ОСНОВЫ ФОРМАЛЬНОЙ ТЕОРИИ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ

The article considers the importance of a technical system among other technical systems in order to ensure its functioning and development, to classify objects, subjects, processes of the technical and related systems. Previously, the author presented the basics of the formal classification theory. This article describes the basic classifiers and operations with them. Three types of basic classifications are identified: discrete hierarchical, discrete matrix and continuous band classifications. For them the concept, structure, dimension, basic operations (addition, multiplication, equality) are defined. In the hierarchy, the classification attributes can be sorted by subordination, when the classification attributes of the lower levels of the hierarchy detail the features of higher levels. The dimension of the hierarchical classification is the number of levels of classification features. Matrix classifications (including vector and super-matrix) are used when the classification attributes are equal and their values are discrete. Band classifications are similar in structure to matrix classifications, but the value of the classification attribute is the interval of numbers, for which the lower and upper boundaries are determined. The dimension of the matrix and band classifications is equal to the number of non-subordinate classification attributes. For all classifications, multiplication is equivalent to the introduction of new classification attributes, addition is the introduction of new values of already existing classification attributes. A unified approach to various types of classifications makes it possible to plan the structure of classifications of specific technical systems, taking into account the properties of characteristic parameters

Agile development processes such as Scrum have been successfully applied in the software industry for many years. Based on experience, industrial practitioners indicate three predominant benefits of agile development processes compared to traditional software development processes. First of all, development results better fit customers’ and other stakeholders’ needs. That is because they are intensively involved in the development process by receiving, applying and assessing functional software increments in a defined cadence throughout the development process. Secondly, agile development processes better cope with unexpected changes in the development process due to the built-in process flexibility. Lastly, development speed has significantly increased in most of the agile software development projects, resulting in a shorter time-to-market. Especially in the context of radical innovations for technical systems, manufacturing companies are striving for approaches to optimize their development processes in a similar direction. Traditional plan-oriented development approaches such as VDI 2221 or Cooper’s Stage-Gate Process turn out to be insufficiently customer oriented, too inflexible and project duration is usually too long to reach an adequate time-to-market. For that reason, a large community in academia and industrial practice is developing and implementing approaches to adapt agile software development practices for the development of technical systems. However, a current study in industrial practice reveals that out of 23 objectives, that are expected when introducing agile development processes to technical systems, the three objectives mentioned above, show the largest negative deviations from expected benefit to realized benefit. Therefore, the overall goal of this research is to address these gaps by developing an explicit methodological approach for an agile development of technical systems. It turns out, that mainly the role of prototyping and the way product specifications are handled during the development process change significantly in the course of introducing agility to development of technical systems. Agile practitioners strive to not necessarily define product specifications comprehensively upfront, as it is postulated in plan-oriented development processes. In contrast, product specifications, which are of major importance to the overall development project, are specified and validated with customers and other stakeholders in early prototypes. Therefore, prototypes are realized in a defined cadence throughout the development process to gradually specify and validate the product. However, the way product specifications are prioritized and selected in the development of technical systems has to differ substantially from the general way Scrum or other existing agile development processes propose. That is because technical systems are characterized by multiple technical interrelations, resulting in informational dependencies for the development process. For that reason, a prioritization along criteria such as customer value, development effort and risk seems too narrow in the context of technical systems. In fact, the prioritization of product specifications has to consider both, the value being generated by their realization as well as the informational dependencies towards other specifications. Furthermore, when designing a prototype, time constraints need to be particularly considered due to lead times in parts delivery and prototype production. Therefore, this paper introduces a methodology to prioritize and select technical design parameters in agile development processes. The methodology can be applied in the cyclical sprint planning that aims at defining the scope of the next prototype to be developed. As outlined above, the major paradigms of value generation, informational dependencies as well as lead-time and effort are crucial when adapting agile for technical systems and are consequently implemented in the methodology. These paradigms are operationalized to explicitly address the mentioned major objectives of agile development processes, which are currently showing are large gap between expected benefit and realized benefit in industrial practice. The methodology is applied to the real development process of an RGB laser light source for digital cinema projectors, which is summarized as a case study in the paper. Insights from this application are equally discussed as the resulting next steps in further developing and aligning the methodology to the needs of industrial practice.

