МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНА СТАБІЛЬНІСТЬ ТА ІНКЛЮЗИВНИЙ РОЗВИТОК КРАЇН ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЇ ТА СХІДНОЇ ЄВРОПИ

In this study, inclusive development, which is a follow up of the structural adjustment policies expressed by World Bank, is tried to be analyzed through inclusive development index and it is tried to forefront the fields that are necessary to make the development process more inclusive. In accordance with this purpose, 2017 Inclusive Growth and Development Report was drawn upon. The inclusive approach, which is an alternative to searches for development regarding the solution of poverty, is an open approach to solve the development of poverty, distribution of income and wealth both on a global and national scale based on the visible and invisible capital and constraints. When the reflections of inclusive development concept, which is a new discourse aimed to minimize poverty, on socio-economic structure of Turkey are analyzed, it can be seen that Turkey, having one of the worst performances, is ranked 79th among the developing countries regarding, especially, inequality in income distribution, employment and youth unemployment. Therefore the debates whether the inclusive development discourse causes solid and sustainable direction shift maintain to protect its importance. It is thougt that this study is to fill the gap in the literature since there is no such large study on inclusiveness concept, which dates back to 20 years, regarding Turkey.

This paper examines the impact of digital inclusive finance development on labor productivity and its transmission channels using panel data from 30 provinces in China during 2011–2020. According to empirical findings, the growth of digital inclusive finance significantly improves labor productivity in China. This conclusion holds even after taking into account endogeneity problems and robustness tests. Regarding transmission channels, digital inclusive finance development enhances labor productivity by promoting capital deepening. From the perspective of the three dimensions of the current digital inclusive finance development stage, the coverage width significantly boosts labor productivity. From a regional perspective, digital inclusive finance development has a more significant impact on labor productivity in the eastern region compared to the central and western areas. From an industry perspective, digital inclusive finance development significantly enhances labor productivity in the primary and tertiary industries.

Inclusive development is a newly emerging notion that is gaining substantial attention, especially in international civil societies. The aim of this study, therefore, is to discuss the drivers of inclusive development in Africa, paying special attention to the political economy and structural change variables. Ordinary Least Squares regression is run in STATA 14 to test if there are statistically significant correlations between the five-year average scores of inclusive development index (IDI) as an endogenous variable and (proxies of) the five-year trend in economic growth, technology, structural change, trade, and political economy as exogenous variables. The panel data are pooled from 21 African countries among which 9 countries are landlocked. The regression is run in two scenarios. As an alternative scenario, IDI is pooled from the World Economic Forum (WEF) 2017 report and used as a dependent variable. In the other scenario, IDI is computed by incorporating variables relevant to the African context then used as a dependent variable. In the IRID customized version, the five-year trends of GDP, health facility, the institutional and structural change variables viz. democracy and employment opportunity in the industry sector are statistically significant determinants of inclusive development. Accordingly, an inference is drawn claiming that inter alia a nation is as prosperous, inclusive and resilient as the quality of its governance institutions and enforcement capability. This is in line with the conventional thought in African studies which claim that a natural resource endowment per se is not the sole determinant of development. Finally, to anchor IDI with a pragmatic paradigm, a three-stage institutional reengineering model is proposed which could be applied in different development governance endeavors.

