여성의 필라테스 운동 참여가 신체조성과 혈중지질에 미치는 효과 : 메타분석을 중심으로

Aerobic Training (AT) and Resistance Training (RT) are the two common exercise modalities for weight managing and physical health. AT comprises rhythmic, continuous movement that improves cardiovascular endurance and calorie expenditure, whereas RT focuses on muscle strengthening through measured exercises with weights. There is a need for clear comparison research to guide tailored exercise programs for optimal health results. The research aims to compare the influences of RT and AT on weight reduction and body composition in adult individuals. The research proposed the Adaptive Decision Tree (ADT) to identify patterns in participant response and predict fat loss trends. A total of 40 adults aged 20–40 years, with fluctuating fitness backgrounds, were randomly allocated into two equal groups: one engaged in structured AT, and the other in RT-based routines. The intervention was ten weeks long. Participants charted a supervised protocol scheduled at 5 days/week for 30 min at a moderate intensity of AT exercise for the AT group and a full-body RT (3 days/week) routine with progressive overload targeting major muscle groups for the RT group. Pre- and post-intervention data were composed on lean mass, waist-to-hip ratio, body weight, and body fat percentage. Paired and independent t-tests, descriptive statistics, and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were employed to assess within- and between-group differences. The statistical analysis was executed using SPSS v26, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results demonstrated that both groups presented decreased body fat mass and body weight, with the AT group indicating a superior average weight loss (−4.3 ± 1.2 kg) and the RT group showing a greater gain in lean body mass (+1.9 ± 0.8 kg). The ADT model achieved a higher R-squared value of 0.962084, lower RMSE and MAE, indicating strong predictive accuracy for fat loss trends. Overall, the research demonstrated that AT encourages better weight loss than RT training, but RT training affects positive changes in body composition. The shared insights support tailored program design based on individual health goals.

Lima, PS, de Campos, AS, de Faria Neto, O, Ferreira, TCA, Amorim, CEN, Stone, WJ, Prestes, J, Garcia, AMC, and Urtado, CB. Effects of combined resistance plus aerobic training on body composition, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and renal function in kidney transplantation subjects. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3243-3250, 2021-Immunosuppression and a sedentary lifestyle may exacerbate complications such as early graft dysfunction and muscle loss, and reduce patient survival after kidney transplantation (KT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in body composition (BC), muscular strength, aerobic, and renal function in KT subjects submitted to combined resistance plus aerobic training. Twelve KT subjects were randomly assigned into groups: (G1) 12 weeks of combined training (3 males and 4 females, 54 ± 3 years); or (G2) nonexercise control (5 females, 43 ± 18 years). The subjects were evaluated for BC (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), estimated V̇o2peak, right-hand maximal grip strength (RHMGS) and left-hand maximal grip strength (LHMGS), and renal function. Post-training revealed that G1 reduced body fat percentage (p = 0.046), uric acid (Δ = -0.87; p = 0.023), urea (Δ = -9.43; p = 0.032), and creatinine (Δ = -0.15; p = 0.045), increased fat-free mass, estimated V̇o2peak, RHMGS, LHMGS (p < 0.05), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (Δ = 11.64; p = 0.017). G2 increased urea (Δ = 8.20; p = 0.017), creatinine (Δ = 0.37; p = 0.028), and decreased eGFR (Δ = -16.10; p = 0.038). After 12 weeks, urea (Δ = 24.94; p = 0.013), uric acid (Δ = 1.64; p = 0.044), and creatinine (Δ = 0.9; p = 0.011) were lower, whereas eGFR (Δ = 36.51; p = 0.009) was higher in G1. These data indicate that combined training instigates positive changes in BC, muscular strength, aerobic capacity, and renal function after KT.