The aim of the research is to analyze the emotional state of a person using stochastic methods and to study the dynamic characteristics of this state. The study uses statistical characteristics that are suitable for creating artificial intelligent systems, as well as for further development and design of organizational and technical systems. It is assumed that the emotional state of a person is determined by the amount of stress he experiences over a certain period of time. To account for the emotional responses of the cognitive system corresponding to the reactions of the human personality, the known results are used. In particular, to characterize the relative values of stress, the Holmes and Rahe scale was used, which contains 43 typical life situations with corresponding relative values of stress. It should be emphasized that all known results relate to time-independent stress models, and only the results of statistical processing of measurements of the impact of stress on the individual at certain time intervals are published.Materials and methods of research are the application of the Poisson model of stress occurrence in the process of system functioning. It is assumed that stresses are those impacts that are then processed, perceived, processed, and used by the individual and the organizational and technical system that models it. The occurrence of stresses over time is modeled by point Poisson processes, and the stress of each type according to Holmes and Rahe is described by a process with the corresponding individual function of the intensity of the occurrence of points (stresses). Dynamic responses of the system are described by well-known response functions in the theory of control systems. The key parameter of the response function is the time constant, which characterizes the typical response time of the system to individual stress.New results of the study are estimates of the average frequency of occurrence of various types of stress, which allowed us to determine the mentioned functions of the intensity of occurrence of stress in the Poisson model. This, in turn, made it possible to develop analytical relations for the relative amount of stress processed by the system for the current time. Thus, a model of the emotional state of the cognitive system (the development of the process of experiencing stress over time) is proposed in the form of a decreasing function of time with a certain time constant that characterizes the inertial properties of experiencing stress. Specific results and corresponding curves are obtained for the exponential response function of the system, which depends on the current time, times of stress occurrence, and relative stress values. In general, they correspond to the predictions of similar reactions for the individual obtained in published studies. In this regard, the model can be applied in the engineering design of organizational and technical systems that require accounting or modeling of emotional reactions.In conclusion, the directions of further development of the theory are indicated. In particular, the possibility of studying the reaction of the system to events, the occurrence of which is described by functions of the intensity of their occurrence, depending on time, which, of course, will bring the research results closer to real situations. Another important area may be the introduction of indicators and criteria for stress tolerance of systems to the consideration and study of behavior.

Introduction. The paper presents a description of the process of constructing a mathematical model for managing risks arising from the operation of complex technical unique systems for critical purposes under conditions of uncertainty of information about the parameters and phase state. The purpose of the study is to create an individual optimal strategy for managing risk events that occur during the operation of complex technical systems, which minimizes the cost of preventive work, as well as the amount of damage that may result from the occurrence of relevant events. The objectives of the study include the construction of a mathematical model for control risks arising from the operation of complex dynamic unique technical systems for critical purposes under conditions of interval uncertainty of information about the values of parameters and the phase state, since as well as an analysis of existing approaches to creating an individual forecast of changes in the state of the considered class of systems.
 Materials and Methods. The article gives a comparative description of the effectiveness of the application of the mathematical apparatus of the theory of outliers of random processes and the method of individual forecasting in solving the problem of managing risks arising from the operation of complex unique technical systems for critical purposes under conditions of uncertainty. Based on the statistical methods of interval data, a mathematical model of risk management was created, taking into account possible errors in measuring the values of the parameters of the considered class of complex systems at all control windows during the operation period.
 Results. The scientific novelty of the implemented approach lies in the use of interval data statistics, which allow the most correct consideration of possible errors associated with measuring the values of the characteristics of the studied technical systems at all stages of the control process.
 Discussion and Conclusions. The mathematical model of risk control developed in the course of the study, arising from the operation of complex technical systems for critical purposes, makes it possible to make the optimal choice of risk management strategy when using objects of this class. Along with the above, an algorithm has been developed for predicting changes in the state of a technical system during the entire period of its operation based on the mathematical apparatus of statistics of interval data, which makes it possible to take into account in the calculations the errors that occur when measuring the values of the main parameters of the system under consideration at all stages of the control process.

