Анализ эффективности градостроительных решений для города Надыма в полувековой ретроспективе

Improvement of design solutions in the field of urban planning is impossible without modernization of normative and regulatory framework in accordance with modern requirements, one of which is the concept for sustainable development of the society and the concept was adopted by the United Nations. Scientifically substantiated approach to solving a problem pertaining to improvement of planning and architectural-spatial structure of small cities in Iran is impossible without taking into account provisions of the sustainable development concept. In 2006–2016 the author participated in preparation of several projects for Iranian cities and revealed main problems, faced by designers and final consumers of their products – residents of cities. Difficulties in development of these documents were caused by legislation imperfection in respect of their harmonization and validation, projecting procedure and also scientific substantiations of the adopted decisions. The author presents history of legislation in urban planning sphere and also considers a system of normative and regulatory documents that regulates issues of urban planning in Iran and main levels concerning development of urban planning documentation, analyzes three main types of urban planning in Iran (city general plan, guide-plan, detailed plan), their basic structure and their compliance with modern requirements (sustainable development concept). The main urban planning documentation problems in Iran are subdivided in three stages: development, harmonization and validation. The paper enumerates various urban planning problems in Iran (insufficient information on urbanization processes, absence of national regulatory documents, absence of evaluation methods and theoretical justifications, shortage in normative requirements) and proposes prospective directions for improving normative-regulatory framework of urban planning in Iran. The author has made an analysis of legislative acts in urban planning and various types of project documentation developed in Iran and its compliance with sustainable development concept.

Urban green spaces play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life in cities, offering a myriad of environmental, psychological, and economic benefits. This article explores the integral role of these spaces in urban environments, highlighting their importance in promoting biodiversity, reducing urban heat, improving air quality, and enhancing community well-being. Through a detailed examination of various global case studies, the review underscores the successful integration of green spaces into urban planning and the substantial positive impacts on city residents and ecosystems. The challenges of land use conflicts, maintenance, sustainability, and accessibility are addressed, offering a comprehensive overview of both the hurdles and opportunities in optimizing urban green spaces. The review advocates for robust strategies to overcome these challenges, emphasizing the need for increased community involvement, innovative use of technology, and strategic policy implementation to foster sustainable and inclusive urban green environments.

Transition towards 100% renewable power and heat supply for energy intensive economies and severe continental climate conditions: Case for Kazakhstan

The combined application of paleocryological and palynological methods has revealed that the formation of polygonal wedge ice at the end of the Late Pleistocene and in the first half of the Holocene, including the main phase of peat accumulation and of the advance of the treeline into the tundra zone in the north of Western Siberia, occurred under conditions of severe continental climate. Mean annual air temperatures and permafrost temperatures were significantly lower than at present and thus caused an intensification of thermal contraction cracking and of ice wedge formation. Existing concepts of the Holocene Climatic Optimum in the north of Siberia as a period of significantly higher humidities, higher mean summer air temperatures and permafrost temperatures and of widespread degradation of the permafrost do not present a true picture of the reality of the geographical situation at the time.

Trees in Arctic cities perform not only important provisional and regulating ecosystem services, but also bring predominantly settler population closer to the visual images and household standards of their home southern regions. However, maintenance of green infrastructure in the Arctic has specific difficulties associated with the harsh climatic and environmental conditions. This paper focuses on state and dynamics of vegetation in the city of Nadym, Russia, with a particular focus on native and introduced trees as the main ecosystem service providers and an articulation of local values towards green spaces. The research is based on interdisciplinary approach which includes interviews with local residents, geobotanical survey and analysis of remote sensing data. The results of the study show that maintaining of natural vegetation requires specific measures due to environmental the critical impact of anthropogenic activity. The active introduction of plants from more southern regions is manifested both in the deliberate practice of landscaping the city’s streets and courtyards, and in spontaneous attempts to introduce plants from more southern (not Subarctic) agricultural regions of Russia, which are privately brought by city residents from other regions.

