ВПЛИВ БУР’ЯНІВ НА РІВЕНЬ ВОДНОГО ЖИВЛЕННЯ ПОСІВІВ БУРЯКІВ ЦУКРОВИХ

Summary This paper presents the results obtained in the crop rotation experiment carried out in the years 2008–2010. It concerns weed infestation of pea (Venus variety) cultivated in six-field crop rotation: sugar beet – maize – spring barley – pea – winter oilseed rape – winter wheat, and in monoculture since 1993. Two levels of crop protection were compared: level 0 – no chemical protection, and H – with the protection of herbicide (linuron) applied after sowing at 1.5 kg/ha doses. The species composition and the number of weeds were determined at the development stage of 2–4 leaves of pea and prior to the mechanical cultivation using a frame with an area of 0.25 m 2 . On the objects without chemical protection in crop rotation and in monoculture the number of weeds amounted to 237 plants/m 2 and 614 plants/m 2 , respectively. The applied herbicide reduced the number of weeds in the crop rotation by 87.8% and by 82.5% in the monoculture. Regardless of the chosen method of crop protection, the following weed species dominated: Chenopodium album, Thlaspi arvense and Capsella bursa-pastoris. In monocultural cultivation Lycopsis arvensis, Polygonum convolvulus and also perennial weeds occurred as well.

Relevance. The study of the effectiveness of protection methods, herbicides with different content and composition of active substances, their influence on the crop, weed component, yield and related factors is important for clarifying the regulations for use, production decisions in the manufacture of preparations and their use.Methods. The study of the effect of various analogues of herbicides with the active ingredient rimsulfuron on weed suppression and crop development was carried out on the experimental field of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Northern Trans-Urals, the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region under the conditions of 2021. The object of research was 4 preparations of herbicidal action from different manufacturers with the main active ingredient rimsulfuron 250 g/kg for use on potato crops to suppress weeds of perennial and annual cereal type and annual dicotyledonous type.Results. The initial study of the clogging of experimental plots before treatment with the studied herbicides showed the presence of an average number of processing showed the presence of a total number of weeds according to the variants of the experiment 60–70 pcs/m2 with a quantitative advantage of 4 types of weeds еchinochloa crus-galli, Elymus repens, Thlaspi arvense, Chenopódium álbum. On the variants of herbicide application, the mass of weeds was 8–20 times less and amounted to 20–55 g/m2. As a result of the use of the studied herbicides against weeds, a stable and high efficiency of 86–97% during the entire growing season on options Herbicide 3, 4.

The use of soft computing to classification of some weeds based on video processing

A field experiment was conducted at El-Serw Agricultural Research Station, Damietta Governorate, Egypt during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons to reduce mineral N inputs of sugar beet with increased land use efficiency and profitability under intercropping conditions. Seven treatments included five treatments (90 kg nitrogen “N” + 30 m3 farm yard manure “FYM”/fad, 80 kg N +30 m3 FYM/fad, 70 kg N +30 m3 FYM/fad and 400 g of Cerealine + 30 m3 FYM/fad for intercropping faba bean cultivar Spanish with sugar beet cultivar Gloria) and two treatments (90 and 20 kg N/fad for solid culture of sugar beet and faba bean, respectively, as recommended mineral N fertilizer rate) were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Solid culture of sugar beet with the application of recommended rate (90 kg N/fad) gave the highest top, root and sugar yields/fad, as well as the percentage of purity compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Intercropping faba bean with sugar beet plants with application of 90 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad gave the highest number of leaves/plant, leaf area/plant, root length, root diameter and root weight/plant followed by intercropped sugar beet plants that fertilized with 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. On the other hand, intercropped sugar beet that received 400 g of Cerealine + 30 m3 FYM/fad had the highest percentages of T.S.S. and sucrose followed by 70 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Solid culture of faba bean with the application of 20 kg N/fad gave the highest plant height, number of seeds/pod and seed yield/fad, meanwhile the highest number of branches/plant and pod length were achieved by intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with application of 90 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad followed by intercropped faba bean plants that fertilized with 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad compared with the other treatments in both seasons. However, intercropped faba bean plants that fertilized with 70 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad gave the highest number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed index and seed yield per plant compared with the other treatments in both seasons. Land equivalent ratio (LER), land equivalent coefficient (LEC) and relative crowding coefficient (RCC) were high by intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad indicating yield advantage was achieved. The value of aggressivity (Agg) of sugar beet was negative for all combinations indicating that sugar beet is dominated component in the present study. Intercropping faba bean with sugar beet with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad achieved higher total income and monetary advantage index (MAI) than the other treatments. Growing sugar beet plants in both sides of beds (1.2 m width) with one faba bean row in middle of sugar beet beds with the application of 80 kg N + 30 m3 FYM/fad decreased mineral N fertilizer rate by 10.00% of the recommended sugar beet mineral N fertilizer rate, as well as increased land usage and profitability for Egyptian farmers compared with sugar beet solid culture.

