field of fire safety in Ukraine, which are enshrined in normative-legal acts, are analyzed. It’s proposed to make changes to the system of the current legislation in Ukraine in the field of fire safety, in particular the Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine (2012) and constructed a prescriptive model of the subject-object legal relations of the state fire safety management.

The contemporary trends in the reform of public administration in Poland today are strongly influenced by international processes interacting with standards, as well as factual and pragmatic exchange factors. It already arises from this basic assumption that the 21st century requires states to broaden their range of instruments, roles and skills to achieve results in the public sphere. One of the most important issues to be resolved is the reform of Polish public administration, which is linked to the further stage of state reform, its decentralization and the continuation of local government reforms, which have not had a proper follow-up in recent years. Furthermore, in order to meet the challenges it faces, public administration should be capable of initiating and efficiently implementing innovative public programmes while ensuring the efficient and economically effective provision of public services. Of the fact that innovations and reforms – like a revolution – conducted within an existing socio-economic system result in extensive changes in all spheres of social life, the most important is the relationship between the public administration and the citizens. It constitutes a part of a complex mechanism of checks and balances, as well as being the driving force behind the change introduced in the collective interest.

This research aims to analyze the implementation of accounting reform in public administration in Portugal through three studies. The first discusses the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in the public sector in developed and developing countries, identifying differences in constraints and stimuli to implementation. Through a systematic review of the literature, it was identified that there are differences between constraints and stimuli in the implementation of accounting standards between developed and developing countries. In developed countries, the lack of training stands out as the main constraint and modernization is a stimulus for the implementation of the reform. In developing countries, the greatest constraint is the limitation of financial resources, with external and internal pressure as a stimulus. The second study analyzes the factors that influence the implementation of accounting reform in central public administration in Portugal and how this implementation affects transparency in organizations. The results, obtained through questionnaires and analyzed using the structural equation model and the application of the comparative qualitative analysis of diffuse sets, show that the most important positive factor is the experience and involvement of the teams, with the involvement of professional organizations being the factor with the greatest negative impact. It was also concluded that the implementation of the accounting reform results in greater transparency in the public sector, effectively achieving one of the main objectives of the reforms driven by IPSAS. Finally, the third study analyzes the impact of the implementation of the management accounting reform on the central public administration in Portugal and how it affects control, transparency, and management reporting within these organizations. The results, analyzed using a structural equation model, show that the reform has a positive effect on increasing the quality of management reporting and the transparency of public administrations, as well as contributing positively to increased control in these organizations.

Montenegro and the EU signed the Stabilization and Association Agreement committing the country to harmonize its legislation with the EU acquis communautaire. In reference to public administration, the Agreement’s provisions emphasize the development of an efficient and accountable public administration with the goal of modernizing the Montenegrin administration in line with standards and principles of the European Administrative Space. In 2003, Montenegro adopted the PARiM Public Administration Reform Strategy 2003-2009 with two priorities: institutional and legal consolidation of the administrative system and the harmonization of the existing legislation with European and international standards (EU, CoE, UN, OSCE). However, the PARiM project met resistance and was not fully realized. The following administrative reform strategy, called Agenda of Administrative Reforms in Montenegro 2011-2016 (AURUM), states that Montenegro is determined to become part of the European system of values and that public authorities should fully harmonize the national legal framework with the acquis communautaire. In the 2016-2020 Public Administration Strategy, it was noted that AURUM had achieved limited effects and that the EU candidate countries need to establish an effective and efficient public administration. With all the drawbacks and obstacles that the public administration reform in Montenegro faced and is facing, the adoption and implementation of the new Law on Administrative Procedure (2014-2017) opened up prospects that public administration reform to be achieved on Montenegro’s road to full EU membership.

This article investigates the contribution of public administration (PA) reforms to sustainable development, with particular reference to countries in transition. The case study of Albania is analysed with a specific focus on the scope, contents and sequence of reforms as well as on the role of international institutions. The Albanian transition clearly demonstrates how development achieved without paying attention to public administration and management can be easily reversible and hardly sustainable. Open issues include building consensus on a general prioritization of PA reform agendas in transition countries and identifying more effective approaches for evaluating reform projects. Further enquiry on the first point can help avoid incoherent reform initiatives, also exacerbated by the multitude of donors financing reforms in these countries, while a better evaluation could address the declining flows of foreign aid and benefit from an increasing results-oriented approach, in recipient countries, as well as in international institutions.

