Сравнительная характеристика мукомольных свойств зерна различных сортов и сортообразцов тритикале

Abstract. The production of high-quality food wheat grains depends to a large extent on the quality potential of the cultivated varieties and the conditions that ensure its implementation. Studies have identified quality-resistant varieties and factors that ensure an optimal combination of yield and grain quality. The purpose of the research is to consider the possibilities of new varieties of spring wheat to form the technological properties of grain in the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region. Methods. Studies were carried out in 2021 and 2022 in the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region at the Ishim state section. The soil is leached chernozem. The predecessor in the experience is pure steam. The technological properties of wheat grain were assessed by the West Siberian Interregional Center for Comprehensive Quality Assessment of the Tested Varieties (Barnaul). The main criteria for assessing wheat varieties are taken as the gluten content in flour, the strength of flour according to the alveograph and the liquefaction of the test according to the farinograph, these indicators in local conditions are often limiting when assessing varieties according to bakery strength. According to the results of studies, it was established that the indicator “gluten content in flour” in the studied varieties significantly depended on meteorological conditions. For example, in 2022, with a higher degree of moisture and a lower degree of heat compared to 2021, in the predominant part of the varieties (80 %), the amount of gluten in the flour was lower than the standards for wheat filler. At the same time, the following varieties showed high opportunities to provide flour with the amount of gluten: Tyumenskaya 25, Agronomicheskaya 5, Baganochka, Dorada, Tyumenskaya 29, Varden. Varieties stood out – their indicators were at the level of requirements for strong wheat: Baganochka, Ishimskaya 12 and Lenta 45. In terms of “dough liquefaction”, a significant part of the varieties corresponded to the class “wheat-filler”. At the level of strong wheat were indicators in the varieties Ishimskaya 12, Zagora Novosibirsk, Nitsa. Scientific novelty: In the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region, new scientific information has been obtained on the formation by new varieties of spring soft wheat of the state test of technological indicators characterizing the baking power of flour. The highest gluten content in flour of 70% yield was distinguished by the varieties Agronomic 5, Dorada, Varden, Baganochka, Ishimskaya 12, and Lenta varieties were characterized by high indicators of the physical properties of the test on the alveograph; Ishimskaya 12 on the farinograph, Zagora Novosibirsk, Nice.

The creation of varieties adapted to changing environmental conditions, resistant to various pathogens,and satisfying various grain purposes is impossible without using the genetic diversity of wheat. One of the waysto expand the genetic diversity of wheat is to introduce new variants of genes from the genetic pool of congenersand wild relatives into the genotypes of existing varieties. In this study, we used 10 lines from the Arsenal collectioncreated on the genetic basis of the spring variety ‘Rodina’ and the diploid species Aegilops speltoides in the FederalResearch Center “Nemchinovka” in 1994. The lines were previously characterized for the presence of translocationsand chromosomal rearrangements cytologically and using molecular markers. Technological analyses wereperformed on grain obtained in Western Siberia and Moscow region. The aim of this study was to establish thepossibilities of expanding the phenotypic diversity for technological properties of grain and flour as a result ofsuch hybridization of bread wheat and the diploid cereal Aegilops speltoides. The variety ‘Rodina’ forms a vitreousgrain with a high gluten content in Siberia, but has low physical properties of flour and dough. Five derived lineswere found to have significantly higher protein and gluten content in grain. The highest values under both growingconditions were found in lines 73/00i, 82/00i, and 84/00i. Two lines (69/00i and 76/00i) showed a high flourstrength and dough elasticity, characterizing the lines as strong and valuable in quality. These lines can be used forbaking bread. Line 82/00i inherited from Ae. speltoides a soft-grain endosperm, which indicates the introgressionof the Ha- Sp gene, homoeoallelic to the Ha gene of bread wheat, into ‘Rodina’. Flour of this line is suitable for themanufacture of confectionery without the use of technological additives. The lines generally retained their characteristicsin different growing conditions. They can be attracted as donors of new alleles of genes that determine thetechnological properties of grain and resistance to biotic stresses.