The article analyzed the experience of economic system functioning in view of researching trends acute for resolving problems of labour productivity in Russia. The research goal is to find ways of optimizing economic policy of labour productivity stimulation. The author conducted theoretical research in raising labour productivity within the frames of neo-Keynesian theory and studied retrospective ideas concerning this problem in the previous classical economic theory. The research showed the emergence of ideas dealing with the role of labour in value creation, macro-economic balance between investment and remuneration in labour productivity. The author identified in theory and proved in practice the importance of raising labour productivity as a factor of economic growth. Based on empiric research results of economic policy were analyzed in certain fields, such as wages, investment macro-economic policy and technological policy of state. By using post-soviet economy of Russia as an example the author proved key economic theses about trends of economic policy necessary for stimulating labour productivity. The importance of macro-economic regulation and innovation was highlighted in view of foreign-economic sanctions and trade restrictions. Findings of the research demonstrate key trends needed to resolve the problem of raising labour productivity and put forward steps necessary to reach positive results.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of digital transformation on labor productivity in industrial enterprises. In the context of globalization and technological progress, the digitalization of industrial production has become a crucial factor in economic growth. Digital technologies–automation, artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, and the industrial Internet of Things (IoT) are key tools for improving labor productivity. These technologies not only enhance production efficiency but also strengthen the competitiveness of enterprises, expanding their opportunities to enter global markets. The study examines international experiences in assessing the impact of digital transformation on labor productivity. Reforms implemented under Germany's "Industry 4.0" initiative, South Korea's digital strategies, and Singapore's "Smart City" program are analyzed, highlighting their effects on the industrial sector. In these countries, the adoption of digital technologies is considered a critical factor in increasing labor productivity. Additionally, the research explores the current state of digital transformation in Kazakhstan's industrial enterprises, identifying key barriers and opportunities. The main challenges of industrial digitalization in Kazakhstan are related to infrastructure limitations, a shortage of qualified personnel, and the low readiness of enterprises to adopt new technologies. Addressing these issues requires enhanced government support, the development of digital infrastructure, and the strengthening of enterprises' innovation potential. The findings of this study indicate that the effective implementation of digital transformation in Kazakhstan will become a vital component of national innovation development, positively impacting labor productivity and sustainable economic growth. The widespread adoption of digital technologies will enable industrial enterprises to optimize production processes, expand into new markets, and improve their competitiveness.

The article explores the approaches of various international organizations to the definition of the category "inclusive development/"inclusive growth". The indicator "Inclusive Development Index (IGI)" was analyzed. The “Education and Skills” component of the policy to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth has been identified and considered.

Oil palm plantations contribute to job creation and community welfare. Nevertheless, this commodity is still experiencing business sustainability problems among smallholders in Indonesia Certification Palm Oil (ISPO). This research studies the existing conditions of ISPO certified smallholders and has not been authenticated based on economic and social characteristics. The research was conducted in Batanghari Regency with the use of primary and secondary data. The result showed that the social aspects of smallholders who have ISPO certified are average in the productive age range. However, there are no differences in education at the primary level. As for the number of family members, smallholders who are certified than uncertified have a more significant number of family members. The farming experience of certified smallholders is lower than that of non-certified, related to the age of the crop owned to motivate and carry out sustainable agricultural practices. While from the economic aspect, based on the primary and other search points, the average number for certified is more concentrated with their palm oil cultivation by 73.86 percent than non-certified with diverse business activities. There are variations in the social and economic characteristics of certified and uncertified oil palm farmers. Good agricultural practices following the norms are necessary to ensure the sustainability of oil palm cultivation. In the future, smallholders are expected to encourage improved farming practices and improve their livelihood assets

The environment in which middle-aged and elderly people face fewer social activities and exchanges are not active. In particular, they are in a situation where they have no choice but to live on their assets due to insufficient economic activities.This indicates that the quality of life may vary by demographic, social, and economic characteristics. This study analyzed the difference in the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly people by demographic characteristics, social characteristics, and economic characteristics. As a result of the analysis, first, the difference in quality of life according to demographic characteristics showed significant differences in gender, age, and educational background, but there was no significant difference in gender, age, and educational background. Second, the difference in quality of life according to sociological characteristics was significantly different depending on the type of residence, residence area, subjective class consciousness, number of meetings, and participation in meetings (religion, fellowship, alumni association). Third, there was a significant difference in quality of life according to the general economic characteristics, such as the type of housing occupancy, the presence or absence of non-residential real estate, the presence or absence of economic activity, and individual gross income. The difference in quality of life according to asset holdings, which are economic power, showed significant differences in total real estate assets, total financial assets, other assets, total personal assets, and total personal liabilities, but there was no significant difference in self-purchased loans. These research results show that changes in the situation, such as population characteristics, sociological characteristics, and economic characteristics, are important variables that affect the quality of life. It can be said that it also mentions the need for efforts by the pan-government and society as a whole to improve factors that can be improved in these situations.

