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Looking at the times, humanitarian problems have developed so complex, ranging from genetics, space exploration, education, interfaith relations, gender issues, human rights, and so on. The rapid development of the times makes Islamic sciences inevitably have to follow the flow of the times, and without exception the science of interpretation. The science of interpretation is required to always develop in the face of the complexity of humanitarian problems. It was here that the idea of the use of hermeneutics became a necessity for today's interpreters. Hermeneutics as a methodology in the interpretation of the Quran is considered quite important and urgent to do because hermeneutics does not only speak at the level of the text alone but also considers the context and role of subjectivity of an interpreter, so that by using the method of hermeneutics, interpretation or study of the Quran is expected to be able to become an actual contextual and answer the challenges of the times. The problem in this study is how Muhammad Syahrul's hermeneutic method in interpreting Quranic verses about Polygamy. The purpose of the study was to know and analyse Muhammad Shahrur's hermeneutics in interpreting Qur'anic verses about polygamy. The research method used in writing this paper is a qualitative research method through library research or literature review method using descriptive analysis writing method. The results showed that using his Limit Theory (Nadzariyah al-Hudud), Syahrur tried to reconstruct the understanding of polygamy by using quantity and quality standards together. In terms of quantity, the minimum standard limit for a person to marry is once (one wife), and the maximum limit is four wives. Islam allows a person to marry 4 (four) people together (polygamy), but in quality it is necessary to distinguish between the status of the first wife and the status of the second, third and fourth wives. For first wives (first marriages) one can marry a woman who is a virgin or widow whether or not she has children, but in a second, third, and/or fourth marriage (polygamy), the wife must be widowed and have orphans. So one cannot marry all one's wives in virgin condition, but on the contrary it is quite possible one marries wives who are all widows. This is in accordance with the main purpose of polygamy, which is to provide protection and protection and ensure the welfare and happiness of orphans living in intact families so as not to become homeless and avoid juvenile delinquency.

The aim is to investigate peculiarities of social practices and mutual aid in the medieval civilization, the subject is the peculiarities of social mutual aid in the medieval society. Methods of research – common philosophical, comparative and hermeneutic methods are used in the present research. Results – the peculiarities of formation of social relations and mutual assistance in the Middle Ages. Sphere of results’ application. Results of the research can be applied to the scientific and educational sphere.

Achieving the goal of identifyingthe nine basic universal symbols in the texts of the Olonkho epos was possible due to the use of general scientific methods of theoretical research (historiographical, theoretical, logical analysis, correlation, comparison, generalization) and the methods of semiotic, symbolic andstructural analysis and the method of hermeneutics. Methodologically, the work relies on the principle of integrity, the law of unity in the diversity of cultures, universality and the uniqueness of cultural phenomena, the concept of a cultural text as a whole. In conclusion, the author suggests structural markers of the epic texts that indicate the transition from one semantic part of the epic text to another. Thus, the paper presents the author’s development of comparative study and recognition of the common in the epic space of national cultures.