Growth and yield responses of spring and winter triticale cultivated under Mediterranean conditions

Для получения ценного сырья для солодоращения очень важно иметь представление о степени влияния факторов среды на основные показатели. Полевые исследования выполнены в 2015 – 2019 гг. в условиях Московской области на сортах пивоваренного ячменя Ксанаду, Эльф, Раушан, Владимир, Нур, Московский 86, Надежный, Знатный, Рафаэль. В качестве стандарта использовали сорт Яромир. Методом дисперсионного анализа выявлено достоверное влияние фактора «среда» на пивоваренные свойства сортов ячменя. В условиях вегетационного периода с умеренным уровнем гидротермического режима (ГТК) формируется зерно с оптимальными значениями биохимических и технологических показателей. Корреляционным анализом подтверждено более сильное влияние осадков и температурного режима: на содержание белка в зерне (r = –0,920) и способность прорастания (r = 0,864) в период всходы – кущение; на пленчатость (r = –0,405) в фазу кущение – колошение; на энергию прорастания (r = 0,706) и экстрактивность (r = –0,352) во время колошения – созревания. В целом за период вегетации обнаружена немаловажная роль ГТК в понижении белковости (r = –0,844) и пленчатости зерна (r = –0,477), а также в повышении способности прорастания (r = 0,768). Сравнительная оценка биохимических и технологических свойств зерна выявила особую ценность новых пивоваренных сортов ярового ячменя селекции ФИЦ «Немчиновка»: Надежный, Знатный и Рафаэль. В отличие от других образцов, средний уровень белковости зерна у них соответствовал требованиям государственного стандарта, а в благоприятные годы приближался к европейским нормам (10,9 – 11,2 %). Выделенные сорта выгодно отличались как по содержанию экстрактивных веществ, так и по показателям прорастаемости.

The analysis of the cereals market, acreage and yield of millet in recent years has done. For the conditions of the Samara region millet variety of Dawn is revealed, which provides of the the highest yields, high technological properties of grain and its products in comparison with other varieties.

Приведены результаты исследований по влиянию различных уровней минеральных удобрений на особенности формирования хлебопекарных и технологических свойств зерна у разноплановых по качественным характеристикам сортов яровой пшеницы при возделывании на темно-серой лесной тяжелосуглинистой почве. Выявлена сортовая специфика на минеральное питание. Установлено, что при использовании минерального фона и внесении азотных удобрений в разные фазы развития растений у сортов Агата, РИМА, Арсея отмечалось увеличение содержания белка в зерне на 0,86-1,38 % относительно контроля. У сорта Агата в варианте N64P64K64+ N30 выявлено увеличение содержания клейковины в муке на 2,5 %, седиментации на 12,5, силы муки на 14,1 %, относительно контроля. Сорт Маэстро обладает невысоким потенциалом качественных показателей зерна, в частности имеет пониженную седиментацию 37-43 мл, невысокую силу муки 183-224 е.а. Небольшой объёмный выход хлеба и уровень минерального питания мало влияли на изменение его показателей качества. The article presents the results of studies on the effect of different levels of mineral fertilizers on the features of the formation of baking and technological properties of grain in spring wheat varieties with different quality characteristics when grown on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil. The variety specificity for mineral nutrition was revealed. It was found that when using a mineral background and introducing nitrogen fertilizers at different stages of plant development, the Agata, RIMA, and Arsey varieties showed an increase in protein content in grain by 0.86-1.38% relative to the control. In the Agata variety in the (N64P64K64)+N30 variant, an increase in gluten content in flour by 2.5%, sedimentation by 12.5, and flour strength by 14.1% was revealed relative to the control. The Maestro variety has a low potential for grain quality indicators, in particular, it has low sedimentation of 37-43 ml, low flour strength of 183-224 EA. The small volumetric yield of bread and the level of mineral nutrition had little effect on the change in its quality indicators.