We analyzed the changes in obesity, glucose metabolism, and body composition over a 3-year period in Japanese patients with obesity following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Body weight, parameters related to diabetes such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and electrical impedance analysis were used to assess body composition in forty-eight Japanese patients with obesity before surgery and 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after LSG. At 6 months, 1, 2, and 3 years post-LSG, there were significant reductions in body weight, body mass index, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and HbA1c levels. Six months after LSG, fat mass (FM), muscle mass (MM), and %FM all showed a decrease compared to pre-treatment values (all p < 0.05). FM and %FM remained in a decreased state until 3 years had passed. In contrast, %MM increased at 6 months post-LSG and was maintained up to 3 years post-LSG (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, changes in FM and %FM were associated with changes in body weight and A1C. In contrast, change in %MM exhibited a negative correlation with body weight and A1C following LSG. Finally, multivariate regression analyses demonstrated that alterations in FM were independent factors affecting body weight in patients with obesity 3 years after LSG. We observed improvements in FM, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c levels over a 3-year period in Japanese patients after LSG. The reduction in FM and maintenance of %MM after LSG were suggested as possible links between the effects of LSG on obesity and diabetes over 3 years.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased dramatically over the last several decades. Obesity and physical inactivity increase the risk for cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and certain cancers. Obesity and low levels of physical fitness are also associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Central and total obesity, insulin resistance and inactivity increase with age. Exercise training and increased fitness promote positive changes in body composition and improve insulin sensitivity. This article will describe the effects of exercise training, both aerobic and resistive, on body composition and obesity as well as review studies investigating the effects of exercise training on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in older adults. Adopting a physically active lifestyle should be emphasized in overweight and obese individuals with insulin resistance to reduce the risk for cardiovascular events in the aging population.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suffer from muscle loss, causing reduced muscle strength and endurance. The current study aimed to: (1) evaluate the effects of combined strength and endurance training (CT) on disease activity and functional ability in patients with RA and (2) investigate the benefits of a 6-month supervised CT program on muscle strength, cardio-respiratory fitness, and body composition of RA patients. Forty patients with RA, aged 41-73 years, were recruited for the current study. Twenty of these patients (19 females, one male) were randomly assigned to a 6-month supervised CT program; 20 patients (17 females, three males) served as controls. Within the CT program, strength training consisted of sets of weight bearing exercises for all major muscle groups. In addition to strength training, systematic endurance training was performed on a cycle ergometer two times per week. For RA patients involved in CT, disease activity (p = 0.06) and pain (p = 0.05) were reduced after the 6-month training period while general health (p = 0.04) and functional ability (p = 0.06) improved. Cardio-respiratory endurance was found to have improved significantly (by 10%) after 6 months of CT (p < 0.001). The overall strength of patients undertaking CT increased by an average of 14%. Lean body mass increased, and the percentage of body fat was found to decrease significantly (p < 0.05). A combination of strength and endurance training resulted in considerable improvements in RA patients' muscle strength and cardio-respiratory endurance, accompanied by positive changes in body composition and functional ability. Long-term training appears to be effective in reducing disease activity and associated pain and was found to have no deleterious effects.

An Evidence-Based Review of Exercise and Metabolic Syndrome

ObjectiveOur primary objective was to determine the long-term effects of physical activity (PA) and weight loss (WL) on body composition in overweight/obese older adults. Secondarily, we evaluated the association between change in body mass and composition on change in several cardiometabolic risk factors and mobility.Design and Methods288 older (X±SD: 67.0±4.8 years), overweight/obese (BMI 32.8±3.8 kg/m2) men and women participated in this 18 month randomized, controlled trial. Treatment groups included PA+WL (n=98), PA-only (n=97), and a successful aging (SA) health education control (n=93). DXA-acquired body composition measures (total body fat and lean mass), conventional biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk, and 400-m walk time were obtained at baseline and 18 months.ResultsFat mass was significantly reduced from (X±SE) 36.5±8.9 kg to 31.7±9.0 kg in the PA+WL group (p<0.01), but remained unchanged from baseline in the PA-only (−0.8±3.8 kg) and SA (−0.0±3.9 kg) groups. Lean mass losses were three times greater in the PA+WL group compared to PA-only or SA groups (−2.5±2.8 kg vs. −0.7±2.2 kg or −0.8±2.4 kg, respectively; p<0.01); yet due to a larger decrease in fat mass, percent lean mass was significantly increased over baseline in the PA+WL group (2.1%±2.6%; p<0.01). Fat mass loss was primarily responsible for WL-associated improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, while reduction in body weight, regardless of compartment, was significantly associated with improved mobility.ConclusionThis 18 month PA+WL program resulted in a significant reduction in percent body fat with a concomitant increase in percent body lean mass. Shifts in body weight and composition were associated with favorable changes in clinical parameters of cardiometabolic risk and mobility. Moderate PA without WL had no effect on body composition.