Obesity on the scales

The native range of the freshwater bream Abramis brama includes the basins of the North, Baltic, White, Azov, Black, Caspian and Aral seas. This species is not a popular object of aquaculture, but it is cultivated in some countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In the water bodies of Italy, Spain, Portugal, England and China, it is a naturalized alien species that does not have a large number. At first freshwater bream was introduced into the Ob basin in 1862, in the reservoirs of the eastern slope Urals. By the end of the 19th century, bream became common in this region, but spread slowly downstream: in the Lower Irtysh it was noted only in the mid-1920s, and entered the commercial statistics in 1936. It became known in the Middle Irtysh in the 1930s, but it became an object of fishing only in 1963. In the lakes of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve, at first bream was introduced in 1928. In the largest of them, it became naturalized. In the Ubinskoye lake the bream formed a stable self-reproducing population, which served as a source of juvenile bream for resettlement in water bodies of Siberia and Kazakhstan in the middle of the twentieth century. Currently, the bream in the Ubinskoye lake does not inhabit due to the shall owing of the lake. Bream was introduced into the Novosibirsk reservoir in 1957–1960. It quickly became numerous and began to spread up and down the river Ob. It has been known in the Upper Ob in the Altai Region since the early 1960s, and in the Middle Ob in the Tomsk Region since the end of the same decade. Currently, the catch of bream in the Ob basin are maximum in the Bukhtarma reservoir, relatively large in the Novosibirsk reservoir and in the water bodies of the Khanty- Mansiysk Autonomous Region. At the same time, the share of this species in the total volume of fish catch in large reservoirs of the Ob basin is about 80% of the fishing, in the Middle Ob and Middle Irtysh — about 20%, and in the north of Western Siberia — less than 0.5%. The decrease in the share of bream in the fishery from south to north reflects not only a decrease in the abundance of this species in the latitudinal direction, but also an increase in the stocks of native fish species.

Relative permeabilities are very important for reservoir engineering, because these parameters highly influence waterflooding efficiency, oil/liquid production forecast and therefore economics of an asset. Evaluation of multiphase flow parameters from core data suffers from small REV and pointwise level of averaging. It distorts the actual flow conditions at the reservoir level, and their history matching from production data requires long history of waterflooding. The technological complexity of new oil reservoirs development rises the problem of determining the displacement effeciency (Edisp) and relative permeability functions (RP) in the downhole conditions for reliable evaluation of investment attractiveness of the asset and creating sound development of the project. This paper summarizes the experience and interpretation of two-phase well testing using OGRI RAS technology. Integrated well testing to determine Edisp and RP (for oil-water system) is based on the creation of two-phase (oil and water) multidirectional flows and repeatable recordings of pulsed neutron logging (PNL) to monitor changes in water saturation near wellbore. For reliable geophysical interpretation it is necessary to monitor changes in the water phase salinity in contact with formation water, injectied water and technological solutions. Integrated interpretation of such testing procedure is based on the numerical solution of direct and inverse problems in the two-dimensional, two-phase (oil-water), two (oil + water) or three (oil + water + salt) component statement. The experience of conducting and interpreting such tests for oil fields at the exploration stage and pilot projects in conditions of autonomy and arctic climate is delivered in the paper. Accumulated experience allowed us to justify the optimal design of the testing process, well preparation and the well testing procedure itself. Special schemes of downhole and wellhead equipment setup are devised for solving all the research problems without lifting operations. Original technical solutions for well completion and continuous pumping of water-based agent in arctic climate, with large permafrost interval and very low formation injectivity were also developed. Complex technique of joint geophysical and flow measurements interpretation in the course of well testing is substantiated. The effective numerical algorithms and software for solving inverse problems to identify oil and water RP at reservoir conditions in two-dimensional, two-phase (oil-water), two (oil + water) or three (oil + water + salt) component model were also proposed and validated. Significant effect of technological fluids penetration into the formation during well completion and tripping on reservoir water salinity in the near wellbore area is revealed, Simplified method of accounting for and controlling salinity changes during interaction between reservoir, injected and residual technological water phases is proposed. For the object tested, effective estimates of displacement efficiency and RP curves are obtained. These parameters substantially correct core data and provide more reliable prediction of water flooding system efficiency and assessment of the investment attractiveness of the asset.

The article considers citizens as a subject of forming the urban environment design. In the conditions of the city multi-functionality as a territorial entity, new requirements on the creation of urban spaces are imposed. The urban environment should meet the diversity of the population needs, while the city residents themselves become active participants in its planning and design. The primary data were collected using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. 385 citizens of Yekaterinburg were questioned on the basis of quota sampling in order to the study citizens’ opinions about the city of Yekaterinburg and to evaluate their role in the design of the urban environment. Semi-structured interviews (n=12) were organized for the citizens engaged in the city design on a regular basis. 94% of the respondents note the need to form a positive city image. 54% of the respondents believe that they are actors of urban planning. Yekaterinburg residents’ express high willingness to participate in the city design (71%) and 78% of the respondents believe that they can influence on the making decisions by administrative structures. Our respondents consider the following basic mechanisms for implementing their own vision of urban space: discussion in social networks and participation in public hearings.