Purpose. To investigate the allelopathic compatibility of common bean seeds and companion crops, to establish interaction patterns using water extracts from seeds and other plant parts of common bean and companion crops. Methods. Laboratory, statistical. Results. Biotest: interaction of germinating seeds of bean and companion crops in Petri dishes. Biologically active substances from winter and spring triticale seeds (the bean seeds/seeds of companion crops ratio was 1:10) negatively affected bean seedlings, which was seen from all parameters under investigation: hypocotyl length (with the root included), length of the longest adventitious root, the adventitious root number, and true leaf length (with epicotyl included). At a ratio of 1:5, winter triticale-induced inhibition of hypocotyl growth was enhanced up to 38 %, while, on the contrary, spring triticale had a neutral effect on this parameter. A stimulating effect (106 %) of spring triticale seeds on the true bean leaf length (with epicotyl) was noted. For winter and spring triticale in a ratio of 1:1 (compared to the control – without seeds of companion crops), inhibition of the growth of the hypocotyl with the root by 21 % and the true leaf with the epicotyl by 10–9 %, respectively, is observed. Biotest: germination of bean seeds in a water extract from whole seeds of bean and companion crops in Petri dishes. Water extract from spring triticale seeds in a ratio of 1:2 had the greatest stimulating effect on the tap root and the first leaf lengths; winter triticale extract in a ratio of 1:4 had the greatest effect on the adventitious root an epicotyl lengths; bean extract in a ratio of 1:2 had the greatest effect on the epicotyl length. Biotest: germination of bean seeds in a water extract from vegetative mass, roots and post-harvest residues of bean and companion crops in Petri dishes. Water extracts from roots of bean, winter and spring triticale weakly inhibited the main bean root elongation. A neutral allelopathic effect on the bean seed germination was exerted by extract from post-harvest residues of spring triticale. A water extract from top parts of bean had a negative allelopathic effect on germinating bean seeds, indicating self-incompatibility of this crop. Conclusions. The laboratory tests showed that biologically active substances from seeds of both winter triticale and spring triticale at a ratio of 1:10 were toxic for bean ssedlings. Combined germination of bean and spring triticale seeds at a ratio of 1:5 had a more positive effect compared to other ratios of seeds of companion crops, and combined germination of bean seeds with spring and winter triticale seeds at a ratio of 1:1 demonstrated very similar parameters of germinating bean seeds. It was found that water extracts from bean and spring triticale in a ratio of 1:2 and from bean and winter triticale (1:4) had a clear allelopathic effect on the bean parameters. Water extracts from winter triticale (1:1) and spring triticale (1:4) were more toxic to bean seedlings. Water extracts from roots of bean, winter and spring triticale weakly inhibited the main bean root elongation. A water extract from the aboveground parts of bean had a negative allelopathic effect on the germinating seeds of bean, indicating self-incompatibility of this crop. A neutral allelopathic effect on the germination of bean seeds was exerted by extract from post-harvest residues of spring triticale. Combined germination of seeds of bean and companion crops in the laboratory allows for assessments of peculiarities of seed germination and mutual influence of components as early as at the initial stage, for selection of crops for growing in heterogeneous fields aimed at forming a highly productive agrophytocenosis.

Grain yield is a result of an organized interplay of several yield components, which are highly susceptible to environmental fluctuations. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the relationship between grain yield and factors governing it. Experiments were conducted during the period 2008–2011 at the Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in Central Lithuania (55023′50′′ N and 23051′40′′ E) on an Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can). The correlation coefficients and path coefficient analysis was done: i) to study the interrelationship between spring triticale grain yield and its components under different N fertilization regimes, ii) to establish the impact of meteorological factors on them, iii) to explain the causality of associations between the mentioned parameters through direct and indirect effects. Three nitrogen levels were used: i) without nitrogen (N0), ii) N applied as basic fertilization shortly before sowing (N60-180), iii) N90 and N150 rates split in two and three applications. Grain yield, yield components (ears m-2, grains ear-1, thousand grain weight) and meteorological factors were investigated. The results demonstrated that the interrelationship between grain yield and its components differed between N fertilization levels. Under single N60-180 fertilization, grain yield of spring triticale depended on ears m-2 and a thousand grain weight. Under split N90, N150 level the yield depended on ears m-2. The correlation matrix between spring triticale grain yield and yield components did not reveal significant causality at N0 level. The character of interaction of grain yield components influenced the grain yield by 17.2% and 28.3% at single N60-180 and split N90, N150 fertilization levels, respectively. However, such interaction was insignificant at N0 level. The growth and development of spring triticale responded to meteorological conditions more sensitively at single N60-180 and split N90, N150 levels than at N0 level. At all N regimes, the weather conditions caused 72.6–83.5% of ears m-2, 46.6–94.1% of grains ear-1 and 84.5–92.7% of thousand grain weight data variation. The interaction of all meteorological factors influenced the grain yield by 25.6% and 40.7% at N60-180 and split N90, N150 levels, respectively.

Fertilization is the main factor and an indicator of the effectiveness of agricultural production. A wide variety and range of mineral fertilizers are currently available on the Polish market. They differ with respect to quality and price, while their names are often similar, which makes it difficult for the farmer to select the best one. There has been a steady increase in the share of multi-component fertilizers in total mineral fertilizer consumption in Poland, which seems very positive. Multi-component fertilizers supply a combination of nutrients at a time, in adequate amounts and proportions, in view of the content of available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the soil. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mixed multi-component fertilizers on spring triticale yield, the content and uptake of macronutrients. A three-year field experiment (2005-2007) was carried out in a randomized block design at the Research and Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo, at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The experiment comprised three fertilization treatments: control treatment (simple fertilizers) and two treatments with mixed multi-component fertilizers, Amofosmag 4 (NPKMg 4:15:15:2) and Amofosmag 3 (NPKMg 3:14:20:2). The tested crop was spring triticale (Triticosecale Wittm) cv. Wanad. Amofosmag 4 had the most beneficial influence on the yield of spring triticale grain, which increased by 11% on average, compared with the control treatment. The effect of Amofosmag 3 was similar to that of simple fertilizers. Simple and multi-component fertilizers exerted a comparable effect on the mineral composition of triticale grain and straw, which remained within normal limits. More pronounced differences were observed in this respect between successive years of the study. The highest total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium by spring triticale was noted in plots fertilized with

