СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ОБ ИММУНОИНДУЦИРОВАННОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ В МЫШЦАХ ПРИ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ НАГРУЗКАХ

Objectives This study aimed to examine the association and dose-relationship between different intensities of work-related and leisure-time physical activity (PA) and biological age (BA). Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting and participants: We used data of 5,216 participants aged 45 and over in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Measurements: PA was self-reported using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and BAs were calculated by the PhenoAge and Klemera-Doubal method (KDM). In the analyses, survey-weighted generalized linear models were used to explore associations between PA and BAs. Restricted cubic spline characterized the dose-response relationship of PA and BAs. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age, sex, and ethnicity. Results Work-related light-intensity PA (LPA) was significantly associated with younger PhenoAge (β=0.507, 95%CI: -0.957, -0.056, p = 0.031) and KDM (β=0.908, 95%CI: -1.774, -0.042, p = 0.042). There was a U-shaped dose-response relationship between LPA and BAs (all p < 0.05). Leisure-time moderate-intensity PA (MPA) was associated with younger PhenoAge (β=0.789, 95%CI: -1.573, -0.006, p=0.049) and KDM (β=1.910, 95%CI: -3.417, -0.402, p = 0.017). There was a U-shaped dose-response relationship between MPA and BAs (all p < 0.05). In subgroup analyses for older adults, all intensities of PA were significantly associated with decreased BAs (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Doing PA could delay the BAs, specifically the work-related LPA and leisure-time MPA. Older adults can benefit from all intensities of PA regardless of the PA of different environments and intensities.

Inflammation and apoptosis play critical roles in the acute progression of ischemic injury pathology. Emerging evidence indicates that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) following focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) may be neuroprotective by limiting infarct size. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the protective effects of VNS in acute cerebral I/R injury were associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic processes. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent VNS at 30 min after focal cerebral I/R surgery. Twenty-four h after reperfusion, neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated. In addition, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and immunofluorescence staining for the endogenous “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway” was also performed. The protein expression of a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7nAchR), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), and cleaved caspase 3 in ischemic penumbra were determined with Western blot analysis. I/R rats treated with VNS (I/R+VNS) had significantly better neurological deficit scores, reduced cerebral infarct volume, and decreased number of TdT mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells. Furthermore, in the ischemic penumbra of the I/R+VNS group, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cleaved caspase 3 protein were significantly decreased, and the levels of a7nAchR and phosphorylated Akt were significantly increased relative to the I/R alone group. These results indicate that VNS is neuroprotective in acute cerebral I/R injury by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis via activation of cholinergic and a7nAchR/Akt pathways.

Sensory functions decline in older age. Multisensory training has been shown to improve balance. We analyzed the race differences in the associations of sensory functions with physical activity (PA) intensity. The Healthy Aging and Neighborhood Study enrolled 379 community-dwelling persons aged 65 and over in Central Massachusetts (2018-2019). Data on sensory functions were assessed using self-report questionnaires, range from 0 (very poor) to 4 (very good). PA intensities were measured using waist-worn Actigraphy accelerometers for at least 8 hours per day and at least 5 days including 1 weekend day. PA intensity was categorized using Copeland cutoff points as sedentary (SB), light (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA). Generalized linear models were used to assess the racial differences in the associations of sensory functions with PA intensity, adjusting for age, gender, education, income, general health, comorbidities, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental ADL. Average sensory functions of the participants were good to very good (mean±SD: hearing:2.9±1.1, vision:3.4±0.8, touch:3.7±0.6, smell:3.5±0.9, taste:3.6±0.7, balance:3.0±1.0). Two-thirds (66.7%) of participants met the PA guidelines of MVPA (mins/day) SB:465±114, LPA:248±66, MVPA:53±70). Compared to other races, Whites with better touch (b=52.1, SE=23.8) had significantly more SB. Better hearing (b=16.7, SE=7.2), vision (b=32.1, SE=10.5), smell (b=19.3, SE=7.8), taste (b=25.3, SE=9.9) were significantly associated with more LPA. Better vision (RR=1.6, 95%CI:1.1-2.4) and worse touch (RR=0.6, 95%CI:0.4-0.9) were significantly associated with more MVPA. Racial differences are significant in the associations between sensory functions and PA intensity among older adults. The underlying mechanisms should be further investigated to inform future interventions.