Application of Kernel Estimation in Analysis of Labour Productivity of the Largest Polish Firms in 2004-2008The parametric methods of statistical and econometric analysis are not always useful in examination of labour productivity of economic entities. In previous works the Authors found that the labour productivity is characterized by the lack of stable regularities in the range of structure and interdependency. In that case it is possible to apply non-parametric methods. In the paper the Authors tried to model the distributions of the labour productivity in time by means of kernel estimation using classical approaches (Epanechnikov, Rosenblatt) and the new proposition called kernel B. It seems that proposed approach is a useful merger of the statistical modeling theory and economic practice which allows to analyze the changes in the labour productivity - the essential factor for long-term economic growth and the welfare of society. The empirical results show that the labour productivity in the largest Polish companies had increased in 2004-2008 but the growths had not the same dynamics in different economic sectors.

Purpose: this research study focused on analyzing the conditions of income distribution and the determinants of the low Gini coefficient, namely the sectors that have the highest contribution, including the industrial, agricultural and trade sectors and labor productivity in the industrial sector in Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province.Methods: the income distribution phenomenon in Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province during the 2007-2018 period became the basis for analyzing the determining variables of income distribution including the industrial sector, the agricultural sector, the trade sector and the industrial labor productivity. The income distribution indicator was measured from the Gini coefficient value using the Panel Data Regression approach to determine the effect of these variables on the Gini coefficient in all regencies / cities in the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province.Results: the results showed that the agricultural sector, industrial sector and trade sector had a negative and significant effect on the Gini coefficient. Meanwhile, labor productivity in the Industrial Sector had a significant positive effect on the Gini coefficient. The results showed that the determinant of income distribution was the agricultural sector. Further findings prove that the agricultural, industrial and trade sectors improved the income distribution.Conclusions and Relevance: this study implied for the efforts to increase the agricultural market orientation towards high productivity which was inversely contrast to the output of workers in the industrial sector proven to reduce income distribution. Therefore, the structural transformation towards industrialization and market-oriented efforts from the agricultural sector were necessary.

The study of international migration effects has become essential at this stage. Thus, the Republic of Moldova was touched by the massive migration phenomenon, being hit by a huge wave of emigration, the main cause being the economic situation in the country. In this article, the author correlates three complex phenomena: migration, demographic indicators and socio-economic stability in the Republic of Moldova. The study will analyze the demographic consequences from the historiographical and theoretical-methodological perspective, all the more so since the category of emigrants for economic reasons in recent years is composed of young people (around the age of 35). Consequently, the Republic of Moldova faces an accelerated process of its own population aging. The most serious problem, however, is the temporary abandonment of minors by migrant parents, and national authorities must develop policies to monitor them, which are often inefficient or do not meet European standards.The multidimensional approach is taken to the concept of migration in terms of its impact on the demographic indicators and the prospects for settlement. The tendency to remain definitive in the destination country is well known and leads to considerable losses among the population. This loss results in a decrease in the economic growth rate, but at the same time social one, because the human factor is the most important source of economic growth. It is estimated that by 2040 more than one billion inhabitants of the planet will leave their place of origin to seek their place elsewhere. Such an evolution is objective and corresponds to advanced economic and social characteristics, especially in European areas. Developed economy, guaranteed jobs, respected human rights, full affirmation, especially among women, as well as a cultured society have contributed to the increase of Moldovan citizens' emigration.The article aims at a preliminary analysis of the relations between the components of international migration and the dynamics of the Republic of Moldova's population.In conclusion, the author points out the dependence on the economic, social, cultural and political advantages of Moldovan citizens, as well as the achievements and reforms of the national authorities in the process of European integration. In the absence of the political actors' awareness of the demographic crisis in the Republic of Moldova, the negative demographic forecasts for the coming years will be difficult to alleviate. To this end, to take the necessary actions and measures or to promote policies to stop this phenomenon, the negative effects identified in the emigration can be corrected and resolved.