The Aim of this paper is to develop the methods of analysis and simulation of the processes of occurrence and development of emergencies at complex railway infrastructure facilities. It cites analysis data on the threats, causes and consequences of sudden emergencies at complex railway infrastructure facilities. For the purpose of ensuring reliable operation of technical objects, as well as timely identification of faults, it is proposed to use the indicator-based approach that allows diagnosing and formally analyzing the processes of occurrence and propagation of malfunctions across the elements of complex technical systems. For the purpose of simulating the processes of propagation of the disturbances (hazards of emergencies) that occur as the result of malfunctions, it is proposed to use the theoretic graph approach that involves model and visual representation of the structure of a technical system under consideration in the form of a directed graph that shows the correlations between its elements. Each node and edge of a graph is assigned certain parameters or functionals that reflect the processes of correlated operation of the elements of the simulated system. The propagation of disturbances within a system is simulated with pulse processes initiated in one or several nodes. The paper refers to the developed formalized models of disturbance propagation in a technical system based on the construction of structural components and correlation matrices. The authors introduce the concept of critical element of a technical system that helps identify the event of its failure. Two basic criteria of technical system failure, i.e. the exclusive (a system is considered to have failed if the disturbance has reached any of the critical elements) and absolute criterion (failure occurs if the disturbance has reached the specified subset of critical elements) are defined. The paper provides an analytical example that illustrates the capabilities of the proposed model of disturbance propagation within the structure of a technical system. For the purpose more efficient diagnostics of the hazard of emergencies in railway infrastructure facilities the paper proposes a model of application of structurally integrated indicators that consists in the integration of indicators within the structure of a technical system that would immediately deliver the required and sufficient information in case of emergency. The main task would be to identify a set of indicators with the primary purpose of reducing the information-related stress and concentration of dispatchers’ or operators’ attention on the processes within a technical system that are most relevant in terms of accident-free and safe operation. Basic criteria are identified for the generation of the set of indicators within a complex technical system: maximum of reliability of the disturbance consequences estimate, maximum of accuracy of emergency causes identification, minimum of emergency identification time, minimum of nonrecurrent and current costs. A modified graph model of disturbance propagation in a complex technical system is provided that is the prerequisite for solving the multicriterion problems of optimal location of indicators within the structure of a technical system in terms of completeness, accuracy and timeliness of detection of failures of various types. Automation of the processes of generation of indicator sets using models of disturbance propagation in technical systems will allow using the proposed methods as part of further development of the URRAN methodology in terms of improvement of the decision support in railway infrastructure facilities management.

The paper considers the reliability – one of the characteristics of technical systems in manufacturing engineering. It is determined that the reliability weakness of technical systems causes the equipment breakdown. The authors enumerate the consequences of the equipment breakdown for the technical systems in the whole and note that various protection devices are provided to prevent serious consequences of the equipment breakdown. Technical system image has hierarchical structure changing over time. It is determined that the boundary condition of modeling of protection devices for technical systems is that the subsystems, the internal parameters of which are interrelated, are the functional protection system for technical systems. At the same time, the external links are strictly limited and defined. The authors considered the varieties of registered parameters and sub-varieties for technical systems and developed the mathematical model for quantitative assessment of protection devices. The model for all protection devices included in the considered object model is formed that makes possible to assess numerically the reliability of the technical system. The authors suggested the method of assessment of technical systems reliability on the base of analysis of possible breakdowns of the equipment and protection devices that allows preventing or minimizing the consequences of these breakdowns and developed the methodology, which on the base of protection devices model allows determining their necessary quantity and types at the system preset reliability in the whole. To describe formally the systems of protection devices, the set-theoretical concepts are used. The authors introduced the functional description of regulation, blocking and protection to characterize the technical systems protection devices and developed the model of the system (higher hierarchy level) for all protection devices included in the considered model of the object.