To describe the gender and regional differences in patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior across 10 study areas through data from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) that involving half a million adults. The baseline survey of CKB took place in 5 urban and 5 rural areas across China during 2004-2008. After excluding those who had a prior history of heart disease, stroke and/or cancer, 486 514 participants (age: 30-79 y) were included in the analyses. MET-h/d was calculated for each one of the participant, based on the type, duration and intensity of self-reported physical activity, along with time spent on sedentary activity. These data were compared, after standardization for age between sex and study areas. The mean total physical activity was 22.9 MET-h/d among men, 20.6 MET-h/d among women, and the mean sedentary leisure time appeared 3.1 h/d in men and 2.9 h/d in women. In men, the total physical activity ranged from 13.3 MET-h/d in Haikou to 31.3 MET-h/d in Zhejiang, while in women it ranged from 14.7 MET-h/d to 30.2 MET-h/d across the 10 areas. For sedentary leisure time, it ranged from 2.0 h/d in Zhejiang to 3.8 h/d in Sichuan in men and 1.6 h/d to 3.7 h/d in women. In both men and women, occupational physical activities (77.6% and 59.8% respectively) accounted for most of the daily activities, while leisure time physical activities accounted for the least (3.1% in both men and women). Among men, the proportion of occupational physical activity ranged from 86.5% in Zhejiang to 69.4% in Haikou (69.4%), while in women it ranged from 74.8% in Zhejiang to 40.9% in Henan. Gansu (men 17.8%, women 18.1%) reported the highest proportion of transportation physical activities. Among women, areas reporting the highest proportion of physical activity at home would include Henan (54.0%) and Hunan (39.1%), whereas adults in Zhejiang (20.0%) reported the lowest proportion. Among men, Hunan (18.0%) reported the highest proportion of physical activity at home. Compared with rural areas, male and female participants from urban areas tended to have more leisure time for physical activity and less vigorous-intensity physical activity. The patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior including the levels of physical activity, domains and intensity of physical activities. Sedentary leisure time appeared all various greatly across different regions in China.

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation may attenuate postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients

Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for arterial and autonomic health and, subsequently, cardiovascular disease risk. However, fundamental questions remain regarding the relationship between PA and health, the relative importance of the volume, intensity or composition of PA, and whether this differs in chronic conditions. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to explore the influence of movement behaviours on key cardiovascular risk factors in healthy populations and those with T1D using novel methods and analysis techniques. Chapter 4 revealed that, contrary to expectation, the composition of daily movement and sleep behaviours was not associated with arterial stiffness in healthy children, with the reallocation of time between any behaviours not predicting significant change in arterial stiffness. It was hypothesised that this may be related to the measurement duration being insufficient to reflect habitual PA and its health-associated fluctuations. Therefore, a 28-day measurement period was used in Chapter 5, which revealed that, whilst there was minimal fluctuation in movement behaviours, PA metrics derived from 28 days were more strongly associated with cardiovascular health markers. Using a similar measurement protocol, children with type I diabetes (T1D) were found to engage in more light and less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) than healthy peers and were characterised by poorer arterial stiffness and autonomic function (Chapter 6). Importantly, Chapter 6 suggested that the intensity of PA was more influential than the volume. Subsequently, Chapter 7 supported this contention, revealing that the reallocation of time from any behaviour to MVPA was the most potent stimulus to cardiovascular health in T1D. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that the composition and the relative importance of the volume and intensity of PA must be considered when investigating the relationship with health. The findings highlight key targets for future interventions seeking to enhance the cardiovascular function of youth, especially in T1D.

This study compared physical activity (PA) intensity during leisure and recreation between youth with chronic pain with and without (overweight, obesity) healthy weight. Thirty youth with chronic pain, 11–19 years old, completed the Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE), Functional Disability Inventory (FDI), and a Demographic and Participation Questionnaire. Metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values for CAPE activities were estimated. Youth in both groups reported moderate perceived disability in physical functioning due to pain and mostly participated in leisure and recreation at a low PA intensity. Mann–Whitney U and t-tests indicated that the number of activities performed at high, moderate, and low MET intensity levels did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05). Perceived disability in physical functioning due to pain was not related to PA intensity (p > 0.05). Youth reported that pain, anxiety/stress, and not having time limited their PA intensity. The findings suggest that multiple factors are potential barriers to PA participation and intensity during leisure and recreation activities. Engagement with youth is encouraged to identify preferred PA at moderate to high intensity and integrate them into interventions and daily routines to promote a physically active lifestyle and reduce disability in physical functioning due to pain.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), as a neuromodulation therapy, has shown promising prospects in the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) following myocardial infarction (MI). MIRI can exacerbate secondary damage to post-ischemic myocardial tissue. VNS can alleviate MIRI by enhancing vagal nerve activity. In preclinical studies, VNS exerts cardioprotective effects through multi-target synergistic regulation: inhibiting inflammatory cascades through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) and vagus nerve-spleen pathway, improving mitochondrial function, resisting oxidative stress, suppressing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and regulating autonomic nerves to reduce arrhythmias risk. This review explores the interactions between the aforementioned mechanisms, rarely addressed in prior studies. Furthermore, this review summarizes relevant clinical studies, where VNS significantly reduces myocardial injury markers and arrhythmia incidence. However, VNS still faces clinical application challenges including unstandardized parameter and operation standards and insufficient clinical evidence. This review aims to bridge preclinical and clinical research, providing a reference for VNS clinical application in MIRI.