This article investigates public administration reform in Kosovo by: a) analysing the extent to which an atypical transition affects administrative and governance reforms, b) examining the Europeanisation process and efforts to harmonise legislation with the European Union’s acquis communautaire as the main driving force towards a successful transition, and c) reiterating the relevance and function of the educational system in the Europeanisation process. The article addresses the following question: can the Europeanisation process be accomplished successfully when the educational system, which is limited in scale, does not manage to generate a sufficient number of Europeanisation agents? In post1999 Kosovo, public administration has been undergoing continuous reforms to detach itself from the discriminatory legacy of communist and Serbian rule, to transfer authorities from internationally established bodies to local ones, to enhance capacity-building through international assistance, and to move forward with further reforms as part of Kosovo’s EU integration efforts. Public administration reforms remain affected by past legacies, namely the atypical transition characterised by a post-WWII communist dictatorship, the Serbian apartheid-like discrimination in the 1990s, an UN-led interim administration, and challenges of capacity-building. The article concludes that without a fully consolidated and crisis-resistant democracy neither the initiated public administration reform based on the values of good governance, nor the “fair and just” distribution of resources in society have a perspective. For instance, to comply successfully with the public administration reform obligations set out in the EU’s Stabilisation and Association Agreement, Kosovo needs greater capacities and professionals serving as Europeanisation agents. As a result, much larger investments in education, research, and development appear to be paramount. An increase in the quality of education and study capacities, as well as better opportunities for social inclusion would improve the performance of public administration and enhance good governance.

Public administration represents operations and practice of the government through management, administration and implementation of government policies having in mind public interests and the society as a whole. However, analysis of the political system and public administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) reveals that this definition is rather “modified” when it comes to the mentioned country. Even though public administration reform is one of the priorities for BIH, the reasons why it has not been more successful are post-conflict reconstruction and state building, unique political organisation as a result of a peace agreement, veto mechanisms and ethnic quotas which makes the consensus harder to achieve and delays adoption of important strategies. Even though political elite in BIH is committed to public administration reform and the key reform institutions have been established there is a lack of necessary knowledge and skills, competences and most importantly, political will. However, public administration reform definitely represents one of the key conditions for the future of BIH and its accession to the European Union (EU). Undoubtedly, public administration reform is a complex reform, and in this paper, the focus is on the case study of BIH by identifying its key issues on the way to the EU membership. This paper is based on analytical method with an explorative and descriptive purpose, comparative legal method, literature review method, and finally, synthesis of results, combined with professional insight and conclusions.

Human resource management encompasses administrating and managing human resources or otherwise known as employees. The HR or Human Resources department of any company, whether it be public or private, deals with the day to aspects pertaining to employees, from the recruitment process to probably the most important aspect for any employee; remuneration and benefits. The importance of finding a perfect equilibrium between monetary and non-monetary incentives is crucial in obtaining an efficient work environment, as well as increasing productivity and employee motivation. Having an administrative background or knowledge is essential for any HR manager, in order to detect and implement the most beneficial reward system for both implicated parties. This paper aims to examine human resource reforms in public administration, primarily in reference to the remunerations of civil servants and employees by giving examples of the importance of salary within the structure of human resource management, looking at new laws involving the increase of salaries within the near future, concluding with suggestions on improving the reward system implemented by human resource managers in Romania’s system of public administration.

Although ethics underlying public administration obviously changes over time, it remains largely unknown just how, when, or why this happens. This article presents a study on organizational reform in the system of taxation in Holland around 1748. Comparative use of Max Weber's characteristics of bureaucratization provides a historical perspective on the link between organizational reform and ethical change in public tax administration and also sheds light on other contemporary issues in public management, such as a public—private distinction and the legitimacy of public administration. The case addresses important theoretical questions as well. Do organizations change existing (ethical) ideas or is it actually the other way around? How much do time and sequencing matter when explaining such historical processes? How much strategic action is involved in designing new institutions? I argue how an eclectic institutionalist approach is necessary to answer such questions in general and to increase our understanding of organizational reform in relation to changing ethics in particular, bringing into perspective all too straightforward causal links between the two.

Public administration in Slovakia since 1990 has under constant change and is related to the ongoing transitions and unstable political environment after the fall of the former regime. Political, professional intervention and interference, an absence of long-term vision in public administration, has resulted in chaos and despite the advice of experts created a constant cycle of problems from which other transforming countries should learn from. After more than 25 years of transformation Slovakia can boast about partial successes even in public administration. It has not only become a memento of mistakes but also an example of successful implementations of reforms, particularly in the area of decentralization of public administration.

In this study, we analyze the social desirability bias related to good governance principles among public administrators. While good governance is a cornerstone in public administration reforms, the normative stance of good governance in contemporary democratic governing may provoke socially desirable survey responses among those that do not share the values. This is important to consider, because a latent resistance to good governance would indicate a risk of mission drift in promoting good governance. Using a list experiment on Finnish public administrators we estimate bias-corrected opinions on the principles of participation, government effectiveness, responsiveness, and transparency. Finland is a critical case; scoring high on international good governance rankings and serving a model for reforms, finding a bias against good governance principles among its administrators would imply that governance reforms come with the dilemma of negative opinion suppressed due to social desirability. We discover a considerable social desirability bias related to participation, responsiveness, and transparency. Our findings challenge traditional survey research and provide important considerations for researchers when studying the values and attitudes of public administrators.