In this paper we discuss electromagnetic compatibility problems that arise in "Smart city" with electronic infrastructure. There the technical means and system are using in a hard electromagnetic environment in industrial, residential and public areas, as well as in transport. A special load falls on telecommunication networks, which provide both traditional communication and the management of various IoT devices, technical systems and ets. Radio emissions increase significantly. It was emphasized that the continuous and full functioning of technical means in the electromagnetic environment of "Smart city" and the elimination of unacceptable electromagnetic interference created by technical means are mandatory conditions for the implementation of "Smart city" concept, so the safety problem consideration is required. We overview the possible problems overview in the concept of a "Smart city" related to equipment and systems electromagnetic safety. Particular attention is paid to technical means and systems related to safety, for example, used in transport and also telecommunication networks. It was emphasized that the continuous and full quality functioning of technical means in "Smart city" electromagnetic environment and the elimination of unacceptable electromagnetic interference created by technical means are mandatory conditions for the implementation of "Smart city" concept, and should take into account all aspects associated with a specific electromagnetic environment with a high density of electronic equipment, requirements for telecommunications networks quality communication

Modern production is complex, integrated and is constantly being adapted to the market requirements by means of the reconfiguration of equipment structure and process alteration. The development of such production is performed based on evolutionary strategy by successively engaging (eliminating) stand-alone technological systems. Evolutionary developed technical systems and facilities presently make up a considerable share of technical systems. It is typical both for high-tech industries, namely: aviation, space exploration, military equipment, machine-building (Sujeet, 2005), and for applications based on large-scale interconnected production complexes (e.g. oiland gas-producing industry, oil and gas transportation, city economy engineering etc) (Gilard, 1999; Van Brussel et al., 1999; Jo, 1999; Ambartsumyan, Prangishvili, Poletykin, 2003; Ambartsumyan, Kazansky, 2008; Ambartsumyan, Potehin, 2003; Ambartsumyan, Branishtov, 2006). Evolutionary developed technical systems and facilities are featured by complex control system availability. The latter integrates into a single whole different, as to the purposes, automatic control loops (automatic control and regulation of physical process parameters, automatic shielding and blocking, logical configuration control) as well as the functions of supervisory control mainly aimed at coordination of different processes in a technical system. Supervisory control (SC) is intrinsically logical and is to provide the required operational sequence and exclude mutual blocking and deadlocks for stand-alone components (operating according to their internal rules time scale). SC is discrete and asynchronous by its nature and most commonly reveals itself as the change of flow as required by certain application (technical system functionality). It is important to consider two event aspects: first, everything happens as the result of a certain event; second, the change of states is regulated by events – there is no physical time though the system is dynamic. Though control systems are widely spread in the technical systems of such kind (Sujeet, 2005; Gilard, 1999; Van Brussel et al., 1999; Jo, 1999; Ambartsumyan, Prangishvili, Poletykin, 2003; Ambartsumyan, Kazansky, 2008; Ambartsumyan, Potehin, 2003; Ambartsumyan, Branishtov, 2006), presently there is no appropriate theoretical base to solve such supervisory control tasks as local control loops coordination, configuration of material flows structure and interaction with operations staff. Most spread concept of practical engineering of such systems is based on the model of interacting ′′black boxes′′: a ′′black box–control object′′ and symmetrically connected with it as to inputs and outputs a ′′black box–control system (device)′′. (Fig. 1). Source: Process Management, Book edited by: Maria Pomffyova, ISBN 978-953-307-085-8, pp. 338, April 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM

Networking information-centric system of systems is a network-centric, information-driven, system-supported complex giant system, which is the form of combat system under information warfare. The networking information-centric system involves multi-level and multi-type technical systems such as communication networks, combat applications and information services, and the technical systems are closely coupled with each other. In order to do a good job of designing the networking information-centric system, it is necessary to effectively verify each technical system, and through effective verification, iteratively optimize the design to enhance the capability of the networking information-centric system. This paper summarizes and analyzes the connotation of networking information-centric system and technical system, and describes the general framework of networking information-centric system technical system verification, including verification process, verification technology and optimization decision technology.