Weediness of crops of field crops is examined in various crop rotations. Different types of weeds have unequal effects on crop plants. An expression of this effect is the harmfulness of weeds, which leads to a decrease in yield and a deterioration in the quality of the products. It is possible to change the species composition of weeds in the course of time on agricultural crops, which depends on the intensity of the cultivation technology and, first of all, on the alternation of crops and the introduction of straw. Monitoring of weed infestation of crops is necessary to predict the spread of the most harmful weeds in crop rotations. The aim of the research is to trace the dynamics of weediness and species composition of weeds on sodpodzolic soil in field crop rotations. The research was carried out in 1998-2017 on a stationary site, on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil with a high content of mobile forms of phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The biomorphological spectrum of weed species indicates that 26 species of juvenile weeds occur, and 9 species of perennial species. The appearance of Chenopodium album L. was the most common. There is an increase in the abundance of weeds during the research in the studied agrocenoses. If 61 specimens of weed vegetation per 1 m2 were observed in the first rotation, including 50 annual ones, then in the second rotation the abundance of weeds increased to 67 pieces / m2. The greatest amount of weed vegetation was observed - 76 pieces/m2 in the third rotation of crop rotations. We come to the conclusion that the weediness of field agrocenoses increases, examining the dynamics of the contamination of crop field crop rotations, especially over the last six years of research. The number of species of Fumaria officinalis L. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill increases during the study. The number of species of Chenopodium album L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. has increased significantly over the past six years. We found that the crops in the first crop rotation were the most littered. The rotation, including grasses and row crops, helps to cleanse crops of other crops from weeds. The quantity of weeds in crops of field crops increases with cultivation of crops by organic technology.

Background and Objectives: One of the practical strategies for managing water resources is to estimate the plant's water needs and determine the amount of water used in the various stages of crop production. In order to calculate the amount of water consumed by agricultural products in the growth stages, the virtual water index and water footprint are used. Water footprint in a product is defined as the volume of fresh water used in it's production. Water footprint is defined as an indicator for the allocation of fresh water resources that provides valuable insights into the environmental impact of producing a product. Water footprint index shows actual consumption of water in three components: blue, green and gray, which is now considered in the direction of modern management of water resources with an integrated approach. In order to properly assess water consumption in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to study the water footprint index in different climates. Materials and Methods: To conduct the research, meteorological data were first obtained from the Meteorological Organization.Then the water needs of sugar beet, potato, forage corn and tomato plants in Hamedan, Ahvaz, Shahrekord, Mashhad and Isfahan climates were calculated from the CropWat software. The yield of the crop and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used were obtained from the agricultural jihad of each province. crop yield and the parameters required in the calculations were calculated and aggregated through agricultural statistics Then, the average volume of water consumption, virtual water, water footprint and water use efficiency of these products were calculated for the statistical period of 2011-2017. Chapagin et al. (2006) Method was used to calculate water footprint. Results: In the present study, water consumption for agricultural products was investigated. The results showed that among the studied products, the potato plant with 2945.4 m3/ton in Ahvaz city with hot and humid climate has the highest water footprint and sugar beet with 906.1 m3/ton in climate cold and dry of Mashhad has the least water footprint. The highest amount of virtual water used for the studied plants is potato (0.84 m3/kg), tomato (0.51 m3/kg), sugar beet (0.46 m3/kg) and forage corn (0.39 m3/kg) was respectively to the climate of Ahwaz, Shahrekord, Ahwaz and Isfahan. The lowest amount of water consumption efficiency (1.2 kg/m3) also belonged to the potato in Ahvaz climate. The lowest virtual water and the highest water consumption efficiency for the studied plants were obtained in Hamedan climate. Conclusion: In the present study, water consumption for agricultural products was investigated. The results showed that the volume of water consumed in the studied products varies in different climates. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the climate of Hamedan due to the low amount of virtual water (0.29, 0.3, 0.19 and 0.14 m3/ kg) and high water consumption efficiency ( 3.43, 3.3, 5.19 and 7.46 kg/m3) for potatoes, tomatoes, sugar beets and fodder corn, respectively, compared to other climates studied for cultivation of all four the product is more suitable. Hence, according to recent droughs and water shortage, available water resources should be used accurately and decision must be made for cultivating the products with less water requirement and better performance.

