МОЖЛИВІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ВІДХОДІВ ТЕКСТИЛЬНИХ ВОЛОКОН У ВИРОБНИЦТВІ ДЕРЕВИННИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

The expansion of the textile industry and improvements in living standards have led to increased cotton textile production, resulting in a rise in textile waste, with cotton accounting for 24% of total textile waste. Effective waste management through recycling and reuse is crucial to reducing global waste production. Nanocellulose has diverse applications in environmental, geotechnical, food packaging, and biomedical engineering areas. As interest in nanocellulose's unique properties grows, cotton-based textile waste emerges as a promising source for nanocellulose development. However, there is a notable lack of comprehensive reviews on the extraction of nanocellulose from textile waste as a sustainable biomaterial. This paper aims to address this gap by exploring current extraction processes, properties, and recent applications of nanocellulose derived from textile waste. We discussed (1) the potential of nanocellulose resources from different textile wastes, (2) a comparison of the various extraction methods, (3) the functionalization technology and the potential application of such nanocellulose in the textile industry, and (4) the life cycle assessment (LCA) and potential gap of the current technology. It also emphasizes the potential reintegration of extracted nanocellulose into the textile industry to manufacture high-value products, thus completing the loop and strengthening the circular economy.

The issue of textile waste is a global concern, and Latvia, like many other countries, faces challenges related to the generation and management of textile waste. The textile industry is one of the largest contributors to environmental pollution, and the following points highlight the textile waste problem both in Latvia and on a global scale. Shredded textile waste, with its fibrous and porous composition, proves to be an excellent candidate for sound dampening materials. The irregular shapes and fine fibres inherent in shredded textiles create a structure that effectively absorbs sound waves, diminishing echoes and reducing overall noise levels. This inherent sound-absorbing property makes shredded textile waste an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional soundproofing materials. In addition to its acoustic benefits, the utilization of textile waste in sound dampening aligns with the principles of waste reduction and circular economy. The aim of this study is to develop a material with a good sound absorption capacity using textile waste. The textile used in the study was procured from a waste management firm located in North Vidzeme, Latvia. This company specializes in gathering uncontaminated textile waste from local residents. Shredding of textile waste was carried out using industrial shredding equipment. The particle size of the obtained textile fraction was 2X2 cm. Experiments with textile waste started in January 2024 in a laboratory. The created plates were tested for acoustic properties in the laboratory. The maximum sound absorption coefficient of the material obtained was 0.95 at a frequency of 4000 Hz. This is better than for synthetic mineral wool and slightly lower than for rock wool.

The life of a modern person today cannot be imagined free from an urgent and urgent problem – the problem of waste recycling. At the same time, the environmental situation in large cities, including industrial enterprises, is mainly determined by the state of the waste treatment system. These include solid municipal waste, as experts call the garbage that is formed daily in everyday life and makes a long way from the garbage chute to the yard container and further to the city dump.At the moment, the infrastructure for collecting and processing secondary raw materials (glass, plastic, paper, batteries, etc.) is developing on the territory of many CIS countries, including Russia, while there are no reception points for textile waste of production and consumption in sufficient quantities, unlike in European countries. There are retail outlets that accept unnecessary textiles from the population, and in return provide discounts on their products. However, taking into account the volume of textile waste generation (about 4.2–4.8 million tons per year), the existing textile waste collection system, which collects only about 0.4% of textile waste, is clearly insufficient. Based on the identified problems, the authors of this article give a socio-ecological and economic assessment of the problem of handling textile waste of consumption in Russia. The analysis of the relationship of the problems of textile waste management to the UN Sustainable Development Goals is carried out. The international experience of applying the principles of the closed-cycle economy in relation to textile waste is considered and recommendations for the transition of the Russian textile industry to a closed-cycle economy are formed.

Throughout the past couple of decades, this is an increasing concern regarding the disposal of textile scraps. The textile market is influenced by both population growth, capital, and style. The fast fashion cycle in the apparel industry has resulted in top levels of utilization while also generating waste. The textile industry's fast fashion cycle promotes excessive consumption and waste. The textile and garment industry is notoriously polluting, so this could hurt the environment. Textile manufacturing requires a significant amount of water due to its chemical nature. Waste from textile production primarily consists of wastewater and fiber waste. Unwanted clothing in the textile production chain led to the majority of fiber waste. This paper investigates how adding textile and electronic waste to concrete affects its properties. Electronic waste and textile fibers were cut into 20mm x 8mm pieces and used at a 1.5% volume ratio. The concrete grades used were M30, M35, and M40. The concrete combined plan is based on IRC 44:2008 standards. Current evaluations involving the durability properties of fiber-reinforced concrete show significant improvements over 28 days: compressive strength increased by 18%, while flexural and vibration strengths boosted by 39% and 32%, respectively. Experimental findings indicate a 17% reduction in deflection during 4-point bending tests and a 33% decrease in double shear test deflection. Deflection calculations were performed using energy-based approaches, with computed and empirical results aligning within acceptable margins. Notably, electronic and textile waste demonstrate promising potential as effective reinforcements for cement-based concrete.