A healthy diet is fundamental for healthy growth and for future disease prevention. However, scientific consensus on how to compose healthy diets for children has not been established. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate if an independent effect exists between foods, beverages or the composition of macronutrients and body composition in children and adolescents. A systematic search was performed in four databases up to July 2021. A systematic review of randomized controlled studies (RCTs) and meta-analyses were carried out by extracting mean difference (MDs) and standard deviation (SD) and performed using the random effect model. Sixteen RCTs met inclusion criteria. Beyond dairy, sugar-sweetened beverages and macronutrient composition, no trials were identified for other food groups. Based on five RCTs (n:5), a higher-dairy diet was found to reduce body fat percentage - 0.47 [- 0.92, - 0.03] (p = 0.04). A higher-dairy diet was also found to increase lean body mass (kg) 0.34 [0.06, 0.62] (p = 0.02) (n:2), but did not affect BMI z-score - 0.05 [- 0.16, 0.06] (p = 0.39) (n:4). Substituting sugar-sweetened beverage with non-caloric beverages or flavored milk reduced body fat percentage (- 0.70 [- 0.78, - 0.62] (p < 0.001)) (n:3) but did not change BMI z-score (- 0.05 [- 0.20, 0.09] (p = 0.48)) (n:2). No significant effects were found between different macronutrient compositions and BMI z-score or body fat percentage. Changes in diet from low to higher-dairy consumption and from sugar-sweetened beverages to non-caloric beverages or flavored milk resulted in favorable changes in body composition among children and adolescents. Eligible studies investigating other foods are lacking. PROSPERO registration number (CRD42020173201).

Gastric bypass surgery (GBP) is increasingly used as a treatment option in morbid obesity. Little is known about the effects of this surgery on bone mineral density (BMD) and the underlying mechanisms. To evaluate changes on BMD after GBP and its relation with changes in body composition and serum adiponectin, a longitudinal study in morbid obese subjects was conducted. Forty-two women (BMI 45.0 +/- 4.3 kg/m(2); 37.7 +/- 9.6 years) were studied before surgery and 6 and 12 months after GBP. Percentage of body fat (%BF), fat-free mass (FFM), and BMD were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and serum adiponectin levels by RIA. Twelve months after, GBP weight was decreased by 34.4 +/- 6.5% and excess weight loss was 68.2 +/- 12.8%. Significant reduction (p < 0.001) in total BMD (-3.0 +/- 2.1%), spine BMD (-7.4 +/- 6.8%) and hip BMD (-10.5 +/- 5.6%) were observed. Adiponectin concentration increased from 11.4 +/- 0.7 mg/L before surgery to 15.7 +/- 0.7 and 19.8 +/- 1.0 at the sixth and twelfth month after GBP, respectively (p < 0.001). Thirty-seven percent of the variation in total BMD could be explained by baseline weight, initial BMD, BF reduction, and adiponectin at the twelfth month (r (2) = 0.373; p < 0.001). Adiponectin at the twelfth month had a significant and positive correlation with the reduction of BMD, unrelated to baseline and variation in body composition parameters (adjusted correlation coefficient: r = 0.36). GBP induces a significant BMD loss related with changes in body composition, although some metabolic mediators, such as adiponectin increase, may have an independent action on BMD which deserves further study.

Objective To determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on changes in body composition associated with musculoskeletal health status in patients with chronic SCI and vitamin D deficiency as a response to age. Design Prospective drug-intervention study. Setting Department of rehabilitation medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center. Participants Seventeen patients with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency (<30 ng/mL) and chronic SCI were divided into two groups: groups A <65 years (n = 8) and B ≥65 years of age (n = 9). Interventions Both groups received 800 IU/day cholecalciferol for 12 weeks. Outcome measures We used blood samples to evaluate metabolites related to vitamin D, testosterone (T), lipid profiles, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to evaluate body composition. Results Group A had significantly better baseline clinical characteristics for all BIA measurements. SHGB was significantly higher in Group B (P = 0.003) and albumin was significantly higher in Group A (P = 0.000). When comparing pre- to post-treatment, Group A showed a significant improvement in T (P = 0.042), total cholesterol (P = 0.035), and triglyceride (P = 0.025) levels, whereas Group B significantly increased vitamin D (P = 0.038) and protein mass (PM) (P = 0.034) levels. Conclusion This study suggested that addressing vitamin D deficiency in patients with SCI had different effects in young and older adults, with both groups showing positive changes in body composition. Particularly, the increase in PM on BIA measurements in elderly patients at high risk of sarcopenia was encouraging.