Introduction. The relevance of the proposed article is determined by the need to characterize the precedent phenomena in modern military poetry, which belong to important components of national culture and linguistic picture of the world and reflect the specificity of national consciousness and the attitude of the ethnic group to its own history and culture.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of precedent in modern Ukrainian military poetry.Methods. The main methods of research are the method of linguistic description of language facts – for inventory, systematization and classification of precedent phenomena; hermeneutic method – for interpreting the deep meaning of texts with them; the structural method represented by the transformative analysis technique – to find out the specifics of the transformation of precedent units; the method of observation, focused on understanding the essence of the investigated language phenomenon, its commenting and generalization.Results. The essence of the concept of “precedent phenomenon” in the context of the phenomenon of intertextuality is clarified; the main functions of precedent phenomena in fiction are singled out; the typology and source base of precedent phenomena recorded in modern military poetry are analyzed, the peculiarities of the transformation of precedent units are investigated.Originality. The originality of the scientific research lies in the fact that for the first time the functional potential of precedent phenomena in modern military poetry is researched, and their place and role in the organization of the artistic world is characterized.Conclusion. It was concluded that in the context of the phenomenon of intertextuality, the precedent phenomena demonstrate the specificity of their implementation in formal, substantive and functional manifestations, they are a consequence of the interrelationship of the national cognitive base, language and culture. The main functions of precedent phenomena in fiction are outlined; emphasis isplaced on nominative, characteristic, expressive, pragmatic, password and game functions.According to the level of precedent, social, national and universal precedent phenomena used in modern military poetry are distinguished. Several groups are differentiated according to the sources of borrowing: precedent phenomena of literary, mythological, biblical, folklore origin, precedent phenomena associated with other types of art (music, painting, cinematography), historical precedent phenomena associated with a specific historical person or event.It is emphasized that precedent units are forms of verbalization of precedent phenomena. Precedent phenomena are actualized through reference to a precedent situation, a precedent text, a precedent name, a precedent expression, or their combination.The analysis proved that the transformed precedent unit expands the boundaries of individual and authorial thought, diversifies standardized speech formulas, gives them greater expressiveness, causes the effect of destroying expectations, and at the same time is the generation of new content.

The Industrial Revolution 5.0 is an integration of advanced technology and human expertise. The era that focuses on improving the quality of life and human welfare by optimizing the use of limited natural resources but still environmentally friendly forces people to be adaptive to the orientation of that era. Based on the core of literature as dulce et utile, beautiful and meaningful or useful (Horatius), this study intends to find and show the meaningfulness and contribution of literary work as a medium in increasing ecological awareness in era of Industrial Revolution 5.0. As a perspective to understand environmental problems, ecological literature (Eco Literature) was chosen as an approach to find answers in this research. The research method is hermeneutic method. The object of research is novel. The selected novels are Dunia Anna and The Overstory. The characters in the two novels are described as having ecological awareness. They are aware about the importance of preserving the environment so that the earth is not damaged but could benefit to future generations. The characters are described as carrying out a mission to save the environment and making efforts to restore the state of the environment. This is in line with the vision of Industrial Revolution 5.0 which prioritizes environmentally friendly concepts. Ecological awareness messages in these two novels provide evidence that novels as literary works contain life learning values ​​that are useful, contributive and deserve to be taught and disseminated.

Background and study aim. Prerequisites and purpose of the study. Today, philosophical anthropology (in the context of physical culture) occupies an intermediate place between the biological sciences and existential philosophy, elements of which it uses to explain the problems of physical existence. In the deep spheres of the physical state of a man (in the continuum of his/her spiritual-moral, physical, subconscious-rational, irrational and anthrobiological subjectivity) one can find the true foundations of personal physical culture and give them an immanent-subjective expression of human strength (as a creator of culture globalized world). The purpose of the study is to characterize the physical culture of the individual in the context of philosophical anthropology. Material and methods. Sources of information were the authoritative database Web of Science Core Collection, Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine. Extraction of data from documents was carried out by means of a search query. In total, data on 102 documents containing such keywords as philosophy, anthropology, physical culture, sport were removed from the Web of Science Core Collection. Accordingly, 18 documents were found in the catalogues of the Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine. Further analysis was performed with these 120 documents. The results of the search query were recorded in the form of tables and a special text file, which was processed in VOSviewer. The requirements of dialectical logic, comparative method, method of phenomenological reduction, hermeneutic methods are chosen by research methods. Results. The most significant and popular thematic categories, journals, authors, articles, keywords are identified. The connection between the elements of bibliographic description of articles and individual groups of publications has been established. It is established that from the second quarter of the XX century among philosophers there is opposition to the understanding of human nature on the basis of the acceptance of some one of its essence (spiritual, physical, intellectual, emotional and volitional, etc.), which determines the existence of any person. This was a denial of the approach to a man, which was called essential (from the Latin essentia – essence). The result of this transformation was to establish an existential understanding of a man (from the Latin existentia - existence). However, a self-contained existential approach is capable of producing a worldview distortion of personal physical culture, especially in conditions of restriction of freedom (for example, during a pandemic, war). Therefore, in modern philosophical anthropology it is necessary to adhere to a balanced combination of essential and existential understanding of a man in general and his/her physical culture in particular. In this way, philosophical anthropology is able to actualize various structures of worldview, including the values of physical culture. Conclusions. From the point of view of modern philosophical anthropology, athletes, in the broadest sense of the term (all those who purposefully engage in physical and sports exercises), are carriers of a set of socio-cultural values (moral and volitional qualities, morpho-functional properties, psychophysical abilities, etc.). These values, in the context of the globalization of civilizational development and the main axiological concepts (quality and standard of living, social order, well-being), should be considered as a means of activating planetary socio-cultural development.