The textile industry is one of the oldest industries and the third most important industry branch in Macedonia. It has had a steady increase in production over the years. Growing production line proportionally generates textile waste. Although it is terminologically categorized as waste, textile waste can be a valuable resource and is one of the textile industry’s main challenges. Textile waste, appropriately treated with the possibilities offered by the recycling process or used as a clean waste, can find multi-faced application in different construction areas. This paper covers research that examines the possibilities of applying textile waste in the field of thermal insulations in buildings. The focus is on developing thermal insulation solutions applied in sustainable and ecologic buildings. Applied thermal insulation has a primary impact on reducing electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with indoor air conditioning. That would mean that buildings incorporating appropriate thermal insulation offer greater comfort, directly increasing the quality of life. This is an additional economic-environmental dimension. According to the experimental testing, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the textile waste is obtained at 0.039 W/m·K. Its value defines a thermal insulation material suitable for the purpose and has approximate values to the other materials usually used for thermal insulation in buildings. Implementing a product made of textile waste with appropriate performance would bring economic benefits to the industry and open new job opportunities.

Increased production in the textile industry has the potential to result in high dye waste water. Various conventional methods to handle with textile waste treatment have been done, but still considered not yet or less effective. The AOP technology (Advanced Oxidation Processes) applied in this research is a rapid degradation technology in textile wastes with advanced oxidation process through the formation of hydroxyl radical (OH) which is considered to optimize the degradation process of textile dye waste. This study aims to evaluate the performance of ozonation methods and AOP (O3/UV/H2O2) in dye degradation of textile wastewater containing remazol blue compounds. Both configuration methods used are optimized in several parameters such as waste flow rate, ozone voltage and pH to obtain maximum remazol blue degradation. From this study, the higher percentage to remazol blue degradation is 99.99%, which is achieved by AOP method, with double air injection air flow rate of 10 L/min and 0.25 L/min liquid flow rate.

This study explores the practical application of material circularity in Bangladesh’s textile and apparel industry, focusing on pre-consumer textile solid waste management. While much of the existing literature discusses circular economy (CE) models theoretically, this research presents an actual case where a material circularity is implemented. Through a detailed examination of market clusters dealing with the resale, reuse, recycling, and the waste material matrix, the study uncovers the complexities of sorting, processing, and repurposing textile solid waste. Despite challenges like inconsistent sorting practices, informal market operations, and limited recycling infrastructure, the findings highlight significant scopes for material circularity. The study emphasizes the need for standardized regulations and targeted interventions to scale up circular practices. By showcasing real-world examples of material circularity, this research contributes to the development of a systematic, policy-driven approach to sustainable waste management in the textile industry, moving beyond theoretical discussions to practical, actionable insights.

Microbial enzymes have revolutionised the textile industry by replacing harmful chemicals with eco-friendly alternatives, enhancing processes such as desizing, scouring, dyeing, finishing, and promoting water conservation while reducing pollution. This review explores the role of enzymes like amylases, pectinases, cellulases, catalases, laccases, and peroxidases in sustainable textile processing, focusing on their ability to mitigate environmental pollution from textile effluents. The review also examines the types and characteristics of hazardous textile waste and evaluates traditional waste treatment methods, highlighting sustainable alternatives such as microbial enzyme treatments for effluent treatment. Recent advancements in recombinant enzyme technology, including enzyme engineering and immobilisation techniques to enhance stability, reusability, and catalytic performance, are also explored. Additionally, the potential of extremozymes in textile processing and effluent treatment is explored, emphasising their stability under harsh industrial conditions. Strategies for reducing textile waste through enzyme-based processes are presented, focusing on principles of the circular economy. The review also addresses challenges such as scalability, cost, and process optimisation, while proposing potential solutions and outlining future directions for the widespread adoption of microbial enzymes in sustainable textile production and waste management. This review underscores the transformative potential of microbial enzymes in achieving greener textile manufacturing practices.

Textile industry is a significant environmental polluter, generating vast amounts of waste during production, processing, dyeing, and distribution. Disposing of chemical and solid textile waste poses serious risks to soil, water, and air quality. In order to mitigate this inconvenience, solid textile waste can be reused through redesign or recycling methods. One such method involves repurposing textile waste as adsorbent or as a raw material for carbon adsorbent preparation. In this study, fibrous textile waste, waste cotton yarns and flax fibers were utilized as cost-effective resources for carbon material production. Carbon materials were derived from waste fibers and yarns through carbonization and subsequent activation using KOH as an activating agent. The adsorption characteristics of newly prepared materials were examined through the adsorption of various drugs from water. Factors such as contact time, initial concentration, and pH of the drug mixture in an aqueous solution were studied to understand their impact on the adsorption capacity of carbon adsorbents. The obtained results were analyzed using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetics models, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. It has been shown that carbon materials obtained by the activation of cotton yarn and flax fibers can be used as highly efficient adsorbents for the rapid removal of drugs from water.