The introduction of professionalism in Rugby Union has increased scientificninvestigation in the areas of competition analysis and assessment of physiologicalnqualities specific to the demands of competitive match play. Prior to the onset of thenprofessional era in 1995 there were few well designed studies on high level Rugby playersnin the literature. The limited scientific investigation of Rugby makes it difficult fornresearchers and practitioners to apply a more scientific approach to the game. Thenpurpose of this thesis is to examine the physical characteristics of Rugby Union players,nthe physiological demands of competitive Rugby and the efficacy of repeat sprint trainingnstrategies on performance. Five experimental studies were conducted: time-motionnanalysis of Super 12 Rugby, sprint-velocity profiling of players, assessment of seasonalnchanges in body composition, determination of the reliability of routine sprint testing,nand evaluation of the effectiveness of repeat sprint training.n n Initially, the reliability of video-based time-motion analysis commonly used in assessingnthe demands of field sports was investigated. Test-retest calculations showed that videonanalysis was moderately reliable (5 to 10% typical error) in assessing the frequency, totalntime, and mean duration of activities in competition. This level of reliability was deemednsufficient for investigation of between-subject and between-games variation in Rugbynmovements. Subsequent analysis of Super 12 Rugby competition showed a highlynintermittent game with marked differences in the movement patterns of forwards andnbacks. In particular, the high intensity efforts were primarily static exertion (i.e. serums,nrucks and mauls) for forwards and sprinting for backs. There were frequent shortnduration(l 4 s) work efforts followed by moderate(l 20 s) rest for forwards, andnextended (g100 s) rest for backs.n n The second study extended the analysis of the sprinting requirements of high level Rugbynplayers in competition, to provide a detailed assessment of the distinct qualities ofnacceleration and maximal velocity (V m.Jm Velocity profiles of elite players established inntesting showed forwards and backs achieved speeds in excess of 90% V = on 5 p 4 and 9np 4 occasions respectively (50% of the sprints performed) during competition, andnregularly performed sprints from a variety of starting speeds. The higher frequencyn(+145% more) and total time (+188% more) of sprinting in competition for backsncompared to forwards indicates that backs should have two- to three-fold the volume ofnsprint training compared to forwards. Sprinting efforts should be performed from anvariety of starting speeds to mimic the movement patterns of competition.n n The development of lean mass is an important component in the development of elitenRugby Union players and the third study demonstrated the utility of a lean mass indexn(LMI) for monitoring within- and between-season variations in anthropometricncharacteristics of Super 12 Rugby Union players. Mixed modelling of log-transformednbody mass (M) and skinfolds (S) was used to derive a LMI of the form M/S% fornmonitoring changes in mass controlled for changes in skinfold thickness. The exponentnx was calculated as 0.13 p 0.03 for forwards and 0.14 p 0.03 for backs (meanp SD).nThere was a small (1.5%) annual decrease in lean mass. In addition, there was a trendnfor older players (31 y) to have a substantially (8%) higher estimated lean massncompared to younger players (18 y). The LMJ may be a useful tool in the assessment ofnelite sporting populations where rapid, simple and valid body composition measures arenrequired. The index also promises to be useful for within- and between-athletencomparisons in other athlete populations.n n Acceleration is an important factor for success in team sport athletes and the fourthnstudy assessed the reliability of three different sprint test protocols (traditional standingnstart, three point start with thumb switch, and three point start with foot switch). Thenaim was to refine the testing technique to decrease the associated error {typical error)ncommonly observed. Despite large differences in the time taken to perform 10 m sprintsnfrom different starts there was minimal difference in the typical error (0.02 s orl 1 %)nbetween the three different starts. The traditional standing start was recommended asnthe most appropriate method of assessing initial acceleration (1 0 m) in Rugby players.n n Repeat sprint training is a fundamental component in the physical development of RugbynUnion players and the final study examined differences in performance changesnfollowing two different six-week repeat sprint programs. Body composition, 20mnsprint, vertical jump, predicted VOs2max and competition movement patterns werenassessed before and after the six weeks of training. The two programs differed in thenduration and intensity of the sprints. The shorter, faster repeat sprint program failed tonelicit substantial positive changes in body composition with the exception of a smallndecrease in body fat. Surprisingly, both training programs resulted in similar smallnimpairments (-3%) in velocity over the initial 10m (0 to 10 m time) of the 20m sprint,nimprovements in predicted VOs2max, and total time and frequency of striding andnsprinting during competitive match play. The increases in the total time and frequency ofnsprints and strides in competition were not directly related to improvements in physicalnperformance (speed, leg power, and endurance performance assessed via structured fieldntests), and explanations for the improved movement patterns remain unclear.n n The final paper summarises the findings of the above experimental work in the contextnof a five step framework for the development of elite Rugby Union players. In the firstnstep qthe sportq is characterised by assessing time-motion analysis and the physiologicalncharacteristics of elite players. Second, qthe athleteq is profiled physiologically tonestablish individual strengths and weaknesses. qThe systemq for developing each of thenrequired physiological traits is then established and qthe planq integrates the differentntraining systems. Finally, the success of the plan undergoes qevaluationq usingnstandardised field testing and analysing the results to interpret both between- and within- athletenchanges in performance.n n In conclusion, this thesis has shown that the training of players should focus on specificnpreparation for the high intensity intermittent nature of elite Rugby Union. The physicalnpreparation of backs should focus on the development of fitness via repeated highnintensity running efforts specific to the demands of competition. The training for thenforwards should involve a higher volume of running with the intensity moderatednaccordingly. Forwards' training should also involve static exertion contact andnscrummaging activities that occur regularly during the game. The improvement ofnqualities specific to Rugby Union requires specialised training modalities such as targetednstrength development, sports specific power enhancement, and comprehensive speednand endurance training. In combination with these specialised training methods, generalnimprovements in athleticism can be achieved with simple methods such as repeat sprintntraining. The training of each quality must be integrated into a coordinated plan tonensure that maximal benefit is achieved from the effort undertaken.n