The phenomenon of ageing is so commonplace that it is ordinarily taken-for-granted, with little call to question its meaning. Of importance to occupational therapists is the recent appeal to understand older adults' ordinary ways of everyday living. The aim of this interpretive phenomenological study was to understand the meaning of 'being aged' through the everyday experiences of those who are long-lived. The writings of two philosophers, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Martin Heidegger, guided the study's design and research methods. Being aged in the context of everyday living was the phenomenon of interest. Individual interviews were conducted with 15 community-dwelling New Zealand elders: four Maori aged 71-93 years and 11 non-Maori aged 80-97 years. Stories of going about daily occupations and particular moments in the day were elicited during conversational-style interviews. Hermeneutic methods and phenomenological reflection were used to analyse the data. Two overarching notions were illuminated. The ordinary ways of 'being in the every day', such as having a routine and a familiar purposefulness, conceal being aged. In contrast, 'experiencing the unaccustomed', such as suddenly noticing an unaccustomed weakness or oldness, in the midst of doing deeply familiar occupations is an announcing of being aged. CONCLUSIONS and As such, engaging in everyday, familiar occupations holds the potential to both conceal and reveal the phenomenon of being aged. These results point to the importance of illuminating the lived experience of occupational engagement as a fruitful way of informing occupation-focussed practice.

The semantics of the doll in painting is not sufficiently investigated in art history and culture studies. The doll is never an accidental or unimportant component of a painting; it reveals deep psychological and symbolic undertones, complicates and concretizes the content of the painting. Each art style deals with this topic in its own way. The aim of the article is to analyse the interpretation of the image of the doll in various styles of painting of the second half of the XIX century – beginning of the XX century: in realistic painting, in symbolism, impressionism, and modernism. The research methods are the analysis of literature, the descriptive method, the hermeneutic method, and the comparative analysis method. The article may be useful for researchers in art and cultural studies, and can be used at school and university courses in the History of Art and Culture.

The problem discusses in Jude 23a is that there are different Bible translations and interpretations of the phrase, “save them by plundering them as if from fire”. This study aims to find the meaning of the phrase save them by depriving them of the fire based on Jude 23a and to find out how the meaning of the phrase is implemented in the lives of believers. The research method used is the hermeneutic method. The result of this research is the phrase, “save them by robbing them like from the fire” is not interpreted as something done with violence but a maximum and continuous effort to guide people who have fallen into heresies with love.