The tendency to gradual reduction of crop is observed now in the North-West of the Russian Federation. From 2010 for 2021 the total area under crops in four regions (Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda) has decreased from 1150.7 to 907.5 thousand hectares. Studies of specific structure of weed communities of the North-West of the Russian Federation started in the first decade of the XX century with inspections of crops by A. I. Maltsev in the St. Petersburg region (Maltsev, 1908, 1909). Since the beginning of the XXI the study of weed plants were focused at the All-Russian Institute of Plant Protectionwhere monitoring of crops of the North-West of the Russian Federation (Mysnik, 2012; Luneva, Mysnik, 2016, 2017, Luneva et al., 2009) has became the priority direction. In spite of previous wide floristic researches, the diversity of weed communities of this region is still not established. The first results of the floristic classification of weed vegetation in the North-East of the Russian Federation are presented. The dataset is based on 278 relevés made by N. N. Luneva, I. N. Nadtochiy, E. V. Filippova, T. D. Sokolova, Yu. V. Eroshina for field seasons in 1999–2916. The research area covered Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Vologda regions. Data processing was carried out according floristic classification approach (Westhoff, Maarel, 1978), using TWINSPAN algoritm in JUICE software packages (Tichy, 2002). The new syntaxa are named in accordance with the rules of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Theurillat et al., 2021). DCA-ordination using the CANOCO 4.5 software package (Ter Braak, Smilauer, 2002) was produced to identify patterns of environmental differentiation. The habitat moisture and soil richness-salinity scales status of communities (Ramenskiy et al., 1956) was calculated and basic agroclimatic parameters were identified to characterize the ecological variability of habitats. The communities were classified within the order of Aperetalia spica-venti J. Tx. et Tx. in Malato-Beliz et al. 1960 of the class Papaveretea rhoeadis S. Brulo et al. 2001 and were assigned to the alliance Scleranthion annui (Kruseman et Vlieger 1939) Sissingh in Westhoff et al. 1946), which unites the most mesophytic weed communities distributed mainly on gray forest, sod-podzolic, podzolic and other types of soils of the forest zone. The alliance diagnostic species are Stellaria media, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lepidotheca suaveolens, Thlaspi arvense, Centaurea cyanus. Three species from the diagnostic groups of ruderal vegetation classes are also active in their cenoflora — Elytrigia repens, Viola arvensis, Taraxacum officinale. From the diagnostic group of the Papaveretea rhoeadis class and the order Aperetalia spica-venti with high constancy, species are found Cirsium setosum, Chenopodium album, Sonchus arvensis, less often are Fallopia convolvulus. The group of species of the alliance Scleranthion annui includes Stellaria media, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lepidotheca suaveolens, Thlaspi arvense, Centaurea cyanus. Unlike the weed communities of other regions of the Russian Federation (Khasanova et al., 2021 Yamalov et al., 2021a, b), apophytes are not significantly presented in cenophlora, but such ruderal species as Elytrigia repens, Viola arvensis, Taraxacum officinale are active. The identified associations and communities are different geographically, in terms of crop affinity and the system of agricultural machinery, the type of soils and heat conditions. The most widespread are the communities of the ass. Tussilagi farfarae–Centauretum cyani, which occur in the Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Vologda regions. The associations Galeopsetum bifidae (Novgorod, Pskov and Vologda regions) and Lamio purpurei–Persicarietum lapathifolii (Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions) are of slightly smaller range. Syntaxa are differentiated according to the level of habitat heat conditions from the higher (ass. Echinochloo crusgalli–Galietum aparinis, ass. Lamio purpurei–Persicarietum lapathifolii) to the lower (community Fumaria officinalis) ones. Communities of the associations Echinochloo crusgalli–Galietum aparinis and Lamio purpurei-Persicarietum lapathifolii are formed on swamp, peat and podzolic-swamp soils. The community Polygonum aviculare and the ass. Mentho arvensi–Sonchetum arvensis are formed on weakly and medium-podzolic, as well as sod-podzolic soils. The other syntaxa are confined to sod-carbonate soils. According to the spectrum of crop, syntaxa were distributed as follows: associations Echinochloo crusgalli–Galietum aparinis, Mentho arvensis–Sonchetum arvensis, Lamio purpurei–Persicarietum lapathifolii and the community Polygonum aviculare occur mainly on fields with vegetable crops (potatoes, carrots, cabbage, beets, etc.); Tussilagi farfarae–Centauretum cyani, Galeopsetum bifidae, the communities of Fumaria officinalis and Achillea millefolium — on grain crops (barley, oats, rye, triticale and wheat). The main factors of differentiation of the studied communities are the type of soil, cultivated crop and humidification.