The aim of the study is to find out the typology of priorities and motivations for naming pets in the modern Ukrainian urban environment based on the material of fellinonyms and kinonyms of the city of Zaporizhzhia. The zoonomy of the modern city resident has been developing gradually, and over the decades the motivational features in it could change: it was the similarity of objects and the commonality of their functions, and often quite random associations. Modern pets' names of Ukrainian city residents in terms of motivation are divided into two groups: nicknames, based on motivated names (for example, people's names); nicknames, which use occasionalisms and appellatives, which for the most part make it impossible to motivate the nickname and not to contain any indication of the features of these animals. However, in a third of the cases the pets’ owners still do not come up with occasionalisms, but use human names. In fact, there is a tendency to name pets by using the colloquial version of a human name, which is consistent with the household model of behaviour of city residents in relation to animals. By number, the largest subset of motivated pet names is those based on an anthroponym, which is the simplest and most unpretentious way to name an animal. Ukrainian city residents rarely give their pets names, based on the names of Ukrainian personalities or realities, which indicates that the nominative fashion on felinonyms and kinonyms has not been formed on the basis of specific onyms or appellatives, and due to the prevalence of Anglicism, it misses its chance to be formed. In the last 12-15 years, we have increasingly come across borrowed names (rarely surnames) that are motivating for cat or dog nicknames in Ukrainian cities, and most of them are borrowed from European languages. Modern urban zoonyms often have a dual function: identifying and characterizing: these include pet names, which are based on the animal's color, fur characteristics, size, physique features, the character and behaviour of the animal. Non-motivated nicknames of urban animals are most often based on «fashionable» appellatives (most often borrowed), one-syllable occasional nicknames formed by apheresis. In zoonomy, city residents create nominative precedents, relying on traditional language resources, the latest borrowings, creating occasionalisms that individualize the pet and reveal the urban identity of the owner.

Knowing the behavioral patterns of city residents is of great value in formulating and adjusting urban planning strategies, such as urban road planning, urban commercial development, and urban pedestrian flow control. Based on the high penetration rate of cell phones, it is possible to indirectly understand the behavior of city residents based on the call records of users. However, the behavioral patterns of large‐scale users over a long period of time can present characteristics such as large dispersion, difficult to discover patterns, and difficult to explain behavioral patterns. In this paper, we design and implement a human behavior pattern analysis system based on massive mobile communication data based on serial data modeling method and visual analysis technology. For the problem that it is difficult to capture the behavioral patterns of residents in cities in call records, this paper constructs base station trajectories based on users’ cell phone call records and uses users’ long‐time base station trajectories to mine users’ potential behavioral patterns. Since users with similar activity characteristics will exhibit similar base station trajectories, this paper focuses on the similarity between text sequences and base station trajectory sequences and combines the word embedding method in natural language processing to build a Cell2vec model to identify the semantics of base stations in cities. In order to obtain the group behavior patterns of users from the base station trajectories of group users, a user clustering method based on users’ regional mobile preferences is proposed, and the results are projected using the Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t‐SNE) algorithm to expose the clustering features of large‐scale cell phone users in the low‐dimensional space. To address the problem that user behavior patterns are difficult to interpret, a visual analysis model with group as well as regional semantics is designed for the spatial and temporal characteristics of user behavior. Among them, the clustering model uses the distance between scatter points to map the similarity between users, which helps analysts to explore the behavioral characteristics of group users.

Urban agriculture is gaining attention as a means to revitalize abandoned urban properties. The recent interest in this practice over the past decades has provided increased food security for low income families and city residents (Lovell 2010). Urban residents can either grow their own food, be part of a CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) program, or gain easier access to affordable supplies of vegetables or fresh produce from local farmers markets – reducing the food deserts in these cities. One of the major challenges of growing vegetables in formerly blighted properties in an urban environment is the possibility of soil contamination. Concerns about the perceived human health risk of gardening in urban soils due to possible or real contamination continue to deter potential gardeners from growing crops on blighted, formerly used properties. Common urban soil contaminants include lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Spittler 1979; Chaney et al. 1984; Alloway 2004; Roussel et al. 2010). Of these contaminants, Pb is by far the most dominant and wide-spread in urban environments. Soil remediation or managing risk posed by contaminants can be challenging as a result of poor soil quality and the presence of co-contaminants. Options such as raised-bed gardening or soil replacement can be physically and financially restrictive. Therefore, there is a great need for sharing science-based knowledge on risk management associated with Pb and other urban soil contaminants.