The article considers the role of ICT in the training of civil engineers. It is emphasized that at the current development stage of engineering education, it is important to focus on the social engineer’s responsibility for the safety of engineering facilities, in connection with which the activities of an engineer in the 21st century require appropriate competencies in the context of design, modeling, and construction. The article aims to substantiate the features of applying ICT in the development of design competencies of future civil engineers in the context of university education. Research methods applied: analyzing scientific information to determine theoretical information in developing project competencies of future civil engineers; systematization – to identify components of the educational and professional program aimed at developing project competence; hermeneutic method – to clarify the essence of project competence; generalization – to formulate conclusions. The design competence of a civil engineer is defined as the integrated ability of a specialist to apply a set of knowledge, skills, and personal qualities for the effective implementation of construction projects from the idea stage to the commissioning of the facility. It is noted that the use of computer programs contributes to the interest of future engineers; development of critical and spatial thinking, design vision; formation of design competencies and design literacy, which means high-quality performance of engineering design work and modeling. The benefits of computer-based training in developing project competence of future civil engineers have been identified: minimizing engineering errors, data management (students learn to work not just with drawings, but with the object's database), and teamwork (using cloud services allows future engineers to work on a joint project remotely). The task of forming a design culture of a future civil engineer is determined by the informatization of education and automation of production, the formation of knowledge regarding the application of computer technologies in all cycles of engineering and construction activities.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the history of the study of “Turkish” clay tobacco pipes. It is an actively developing direction in archaeological science. For about fifty years, “Turkish” tobacco pipes have regularly been the subject of research by scientists from various countries. However, the history of their study has not yet become a special subject of research. Methods of research. The study used methods to identify commonalities and differences between individual studies on the problem in question. All the references considered in the publication are arranged in chronological order and reflect the evolution of the researchers’ views; separate lines of research on tobacco pipes are distinguished. Analysis. From the late 1960s to the late 1980s, the foundations were laid for the study of “Turkish” tobacco pipes. The works created during this period are still the basis on which all researchers rely. The next stage in the study of the pipes was in the 1990s. At that time, the data on the dating of the pipes were clarified, special research using natural scientific methods was carried out for the first time, written sources were involved, the historical names of some types of pipes were restored, and the distinguishing features of local copies from the Turkish originals were analyzed. In the 2000’s and 2010’s, the attention of researchers turned to individual problems of studying pipes, such as stamps and ornamentation, images of smoking pipes on works of art, and analysis of written sources on the history of tobacco smoking. In addition, large monographs with detailed catalogs of “Turkish” tobacco pipes were created for the first time. Results. Many issues still remain unresolved in the available literature: only a few of the production centers have been identified, only a small portion of the masters’ marks have been read, and most of the dating covers broad periods and needs to be clarified.

The concept of insurable value of a human life, despite its central importance to life insurance, is not carefully developed in the literature. This article attempts to clarify the concept of insurable value and to carefully distinguish it from the related concept of economic or human life value. The article then states a method of measuring insurable value and of relating this measure to the life insurance product. Finally, the article traces some of the marketing implications of the proposed view of insurable value. Many of these implications relate to the issue of the role of investment life insurance and the uses of term insurance. The measurement of insurable value is central to life insurance from both a theoretical and marketing point of view. Juan B. Aponte, Ph.D., C.L.U., is Associate Professor of Insurance at the University of Pennsylvania. He has participated in the establishment of various governmental and private insurance programs, including, among others, a mortgage guarantee insurance program for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico's Housing Bank and various cooperative insurance programs in Puerto Rico and Latin America. He is a member of the Insurance Development Bureau of the International Cooperative Alliance and a member of the American Academy of Actuaries and the Conference of Actuaries in Public Practice. Herbert S. Denenberg, J.D., LL.M., Ph.D., C.P.C.U., C.L.U., The Harry J. Loman Professor of Property and Liability Insurance at the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania, is book review editor of the Journal of Risk and Insurance and PresidentElect of the American Risk and Insurance Association. He is co-author of Risk and Insurance and Life Insurance and/or Mutual Funds and is a frequent contributor to this Journal. He recently served as Special Counsel and Research Director of the President's National Advisory Panel on Insurance in Riot-Affected Areas and is now serving as Special Consultant to Mayor Walter E. Washington of Washington, D.C. This article was submitted in April, 1968. The authors wish to thank the follnwinr nerWhether attempting to program the needs of a specific individual or to design a policy for mass marketing, the insurer must base its marketing philosophy on some underlying measurement of insurable value. To the extent that the controlling measurement of insurable value is unsound, the resulting marketing philosophy is also likely to be unsound. Since insurable value theory and the related theory of human life value is in a deplorable state, sometimes more generously described as an 'underdeveloped state, it would not be surprising to discover some resulting distortions in marketing philosophy. This paper is an attempt to clarify the concept of insurable value, to distinguish it from the concept of economic (or human life) value, to describe a more satisfactory method of measuring insurable value for marketing purposes and its consons for reading and commenting on an earlier version of this article: Francisco Bayo, Joseph Belth, J. Robert Ferrari, Dale Gustafson, Sajjad Hashmi, H. Felix Koman, Dan M. McGill, Jack McKnight, James A. Wickman, and Ellis Wohlner.