Portugal has been characterized by a late discontinuous democratization process. This contribution discusses the case of state and public administration reform in Portugal by using approaches from democratization, modernization and Europeanization theories. In order to understand the Portuguese case, the concept of ‘neo‐patrimonialism’ is used. We characterize Portuguese public administration as still having ‘neo‐patrimonial’ features, and therefore is still in transition from old closed‐minded practices such as particularistic decision making or clientelistic relationships to new open‐minded ones. The ‘new’ governance agenda combines new public management instruments and a growing flexibilization of public administration towards networks with non‐statal actors and has certainly led to some improvement in the quality of the services associated with public administration. Although is still too early to assess, top‐down and horizontal Europeanization processes, particularly since the late 1990s, may have contributed to a more reflexive approach in moving towards a more endogenous strategic vision based on the needs of the Portuguese state and public administration.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to justify the need to adopt a specialized law “On Food Security of Ukraine” and define its concept. Methodology. The research methodology consists of: comparative, system-structural, formallogical methods. Their use made it possible to: analyze and determine the current state of regulatory regulation of public administration in the field of ensuring food safety in Ukraine, to investigate the regulation of the specified relations in individual EU member countries (Germany, Austria, Spain), to form a holistic view of the concept of the future law on food safety of Ukraine. Results. The first section of the article defines the current state of regulatory regulation of public relations regarding public administration in the field of food security of Ukraine. It has been established that such normative regulation is not effective, because there is no basic law of Ukraine, which could be the basis for the implementation of the corresponding function of public administration. The second part of the article is devoted to the research of regulatory regulation of public relations in relation to public administration in the field of ensuring food security in certain member states of the European Union, and in particular in: Germany, Austria and Spain. It has been clarified that the central goal of ensuring food safety in these countries and in the European Union as a whole is to ensure the safety of food products for consumers. In addition, it was found that at the level of national legislation in various EU countries there is a basic law or a set of laws that regulate public administration in this area. The third section of the article is devoted to the formation of the concept of the future law on food security of Ukraine. It was emphasized that this law should clearly define the competence and powers of public administration subjects in this area, establish a mechanism for guaranteeing the physical and economic availability of food products for everyone, and lay a legal basis for the interaction of public administration and civil society institutions in the field of ensuring food security of Ukraine. Conclusions. In the conclusions to the article, it is stated that the new law on food security of Ukraine must clearly define the system of permanent goals and objectives of the public administration in the field of ensuring food security of Ukraine, delimit the powers and competence of the subjects of the public administration within this functional direction of their activity, define the mechanism guaranteeing everyone physical and economic availability of food and essential goods, laying the legal basis for the interaction of public administration and civil society institutions in this area.

The article examines public administration reform (PAR) in Bulgaria and the main factors that shaped the reform agenda and dynamics. PAR is examined along five key dimensions – transparency and accountability, civil service and human resources management (HRM), public service delivery and digitalisation, organisation and management of government, and policy-making coordination and implementation. The article argues that there are four main factors influencing reform dynamics and determining policy outcomes in the Bulgarian case: the specific political choices made by government elites, external influence of the EU and of past national legacies, and the importance of institutions and reform mechanisms. To illustrate these factors at work, the article examines three policy initiatives, i.e. e-government, the reduction of administrative burden, and civil service reform. The article presents a longitudinal analysis and a qualitative case-study approach, utilising Annual Reports on the Status of the Public Administration 2001–2018, mapping European Semester Documents 2011–2017, an inventory of PAR initiatives 2005–2018, and interviews of public officials. The pushes for reform have been top-down, externally-driven, and stop-and-go in nature. The results confirm previous findings that Bulgaria is among the EU countries with the poorest record in PAR, struggling to overcome communist legacies and high levels of corruption and politicisation. The Bulgarian case highlights several important lessons: the importance of political will and political dynamics for the outcome of reform efforts; the importance of external pressure and financing; the difficulty of uprooting long-standing legacies in administrative traditions; and the limitations of the top-down approach as an obstacle to the sustainability of reform efforts.

The article considers the factors influencing the efficiency of management decisions made by local government bodies in the modern conditions of public administration reform and the development of local self-government in Ukraine. The author outlines the features of this problem, the main features of state-management decisions, the essence of the concepts "effect", "efficiency of management decisions", the main approaches to the study of the problem of decision-making are highlighted. The main attention is paid to the direction of research, which takes into account the human factor. The main ideas of the representative of this direction - the Nobel laureate D. Kahneman, presented in the book "Noise", are considered. This work raises the issue of system errors among those who make decisions. The views of the domestic scientist O. Maltsev on the designated problem and the provisions of D. Kahneman's book are presented. The results of the analysis by scientists of the influence of the human factor and psychological characteristics of management decision-making on the efficiency of decisions are reflected. The conclusions of scientists regarding the need to take into account the qualities of a decision- making person and his professional training are summarized. The main characteristics of the personality that influence decision-making are given from the domestic scientific literature on public administration problems. In accordance with these ideas, the requirements for the positions of civil servants, local self-government bodies, as well as the modern practice of training specialists and managers in this field are considered. It is concluded that the primary importance for making effective decisions by local government bodies is the use by specialists and managers of modern technologies for developing and making management decisions, the development of their personal qualities for making management decisions in the process of training and obtaining specialized management education in universities.