The chapter provides information on crop evaporation and water consumption during different growth stages, influenced by prevailing weather and climate conditions. This data serves as the basis for designing and implementing effective water regulation strategies. The authors conducted an assessment of the weather and climate in Western Polissia of Ukraine, and performed computer simulations of diverse climate scenarios. These simulations were based on comprehensive forecasts and models, considering key parameters of hydro-melioration systems, local climatic conditions, water management techniques, and the productivity of drained lands under various natural, agronomic, and reclamation conditions. Long-term forecasts were utilized to determine the vegetative values of total evaporation and the water demand of drained lands under changing weather and climatic conditions. Additionally, the authors evaluated the technological efficiency of different methods for moistening drained lands.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There are limited data on human activity and the environment needed to inform policies and target infrastructures to improve the health and wellbeing of residents in cities in sub-Saharan Africa, the world's fastest urbanising region. METHODS: We collected a bespoke dataset of 2.10 million images in Accra, Ghana, captured at five-minute internals over ~15 months at 145 representative locations. We retrained a convolutional neural network using a manually labelled subset of images to identify people (including street vendors) and 18 objects – categorised into large vehicles, small vehicles, two wheelers, objects from the market, refuse and animals – that collectively represent important features of human activity and the environment in the city. RESULTS:We identified 23.5 million of these objects in our dataset. Of these, 9.66 million (41%) were humans, followed by cars (4.19 million; 18%). We found strong correlation among the number of people, large vehicles and market-related objects, which were typically captured in the business and commercial core and high-density residential areas; moderate correlation between these three categories and small vehicles; weak correlation with two wheelers; and inverse correlation with refuse and animals which were more common in the peripheral areas of the city. The frequency of objects changed throughout the day with the extent of variation dependent on the type of object and location. There were noticeable reductions in the number of people, vehicles and market related activity in commercial and business areas during the Covid-19 lockdown, but smaller reductions observed in high-density residential areas. CONCLUSIONS:Contextual adaptation of computer vision tools can reduce the global gap in data on cities to advance sustainable and healthy urban development. Our data and approach have the potential to be applied to a range of urban environmental topics, including estimating road-traffic volume/flows and identifying sources of air and noise pollution. KEYWORDS: Big data, imagery, deep learning, built Environment; covid-19; traffic-related

<p>By modelling and forecasting  of meteorological  time  series it is possible to  improve   understanding  of  the  weather dynamics and fluctuations as a result of climate change . The most frequently used forecasting models are exponential smoothing, ARIMA models (Box and Jenkins, 1970), state-space models (Harvey, 1989) and innovations State Space Models (Hyndman et al., 2008).</p><p>The aim of this study was to check the effectiveness of the coupled TBATS and Support Vector Machines (SVM) model, supplied with some measured meteorological quantities to forecast air temperature for six years for four climatic localizations in Europe. The study was calculated from northern (Jokioinen in Finland), central (Dikopshof located in the west part of Germany and Nossen in the south part of Germany) and southern (Lleida in Spain) Europe to present different climatic conditions. Jokioinen city has a subarctic climate that has severe winters, with cool and short summers and strong seasonality. Lleida has a semi-arid climate with Mediterranean. Dikopshof represents maritime temperate climate. There are significant precipitation throughout the year in Dikopshof and Nossen. In the study we study on air temperature dataset collected on a daily basis from January 1st 1980 to December 31st 2010 (11322 days).</p><p>For all the studied sites coupled TBATS/SVM models occurred to be effective in predicting air temperature courses, giving an improved precision (up to 25%) in forecasting of the seasonality and local temperature variations, compared to pure SVM or TBATS modelling. The precision of prediction of the maximum and minimum air temperatures strongly depended on the dynamics of the weather conditions, and varied for different climatic zones.</p><p>This study has been partly financed from the funds of the Polish National Centre for Research and Development in frame of the project: MSINiN, contract number: BIOSTRATEG3/343547/8/NCBR/2017.</p><p> </p><p>Reference to a journal publication:</p><p>BOX, G.E.P. – Jenkins, G. 1970. Time Series Analysis: forecasting and control. Holden-Day, p. 20-31.</p><p>HARVEY A. 1989. Forecasting Structural Time Series Model and the Kalman Filter. New York, Cambridge University press., p. 32-41.</p><p>HYNDMAN, R.J. – KOEHLER, A.B. – ORD, J.K. – SNYDER, R.D. 2008. Forecasting with Exponential Smoothing: The State Space Approach. Springer-Verlag, p. 50-62.</p>