Based on two dimensions of supply and demand, we use six indicators to establish a rural inclusive financial development index and evaluate the development of China's rural inclusive finance. We use spatial panel data model to examine the relationship between financial inclusion and rural poverty. Results show that: (i) both the rural inclusive finance and rural residents' per capita consumption present spatial clustering feature and show significant spatial correlation; (ii) the development of rural inclusive finance has significant spatial effect on poverty alleviation along time and space dimensions. In this study, the paper puts forward policy recommendations on strengthening the rural financial resources flow and constructing diversified rural inclusive financial system.

Chapter 3 argues that the ILO’s decent work agenda is insensitive to the needs of countries with high unemployment. We identify thirteen developing countries whose unemployment rate in 2016 was over twice the mean for low- and middle-income countries. Most are war-torn, post-communist, and unfree. However, for a set of Southern African countries, high unemployment is the consequence of domestic policy within a regional context of relatively limited opportunities for smallholder agriculture and dominated by the strength of the South African economy. Contemporary development policy advice, especially from the ILO, prioritizes labour productivity growth without confronting the need to foster relatively low-productivity employment to provide jobs for large numbers of relatively unskilled people in these countries. Rising labour productivity in the surplus labour countries during the 2000s came at the cost of stagnant, and even falling, employment rates. Given inadequate welfare support for the unemployed, such growth paths undermined inclusive development in these countries.

From a theoretical perspective, the link between the speed and scope of rapid labor reallocation and productivity growth or income inequality is ambiguous. Do reallocations with more flows tend to produce higher productivity growth? Does such a link appear at the expense of higher income inequality? We explore the rich evidence from earlier studies on worker flows in the period of massive and rapid labor reallocation, that is, the economic transition from a centrally planned to a market-oriented economy in CEE. We have collected over 450 estimates of job flows from the literature and used these inputs to estimate the short-run and long-run relationship between labor market flows, labor productivity, and income inequality. We apply the tools typical for a meta-analysis to verify the empirical regularities between labor flows and productivity growth as well as income inequality. Our findings suggest only weak and short-term links with productivity, driven predominantly by business cycles. However, data reveal a strong pattern for income inequality in the short run--more churning during reallocation is associated with a level effect toward increased Gini indices.

Regional differences in living conditions can affect human health, which must be taken into account when solving a wide range of practical health problems. In Russia, the impact of a set of regional conditions on public health indicators has not been assessed within the framework of unifi ed methodological approaches over a long period of time. Aim. To analyze associations of total mortality with regional indices in the period 2005–2022, with an assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. Four regional indices characterizing the territories of Russia in 2005–2022 from socio-economic, demographic and industrial-ecological positions were used as living conditions of the population. Total mortality rates for the same period were obtained from the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service. To assess the associations, linear regression was used, adjusted for the medical and organizational characteristics of the regions. Results. In the vast majority of the analyzed years, total mortality is statistically significantly associated with demographic and socio-economic, but not with industrial and ecological living conditions in the regions. The strongest inverse associations are demonstrated by the Demographic Index, an increase in which by 1 unit statistically signifi cantly reduces the total mortality rate by 2–3 units. During the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020–2021, there was an increase in the associations of the Demographic and Economic indices, with a subsequent return to pre-COVID values in 2022. The identified trends are characteristic of both quantitative and qualitative presentation of regional indices, as well as with a shift (lag) of the indicators under consideration. Conclusion. The study allowed us to state long-term stable associations of demographic, economic and social regional characteristics with total mortality. A significant change in the strength of associations of regional indices with total mortality in 2019–2021 characterizes the COVID-19 pandemic as a powerful public health factor.