Weeds in sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) can contribute to a significant reduction in the root yield. The species composition of these plants is an important factor influencing the competition with crops. The aim of the 2-year field experiment with mixtures of: phenmedipham + ethofumesate + metamitron + quinmerac; ethofumesate + metamitron + metamitron + + quinmerac + triflusulfuron-methyl; phenmedipham + ethofumesate + metamitron + + quinmerac + triflusulfuron-methyl + clopyralid + lenacil, and phenmedipham + ethofumesate + metamitron + quinmerac + triflusulfuron-methyl + clopyralid applied in split doses, microdoses and Conviso Smart technology was to determine the weed species community composition and effectiveness of weed control strategies. The most common species occurring in both years were: Chenopodium album L., Fallopia convolvulus L., and Geranium pusillum L. The communities had the highest values of biodiversity indices in 2020 and lower values in 2021. There were no statistically significant differences in the herbicidal effectiveness of the tested herbicidal technologies over both years of research and for individual main weed species – 95–99%. The use of all herbicide variants contributed to achieving significantly higher yields than untreated treatments, and contributed to an increase in profitability of cultivation, but this result depended on the selected strategy. The presented herbicide solutions were characterized by direct income at a similar level.

Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) is one of the most important pathogens of oilseed rape worldwide. The virus has a large host range including many crop species (e.g., oilseed rape, pea, chickpea) and weeds from more than twenty plant families. Other than oilseed rape, we detected TuYV in many commonly grown weed species that share the fields and vegetation period together with canola crops in Czech and Slovak Republics. TuYV was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in at least 26 species including main crop hosts (oilseed rape), intercrops and weeds such as Amaranthus retroflexus, Atriplex patula (Amaranthaceae), Arctium lappa, Lactuca serriola, Taraxacum officinale, Tripleurospermum inodorum (Asteraceae), Phacelia tanacetifolia (Boraginaceae), Brassica napus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Descurainia Sophia, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis alba, Sisymbrium officinale, Thlaspi arvense (Brassicaceae), Silene alba, Stellaria media (Caryophyllaceae), Euphorbia helioscopia (Euphorbiaceae), Geranium rotundifolium (Geraniaceae), Lamium purpureum (Lamiaceae), Fumaria officinalis, Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae), Veronica persica (Plantaginaceae syn. Scrophulariaceae), Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae), Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) and Viola arvensis (Violaceae). The detection of TuYV was further confirmed by RT-qPCR as well as Sanger sequencing of the PCR fragments. We discovered four new weed species as hosts of TuYV such as T. inodorum, S. alba, G. rotundifolium and E. helioscopia, representing their three respective plant families. The readthrough domain (RTD) gene sequence analysis of the Czech and Slovak TuYV isolates from oilseed rape and weed species showed similar within-group nucleotide divergence (7.1% and 5.6%, respectively) and the absence of geographical- or host-based phylogenetic clustering. The high-throughput sequencing of the P. rhoeas sample enabled the obtention of a nearly complete genome of TuYV and revealed the mixed infection of TuYV with turnip mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus. Our results thus show that weed species are an important TuYV reservoir and play a significant role in the spread and incidence of the disease in field crops such as oilseed rape.

The authors studied with changes in sugar content in sugar beet plant sown in summer and in content impurities which interfere with the recovery of crystal sugar from sugar beet. The experimental results are summerized as follows: 1. In the sugar beet plant, sugar substance are translated most effectively from October to September and sucrose are accumulated in root rapidly. Then, content are increased a little in blade, reducing sugar and sucrose are increased in petiole, and sucrose content are increased gradually in crown and root of sugar beet. In winter, there are almost no changes in sugar content in plant except petiole. In the next spring, the sugar beet plant are grown again. In this period, reducing sugar and blue number are increased in early spring in root and crown of sugar beet and the sucrose are decreased rapidly. 2. Harmful nitrogen content are increased in winter and decreased in spring. There are no correlation between the content of harmful nitrogen and blue number from winter to spring. Soluble ash content in root of sugar beet are decreased in autumn and in late spring.