An inclinometer-based accelerometer (PAL) worn on the thigh, coupled with proprietary software, may provide accurate estimates of sedentary time. However, its accuracy for estimating other physical activity (PA) intensities and energy expenditure (EE) is unknown. PURPOSE: To evaluate accuracy of the PAL software for prediction of time spent in PA intensities [sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA)] and EE and compare its accuracy to that of a machine learning model (ANN) developed from raw PAL data. METHODS: Participants (n=39 [19 male]; age=22.1±4.3) completed a 90-min, semi-structured protocol in which they performed 13 activities for 3-10 min each, choosing activity order, duration, and intensity. Participants wore a PAL accelerometer on the right thigh and a portable metabolic analyzer (OXY). Time spent in sedentary, light, and MVPA was determined using MET values of ≤1.5, 1.6-2.9, and ≥3.0, respectively, calculated from OXY. Estimated times in each PA intensity from the PAL software and ANN were compared with OXY using difference scores and 95% confidence intervals; non-overlap of confidence intervals with zero indicated significant differences from OXY. Window-by-window EE prediction was assessed using correlations and root mean square error (RMSE). RESULTS: PAL software-predicted sedentary time was not different from OXY (-1.6 min; 95% CI: -3.6 - 0.4 min), but light PA was over-predicted (6.2 min; 95% CI: 4.1 - 8.3 min) and MVPA was under-predicted (-4.6 min; 95% CI: -6.5 - -2.7 min). ANN-predicted sedentary time and light PA were not different from OXY, (-0.7 min, 95% CI: -2.3 - 0.8 min; -0.9 min; 95% CI: -2.8 - 1.1 min, respectively), but MVPA was over-predicted (1.6 min; 95% CI: 0.1 - 3.2 min). For EE prediction, the PAL software had lower correlations (r=0.76 vs. r =0.89) and higher RMSE (1.74 vs. 1.07 METs) than the ANN. Under-prediction by the PAL software was more pronounced at intensities >5.0 METs. CONCLUSIONS: The PAL software distinguished between sedentary and non-sedentary activities but had high error for EE prediction, especially for higher-intensity PA. The ANN had high accuracy for prediction of sedentary and light PA and EE prediction, indicating strong potential for raw data from a thigh-worn PAL to be used in PA assessment. Supported by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation.

Influence of the workplace on physical activity and cardiometabolic health: Results of the multi-centre cross-sectional Champlain Nurses’ study

BackgroundAccelerometers were incorporated in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) study cycle for objective assessment of physical activity. This is the first time that objective physical activity data are available on a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents. The use of accelerometers allows researchers to measure total physical activity, including light intensity and unstructured activities, which may be a better predictor of health outcomes than structured activity alone. The aim of this study was to examine objectively determined physical activity levels by sex, age and racial/ethnic groups in a national sample of U.S. adults.MethodsData were obtained from the 2003–2004 NHANES, a cross-sectional study of a complex, multistage probability sample of the U.S. population. Physical activity was assessed with the Actigraph AM-7164 accelerometer for seven days following an examination. 2,688 U.S. adults with valid accelerometer data (i.e. at least four days with at least 10 hours of wear-time) were included in the analysis. Mean daily total physical activity counts, as well as counts accumulated in minutes of light, and moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity are presented by sex across age and racial/ethnic groups. Generalized linear modeling using the log link function was performed to compare physical activity in sex and racial/ethnic groups adjusting for age.ResultsPhysical activity decreases with age for both men and women across all racial/ethnic groups with men being more active than women, with the exception of Hispanic women. Hispanic women are more active at middle age (40–59 years) compared to younger or older age and not significantly less active than men in middle or older age groups (i.e. age 40–59 or age 60 and older). Hispanic men accumulate more total and light intensity physical activity counts than their white and black counterparts for all age groups.ConclusionPhysical activity levels measured objectively by accelerometer demonstrated that Hispanic men are, in general, more active than their white and black counterparts. This appears to be in contrast to self-reported physical activity previously reported in the literature and identifies the need to use objective measures in situations where the contribution of light intensity and/or unstructured physical activity cannot be assumed homogenous across the populations of interest.