Psychobiography uses phenomenological and hermeneutic methods to deal with the narrative data of individual life, and proposes and solves psychological problems by reconstructing and explaining the life course of characters. It is a phenomenological hermeneutic analysis method of personality research. This method emphasizes the phenomenological value of individual and special things, which highlights the significance of case study, it emphasizes that the researcher's consciousness experience has a direct understanding of the whole nature and significance of the research object, so as to take care of the complete personality and people's inner world. Fundamentally speaking, psychobiography belongs to the humanities research program of psychology. As a case study, psychobiography is committed to putting forward the theory of the causes and mechanisms of personality formation. It is an effective supplement to the mainstream positivist research program by extending one specific aspect to another to obtain a general conclusion. As a research model of humanities, psychobiography follows the rules and standards of humanities research. In addition to synchronic comparison and triangle mutual verification, the scientific of psychobiography lies in whether it truly describes the research object, whether it fully understands the meaning of the object, and whether it can bring broad resonance.

The relevance of the subject matter lies in the low efficiency of generally accepted methods of legal research, the lack of modification and transformation from due to obsolescence and inconsistency with modern tendencies in the development of the legal scientific framework and legal thinking of subjects of such activities. This paper is not limited to the classical methods of cognition, it also touches on the topics of basic legal concepts, theories, and well-known approaches in legal science. The main purpose of this paper is to designate the modern methodology of legal science through the lens of innovations in legal thinking, methods of applying methodological approaches, including an in-depth analysis of research methods in legal disciplines with the use of a comparative analysis of Ukraine and countries of the European economic zone. To achieve this purpose, the following special methods of legal analysis were applied in the scientific paper: analysis, synthesis, generalization, hermeneutic method, historical method, comparative and structural-functional methods. As a result of the study, the already existing methodological approaches will be expressly outlined, as well as those that emerged due to innovations in legal thinking and are capable of covering the features of knowledge of law as a social phenomenon. Furthermore, urgent problems of theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of modern legal systems were identified on the example of different states. One of the successes of the scientific analysis of the methodology of legal science lies in the proposal of methods for conducting complex legal research, described by the features of modernity, relevance, and compliance with the information and technological development of social relations. In addition, the sources regarding the methodology of law in Ukraine and foreign countries are systematized. A historical insight into the becoming of the main tendencies and qualities of the evolution of views on the methodology of law will be the subject of comparative analysis in order to identify new methods of legal cognition. Recommendations regarding the subject matter are expressed in the prospects for further research on the problems of the methodology of legal science and the creation of ways to overcome them. Furthermore, research materials can be used in the preparation of training materials, teaching aids, as well as in the learning process in various areas of legal disciplines.

The paper uses French hermeneutic philosopher Paul Ricoeur's theory of time and narrative to be the main basis, to research about the research of images. We try to provide a kind of special research on the fold in image, and to use the folding a fold as a starting point for our research. In the paper we also use another French philosopher Gilles Deleuze's idea on folds as another contract system on the research of images. It is because that one image will have a possibility of researching for interpretive person to be back to time in order to open the possibility of exixtence. We believe that to fold something and one fold, they may both formalize a kind of new beginning of hermeneutic researches. We work on our understanding on Ricoeur's method, we contract on the method as: to use emplotment on the experience of time, by this method, we obtain the result of a hermeneutic method on the study of the history of life. This method also opens: the research of doing images by going through life-experience, and to contract the hermeneutic method of opening folds both in life and image-this theory may do emplotment on time and narrative with our life, it can re-write the possibility of our future life.