Актуальность исследования. Функционирование горнодобывающих предприятий в современных условиях характеризуется активным воздействием факторов внешней и внутренней среды. В условиях нестабильной внешней среды, при переходе от одного этапа разработки к другому, подсистемы горнодобывающих предприятий должны подчиняться цели обеспечения устойчивого функционирования предприятия – обеспечению выходных потоков с заданными параметрами. В этот период изменяется устойчивость горнотехнической системы, что оказывает влияние на состояние экономической и социальной подсистем горнодобывающих предприятий, а также на состояние окружающей среды, вызванное изменениями в параметрах технологии и технологических процессах. Это требует разработки новых подходов и принципов управления работой горнодобывающих предприятий, основанных на согласовании экономических целей с целями в области экологии и социального развития. Цель: разработка концепции устойчивого развития горнотехнических систем в переходные периоды разработки месторождений на основе систематизации существующих принципов устойчивого развития в горнодобывающей отрасли. Объекты: горнодобывающее предприятие, горнотехническая система, система вскрытия карьера. Методы: обзор научной литературы, структурно функциональный анализ, системный анализ. Результаты. Обоснована ключевая роль системы вскрытия в структуре горнотехнической системы для обеспечения целей устойчивого развития горнодобывающих предприятий. Выполнена систематизация принципов устойчивого функционирования и развития горнодобывающих предприятий и его систем с выделением четырех групп принципов: общесистемные принципы управления, принципы развития горнодобывающих предприятий, принципы развития горнотехнической системы, принципы развития подсистем горнотехнической системы. В основу предлагаемой системы принципов положена идея последовательного преобразования подсистем горнотехнической системы на всех этапах проектирования и эксплуатации, учитывающая экономические, социальные и экологические аспекты с целью обеспечения заданных параметров функционирования горнодобывающих предприятий. Предложена концепция устойчивого развития горнотехнической системы в переходные периоды разработки. Использование предлагаемого подхода в период перехода от открытых горных работ к открыто-подземному способу разработки позволяет улучшить экономические, экологические и социальные показатели функционирования систем горнодобывающих предприятий.

El estudio de las modernas redes de infraestructura en trminos de "grandes sistemas tcnicos" fue inaugurado por Hughes y desarrollado por analistas sociales de la tcnica como Joerges, Mayntz y Gras. Milton Santos incorpor nociones procedentes de dicha rea del saber en su caracterizacin del sistema tcnico actual y del espacio geogrfico. El artculo revisa el concepto de gran sistema tcnico, haciendo hincapi en una seleccin de contribuciones que poseen pertinencia para su adopcin en la Geografa, es decir, miradas susceptibles de ser integradas a travs del momento espacial de la teorizacin. La base para ordenar la articulacin conceptual se encuentra en la teora del espacio de Milton Santos. Las ideas que se discuten son reinterpretadas, as, a la luz de un marco terico que prefigura una comprensin particular de la naturaleza de lo geogrfico. La reunin de aportes, por lo tanto, pretenden ofrecer un bagaje conceptual para el abordaje de la estructuracin, el funcionamiento y el desarrollo de los grandes sistemas tcnicos: creaciones heterogneas, complejas, diversificadas y eminentemente polticas que desempean papeles estratgicos en la modernizacin de la sociedad, implicados en prcticamente todas las prcticas humanas, y que definen un espacio propio.

The aim of this study is to structure the aspects of control and safety in technical systems using the concepts of entro-py, negentropy, and information, in order to identify additional factors for assessing controllability and loss of control in the process of decision-making or the loss of emergence. The article examines specific properties of ergatic systems that contribute to forming the informational basis for describing the structure, control, and safety levels of technical systems. A two-level ontological framework is proposed for evaluating the controllability of a technical system through the analysis of its informational characteristics. Negentropy is interpreted as an indicator of the system’s condition, reflecting the combined effect of internal properties and external influences on its functionality. The configuration and number of safety subsystems define the upper limits of controllability and safety within a technical system, including in scenarios involving emergence. The dualism of safety lies in capturing both the negentropy (describing the state of or-der in the system, as well as its actual — or worst-case — levels and structure of control and safety) and the infor-mation about the state of control and safety (expressed through the required number and configuration of safety sub-systems needed to achieve optimal performance). The article compares several concepts and regularities from infor-mation theory and thermodynamics for their applicability within the ontological framework of safety dualism. The analysis of safety dualism enables the comparison of structural and control architectures in technical system designs, the identification of factors contributing to successful or failed control, the definition of conditions under which emer-gence is lost, expert assessment of communication and control systems, and the development of optimal control and safety regimes—taking into account both resource depletion and the need for resource replenishment.