Aging is often associated with changes in body composition that includes total fat mass and decreased total lean body mass. In addition to changes in total fat mass, visceral or centrally located fat stores increase in size. To assess the effect of increasing age on body composition parameters in young and middle-aged healthy obese females by Body Segment Analyzer and framing preventive health measures that reduce the changes in body composition during middle age, thus setting the stage for a healthy old age. The study was conducted in Department of Physiology (CRL), BPS GMC for Women, Kanpur Kalan, Sonepat. The data for this comparative study was collected from 150 females of which 75 were of group I and 75 were of group II. Group I had cover a range from 18 to 34 years and group II had cover a range from 35 to 50 years. The present study showed, the effect of age on body fat mass, fat free mass, soft lean mass and percentage body fat was found to be highly significant (p &amp;#60; 0.05) but skeletal muscle mass in both the groups was not found to be significant (p = 0.434).: From the present study it was concluded that age had severe effect on body composition parameters that is body fat, fat free mass, soft lean mass and percentage body fat in obese females.

Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) are relatively easy to measure accurately over short periods in a laboratory setting, but less so during a multi-day competition. Our goal was to measure EI and EE as accurately as possible during a 6-day, 10-stage cycling race. We prepared all meals and supplements, assessed EI (weighed diet-records) and macrontrient intake, total EE (doubly labelled water), resting metabolic rate (respiratory gas exchange), exercise EE (power meters), and body mass. Body composition was measured several days before and after racing (dual x-ray absorptiometry). Body mass remained stable over the course of the race. The mean EI (27.3+/-3.8 MJ/day) nearly matched EE (27.4+/-2.0 MJ/day). The majority (62%) of EE was exercise EE. Macronutrient intake was within or exceeded the recommendations. Lean body mass increased and fat mass decreased in most of our participants. Our study indicates that EI can match high EE with adequate macronutrient intake during multi-day cycle racing and may be facilitated by appropriate foods being available at appropriate times. This optimization of nutritional provision supports positive changes in body composition.

BackgroundObesity in children is one of the most severe public health challenges of the current century and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) frequency is also escalating. More so, the importance of process evaluation (PE) in complex interventions is increasingly recognized. The present review, aims to identify the effectiveness in terms of body composition parameters in a generation of articles to prevent obesity and T2DM in children. We hypothesise that those studies reporting PE applying the latest implementation guidelines suggested by the researchers would potentially show positive changes in body composition compared to those not reporting it. Additionally, we will evaluate the implementation degree of PE in those articles considering it and describe the PE subcomponents. Lastly, we aim to assess the intervention target used and its results.MethodsA literature review was performed in parallel by 2 independent reviewers. A final number of 41 studies were selected for inclusion criteria.ResultsMeta-analysis of BMI and zBMI found non-significant effects of the proposed interventions. Sub-group analysis revealed only a significant effect in studies which performed PE. Moreover, PE was reported in 42% effective studies and 57% non-effective studies. Fidelity and satisfaction were the most implemented PE subcomponents, although there was a generally low grade of PE use (7/41). The highest proportion of effectiveness (83%) was shown in interventions of physical activity alone while the intervention most used was 3-arm target (diet, PA and BS).ConclusionsOverall, obesity and T2DM prevention studies included in this review are not effective in terms of BMI and zBMI. Those studies performing PE reported to be effective in terms of BMI, while studies not reporting PE did not have positive results in terms of BMI and zBMI. In addition, none of the intervention studies included all PE indicators and most studies, which included PE in their interventions, did not provide full report of the PE components, according to the guidelines used for the present review. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018093667.

A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of the effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition: A replication and extension of a previous study