Wheat yield and weed population as influenced by three tillage systems on a clay soil in temperate continental climate

In this study, several physiological parameters of inoculated sugar beet plants, with the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, were evaluated in the presence of an antagonistic sterile fungus StFCh1-1 in the rhizosphere condition. The sugar beet plant used in this bioassay was a multigerm cultivar, 7233, which is sensitive to the beet cyst nematode and has been adapted to cultivate in temperate and cool regions of the sugar beet production areas of Iran. In this regard a potent bioassay was conducted in the sterile glass tubes (20 x 3 cm phi ) containing 30 g autoclaved soil and planted with a sterile germinated seed of sugar beet, totally in 24 tubes. The seedling of sugar beet plant at four leaves stages in two treatments (nematode and nematode + fungus) was inoculated with 50 disinfected beet cyst nematodes. As a standard procedure the bioassay composed of four treatments including: fungus, nematode, nematode + fungus and untreated control. Two months after nematodes' inoculation some physiological parameters of plants were measured including: total chlorophyll, potassium and biomass. The two treated plants with nematode and nematode plus fungus showed significant decrease in biomass and chlorophyll contents but treatment with fungus alone showed no significant differences in the biomass and chlorophyll content of plants in comparison with the control. The potassium content of shoots in the invaded sugar beet plants was lowest, but it was highest in the roots. These changes might be indication of adaptive osmoregulation or acclimation responses in plants due to the nematodes as bio-stressors through the increase of metabolites and solutes. Also, these results confirmed that in plants inoculated with nematode plus fungus, a few number of female of nematodes were developed due to the antagonistic effects of sterile fungus StFCh1-1. Meanwhile, the fungus didn't have any detrimental effect on biomass, chlorophyll content and potassium in leaves of sugar beet cv. 2733 and it is safe to use as a biocontrol agent against Heterodera schachtii.

Analyses radar backscatter and optical reflectance from sugar beet crops and examine the relations with the growth and development stages of sugar beet. The authors final goal is then to answer the question whether radar can monitor sugar beet growth throughout the whole growing season and whether radar measurements can contribute to synergism with optical data in predicting sugar beet yield. The information from radar remote sensing is used in a twofold manner. Firstly, biomass is estimated by inversion of the Cloud model and, secondly, the use of structure changes of the sugar beet crop on the backscatter are discussed. The Flevopolder dataset of Mac Europe 1991 is used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The purpose of the research: to investigate the dynamics of weed infestation in order to improve weed control system under the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Results: Weeds in lentil crops are dangerous competitors for the life factors. The presence of weeds in crops during the entire vegetation can reduce the yield of seeds by 86.7%. For each unit of the mass of weeds in lentil crops, the yield reduction was 0.58 g/m2.

ABSTRACTThe effects of field dodder on physiological and anatomical processes in untreated sugar beet plants and the effects of propyzamide on field dodder were examined under controlled conditions. The experiment included the following variants: N—noninfested sugar beet plants (control); I - infested sugar beet plants (untreated), and infested plants treated with propyzamide (1500 g a.i. ha−1 (T1) and 2000 g a.i. ha−1(T2)). The following parameters were checked: physiological—pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids); anatomical -leaf parameters: thickness of epidermis, parenchyma and spongy tissue, mesophyll and underside leaf epidermis, and diameter of bundle sheath cells; petiole parameters: diameter of tracheid, petiole hydraulic conductance, xylem surface, phloem cell diameter and phloem area in sugar beet plants. A conventional paraffin wax method was used to prepare the samples for microscopy. Pigment contents were measured spectrophotometrically after methanol extraction. All parameters were measured: prior to herbicide application (0 assessment), then 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application (DAA). Field dodder was found to affect the pigment contents in untreated sugar beet plants, causing significant reductions. Conversely, reduction in the treated plants decreased 27% to 4% for chlorophyll a, from 21% to 5% for chlorophyll b, and from 28% to 5% for carotenoids (T1). Also, in treatment T2, reduction decreased in infested and treated plants from 19% to 2% for chlorophyll a, from 21% to 2% for chlorophyll b, from 23% to 3% for carotenoids and stimulation of 1% and 2% was observed 28 and 35 DAA, respectively. Plants infested (untreated) by field dodder had lower values of most anatomical parameters, compared to noninfested plants. The measured anatomical parameters of sugar beet leaves and petiole had significantly higher values in noninfested plants and plants treated with propyzamide than in untreated plants. Also, the results showed that propyzamide is an adequate herbicide for control of field dodder at the stage of early infestation.