Biofilms are considered to be ubiquitous in industrial and drinking water distribution systems. Biofilms are a major source of contribution to biofouling in industrial water systems. The problem has wide ranging effects, causing damage to materials, production losses and affecting the quality of the product. The problem of biofouling is operationally defined as biofilm development that exceeds a given threshold of interference. It is for the plant operators to keep biofilm development below the threshold of interference for effective production and to work out values for threshold limits for each of the technical systems. Industrial biofilms are quite diverse and knowledge gained with a certain type of biofilm may not be applicable to others. In recognition of this, the old concept of a universal/effective biocide is a misnomer as physical, chemical and biological parameters of source water vary from site to site and so do the interactions of biocides with these parameters. Control methods have to be tailor-made for a given technical system and cannot be extrapolated. Because of the wide-ranging complexity in industrial technical systems, understanding the biofilm processes, detection, monitoring, control and management is imperative for efficient plant operation. A successful antifouling strategy involves prevention (disinfecting regularly, not allowing a biofilm to develop beyond a given threshold), killing of organisms and cleaning of surfaces. Killing of organisms does not essentially imply cleaning as most industrial systems deploy only biocides for killing, and the cleaning process is not achieved. Cleaning is essential as dead biomass on surfaces provide a suitable surface and nutrient source for subsequent attachment of organisms. A first step in a biofilm control programme is detection and assessment of various biofilm components, like thickness of slime layer, algal and bacterial species involved, extent of extracellular polymeric substances and inorganic components. Prior to adopting a biocidal dose and regime in an industrial system, laboratory testing of biocides using side-stream monitoring devices, under dynamic conditions, should be carried out to check their effectiveness. Online monitoring strategies should be adopted and biocidal dosing fine-tuned to keep biofilms under control. Literature on biofilm control strategies in technical systems is rich; however, the choice of the control method often depends on cost, time constraints and the cleanliness (threshold levels) required for a technical process. Currently, there is a trend to use strong oxidizing biocides like chlorine dioxide in cooling systems and ozone in water distribution systems as low levels of chlorine have been found to be ineffective against biofilms. A number of non-oxidizing biocides are available, which are effective but the long-term effects on the environment are still unclear. New techniques for biofilm control like ultrasound, electrical fields, hydrolysis of extracellular polymeric substances and methods altering biofilm adhesion and cohesion are still in their infancy at the laboratory level and are yet to be successfully demonstrated in large industrial systems.

Design Rules, Volume 2: Chapter 6—The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 1: Mapping Functional Components

In this paper, we present the first generic framework for selecting comprehensive material/energetic sustainability performance indicators (SPIs) for technical systems: the S‐Cycle Performance Matrix (S‐CPMatrix). This novel matrix is comprised of 6 generic sustainability goals, 11 SPI archetypes, and 23 corresponding metrics identified from our previously developed model of technical system sustainability (the S‐Cycle), and is intended to support decision makers in meeting three identified criteria for comprehensive SPI sets: (C1) inclusion of indicators measuring performance at all relevant scales; (C2) inclusion of efficiency and effectiveness indicators; and (C3) coverage of all system sustainability goals. We evaluated the matrix by interpreting and classifying 324 indicators currently applied to assess technical system sustainability performance in the literature, with 94.1% found to be fully classifiable with respect to the proposed goals and SPI archetypes following several refinements. The matrix is applicable to different systems, and may be considered to facilitate the selection of a holistic set of SPIs from different sources and evaluation approaches. Thus, it addresses a need for consistent yet flexible guidance on how to comprehensively assess technical system sustainability performance, mirroring generic guidelines on organizational SPI selection widely available through several international initiatives. In addition to industrial evaluation of the S‐CPMatrix, four avenues for future research are proposed: (i) use of the matrix for systems comparison/benchmarking; (ii) further investigation of unsupported metrics; (iii) the nature and measurement of contaminants; and (iv) assessing the comprehensiveness of current SPI sets for technical systems.