FRI0017 Role of prostaglandins in the inflammatory reflex: Impaired vagus-mediated immunosuppression in mice deficient in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (MPGES-1)

ABSTRACTAscites syndrome (AS) in chickens is associated with profound vascular remodelling and increased pulmonary artery pressure as well as right ventricular hypertrophy. Classical transient receptor potential cation channels (TRPCs) are key regulators of cardiac hypertrophy that act via regulation of calcium influx in mammals. We investigated whether classical transient receptor potential channels in chickens with right ventricular hypertrophy still possess this mechanism for regulating Ca2+ flux. Intravenous injection of cellulose particles was successfully used to induce AS in chickens, and tissues were examined 22 days after treatment. The chickens in the test group showed cardiac hypertrophy with oedema of the cardiac muscle and disruption of myofilaments. The right-to-total ventricle weight ratio (RV/TV), the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) of the test group were significantly higher than in the control group. Intracellular calcium levels were significantly increased in cardiomyocytes from chickens in the test group. Gene expression of TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPC6 and TRPC7 in heart tissues from the test group showed no significant differences compared with controls. However, TRPC1 protein levels, as well as mRNA levels, were down-regulated in the heart muscle of AS chickens (P < 0.05). Although we observed an increase in calcium concentration, the expression of TRPC1 decreased in cardiac cells. We hypothesized that an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration could inversely regulate calcium channel expression.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSIntracellular Ca2+ levels were increased in the myocardium of AS broilers.Expression of TRPC1, which mediates calcium influx, was decreased in the myocardium of AS broilers.The relationship between intracellular Ca2+ levels and expression of TRPC1 requires further study.

Mitosis is governed by the activity of the M-phase promoting factor (MPF). In some systems, particularly early embryos, transient increases in calcium concentration have been shown to be necessary for mitosis and regulate its timing. By microinjection of the calcium buffer, dibromoBAPTA, into fertilised Xenopus eggs, we have assessed whether calcium events are required to initiate MPF activation and inactivation. Since initial experiments showed that this buffer inhibited protein synthesis, we measured when mitosis and cleavage became independent of translation. We found that, after a period of protein synthesis essential for cleavage, there was a phase during which continued translation affected the timing of cleavage, but was not essential for its occurrence. Measurement of MPF activity in single embryos injected with calcium buffer at different times in the first cell cycle, showed that there were two sensitive periods. The first period of sensitivity blocked MPF activation and coincided with the time at which cleavage became completely independent of protein synthesis. The second sensitive period occurred just before histone kinase activity peaked, and was necessary for kinase inactivation. Preventing inactivation in this way arrested egg extracts in mitosis. These results support the view that transient increases in free calcium concentration contribute to mitotic progression by first triggering MPF activation and subsequently, with elevated MPF activity, inducing its inactivation.

BackgroundPhysical activity during the day is composed of different domains, specifically work related, transportation, and recreation, physical activity. We aimed at studying the correlation between energy expenditure and the corresponding metabolic equivalent of task and sleep in the context of type of physical activity, general level of activity as to be low, moderate and vigorous and the intensity of activity either moderate or vigorous physical activity.MethodologyA cross-sectional study, participants were n = 273 enrolled from al-Neelain university faculty of medicine between January and April 2021 we used the global physical activity questionnaire to measure standard metabolic equivalent of task (MET) for participants for vigorous and moderate work MET, Transportation MET, Vigorous and moderate lesiure MET, and sedentary time. we used Pittsburgh sleep quality index to assess different components of sleep (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep duration, sleep disturbances, use of medications, daytime dysfunction) and sleep quality.ResultsMean of Total-MET was (3533.36min/week) predominantly moderated work-MET (33%). Poor sleepers prevalence was high (62%). Moreover there was significant difference between good and poor sleepers in moderate work MET mean (876.36,1334.2 min/week) (p > 0.01). respectively. There was significant positive correlations between moderate work MET and roughly all sleep components rho = (0.196, 0.182, 0.132, 0.149)(p > 0.01, p > 0.01, p > 0.05, p > 0.05)respectively and sleep quality rho = (. 211)(p > 0.001). Vigorous-lesiure MET positively correlated with sleep latency rho = (0. 134)(p > 0.01). Total MET correlated with sleep latency, use of medications, and sleep quality in general. (0.134, 0.124, 0.133) (p > 0.05).ConclusionOur results show that poor sleep quality is primarily influenced by the type and intensity of physical activity. Eliciting a dose-response effect of different domains, being deleterious for work related physical activity as work MET is of too low intensity or too long duration for maintaining or improving cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular health subsequently imposing its deleterious effect. So in order to improve quality of life for university students, special strategies and policies that leverage ‘good sleep' quality are warranted by limiting work related physical activity and adding on well structured early morning exercises for University students thus improving cardiorespiratory fitness and subsequently sleep.