Collecting, sorting, and subsequent processing of textile waste are critical global challenges. Currently, the textile industry is ranked as the third-largest environmental polluter, following the food and construction sectors. The textile industry, due to its long technological chains and high consumption of water and energy resources, generates about 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for household and technical textiles made from natural and chemical fibers is increasing every day. The limited availability of existing resources necessitates the rational use of raw materials and the production of textile materials from recycled fibers. Among the primary pathways for reducing textile waste is the transition to a circular economy, which aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. The introduction of non-traditional spinning technologies (spun yarn by bonding fibers) will be a significant step forward in textile waste recycling, as this technology allows the formation of yarn from fibers of any length.

Despite the fact that textile waste is almost entirely recyclable, approximately 75% of it ends up in landfills worldwide. This has serious environmental and economic consequences. This review focuses on textile waste statistics, its contribution to pollution and recycling, as well as the benefits, barriers, types, and technologies of textile waste recycling. Textile production and textile waste generation have increased alarmingly as a result of fast fashion, which emphasizes low-cost production, frequent consumption, and short-term use of garments. This industry is distinguished by scarcity of resources, excessive consumption, and the generation of large amounts of waste. The frequency of consumer purchases is increasing, while the life span of clothing is drastically decreasing. Recycling does not occur as expected for a variety of reasons, so the environmental impact and economic losses from this waste grow over time. The textile industry currently contributes about 8% of the global carbon budget and 20% of industrial water pollution. Every year, $500 billion is lost to the system due to unused clothing and a lack of recycling. A paradigm shift is urgently required to implement an effective textile waste recycling system.

Textile supply chain waste management in China

Fabric scrap waste in the textile and garment industry consists of leftover or unused fabric pieces from the cutting and sewing processes. Managing fabric waste is essential for environmental sustainability and cost-effectiveness in the textile sector. Common types of fabric scrap include trim waste, cutting room scrap, and defective or off-cut pieces. Efficient scrap management reduces environmental impact, lowers costs, and enhances operational efficiency. As sustainability demands grow, industries are adopting innovative strategies to minimize waste and optimize production. This study investigates the mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact) and thermal properties of fabric scrap-reinforced composite materials. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to assess their thermal stability. Experimental results revealed that chopped fabric scrap composites outperformed sandwich and laminated forms in mechanical performance. The optimal composition was identified as a 40% reinforcement and 60% matrix weight ratio. According to the test results, the maximum tensile and flexural strength were obtained at chopped orientation, with values of 110 and 112 MPa, respectively. Regarding the hardness test, almost all three orientations showed similar results at the described ratio. The findings suggest that fabric scrap-reinforced polyester composites have significant potential for automotive applications, particularly in vehicle hoods, bumpers, and roofing. Moreover, this study emphasizes the role of recycled textile composites in promoting a circular economy, bridging the automotive and textile industries. By integrating waste materials into high-performance composites, this approach supports sustainability efforts through waste reduction and resource optimization, making it a viable solution for eco-friendly manufacturing.

Clothing and textile industries are major contributors to environmental pollution including textile manufacturing through garment production, spinning, weaving, and dyeing. In this context, the sustainability textile industry is a big challenge and contributes to serving a large segment of society. Also, textile wastes could be used as a raw material for added-value products. Herein, in this study, recycling of residues fabric was treated with antimicrobial nanocomposite to reach the best use of exhausts and obtain multifunction products of aesthetic via the technical design of the waste raw materials. Besides, solving the unemployment problem by opening fields for small industry projects capable of producing high-value textile artifacts, especially when treated against microbes, can be applied to home furnishings. The waste fabric was treated via green synthesis nanocomposite based on chitosan and in situ prepared ZnONPs and cross-linked with tannic acid. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized using physicochemical analysis including attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, the nanocomposite and treated fabric topographical behavior were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attachment with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and images were processed to evaluate the roughness structure. Additionally, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were performed to ensure the size and stability of the nanocomposite. The obtained results affirmed the green synthesis of nanocomposite with a size around 130 nm, as well as the doped ZnONPs average size of 26 nm and treated waste fabric, performed a promising attraction between nanocomposite and fabric fibers. Moreover, the antimicrobial study observed excellent activity of nanocomposite against bacteria and unicellular fungi as well.

Textile recycling is an important contemporary issue and a field of research for which the aim is a circular economy in order to hinder the negative impact of increasing textile consumption on environment and climate. However, when it comes to textiles, the linear economy has a short history. This article is about textile recycling and the trade of rags during a long nineteenth century. The amount of textiles increased in Swedish households, leading to an increase also in the supply of rags. A number of changes led to a growing demand for rags during the first half of the nineteenth century as a resource for the production of paper, followed in the latter half of the century by a growing demand for wool rags within the textile industry. While the importance of rags for the paper industry is well known, this article sheds new light on the importance of rags for textile production. Sources show that as much as 40 percent of the wool used within Swedish wool manufactures at the end of the nineteenth century came from wool rags. The trade with rags was performed at different levels: from individual rag collectors and small rag­and­bone dealers to a large­scale international trade. The circular economy of textiles meant that textile waste became a nec­essary part of a growing textile production, which in turn created possibil­ities for an83 increased consumption and thus more textile waste. Thus, this article supports previous research pointing out that waste not only was the necessary, unfortunate bi­product of industrialization, but also a prerequisite for increased production.