Background. Calibration models were developed for rapid assessment of crucial agronomic indicators in the grain of winter and spring triticale from the VIR collection using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). These calibration models will enable users to find the most optimal utilization trends for individual triticale accessions. Materials and methods. Indicators of agronomic value (coloration, moisture, and the content of ash, protein, starch, amylose and fiber) were studied on a set of 32 grain samples collected from winter and spring triticale forms (Triticosecale Wittm. & A. Camus) reproduced in 2021–2022 at the Dagestan Experiment Station, a branch of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). Calibration models for the assessment of the said agronomic characters in triticale grain were developed on the platform of the MATRIX-I IR analyzer (Bruker Optics, Germany) and based on the values obtained by classical methods of biochemical analysis adopted at VIR. Results. Reliability of the calibration models was tested on a randomized batch of triticale grain samples: the results of the new calibrations were compared with those of the conventional biochemical analysis. This verification showed that the data obtained through the use of calibration curves were reliable for protein and ash content, while other models required further improvement. Conclusion. Calibration models for measuring protein and ash content developed on the basis of the MATRIX-I IR analyzer can be used to perform rapid assessment of the winter and spring triticale grain. This method makes it possible to accelerate the process of obtaining crop characteristics for a number of basic agronomic characters and preserve valuable breeding material.

The present paper features Triticale grain processing. The research involved two Russian cultivars of Tri- ticale grain, i.e. Ramzes and Saur. We investigated two schemes of processing these grain varieties into high-qua- lity baker’s grade flour. The first scheme was reduced and included only the processes of breaking and reduction, whereas the second scheme was more advanced and included breaking, sieving, sizing, and reduction processes. The paper gives a thorough description of the processing schemes, their parameters, and milling modes. A detailed ana- lysis proved the high efficiency of the advanced scheme which presupposed the use of sieve purifiers. Their expe- diency was determined by the specifics of break dunst products at breaks I, II, and III. The Triticale flour varie- ties were produced by mixing various flows of the central, intermediate, and peripheral parts of the Triticale grain endosperm. The reduced scheme produced a 40% yield for the Ramzes variety (ash content = 0.70%, according to the State Standard 34142-2017*), while the advanced technological scheme resulted in a 63% yield. As for the Saur variety, the advanced scheme produced a total yield of 78%, which was 0.6% higher than in the reduced scheme. The advanced scheme resulted in a 46% yield of the T-60 flour variety, which had the lowest ash content among all the va- rieties of Triticale flour, whereas the reduced scheme failed to produce the flour of this variety. The experiment also involved the first-ever study of the rheological properties of Triticale flour varieties with Mixolab (Chopin Technolo- gies, France). The study revealed significant differences in baking absorption, doughing time, batch, gluten, viscosi- ty, amylase, and retrogradation. The best baking properties were displayed by T-70 and T-80 Triticale flours that were obtained from the central part of the endosperm, both in reduced and advanced processing schemes. However, the advanced scheme proved to be the most effective way of processing Triticale grain into baker’s grade flour.

In the paper, we studied genotypic differences in the process of winter triticale grain yield formation, in terms of yield determination by its components. We applied yield component analysis on four dwarf and 11 traditional (conventional stature) genotypes; an ontogenetic approach was employed to provide the appropriate view of this process. Using the k-means clustering procedure, the genotypes were grouped subject to similar yield structure (i.e., mean values and coefficients of variation of grain yield and its components, first clustering), similar correlation matrices among grain yield and its components (second clustering), and similar results of yield component analysis (third clustering). Based on the analysis, we attempted to provide an overall general view of determining winter triticale grain yield by its components. Thus, we elucidate that the pattern of influencing winter triticale grain yield by its components, as well as the pattern of co-relationships among these traits, cannot be explained by yield structure, and hence these two processes are determined by genotypic factors. The correlation among the traits (grain yield and its components) and the results of yield component analysis, on the other hand, were significantly related in the study, so they have similar genotypic sources.

Four granulates were prepared from waste, including lignite ash, industrial sludge, sawdust, ammonium nitrate and potassium salt (60% K2O). The produced granulates were chemically tested. They contained significant Ca and C organic contents and slightly less S, P, K and Mg. The concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn did not exceed the applicable standards. Then, they were tested in a experiment with 2 plants: spring rape, Larissa cv., and spring triticale, Milikaro cv. The content of the tested heavy metals in rape seed and triticale grain largely depended on the chemical properties and the amount of components used to produce granulates. As a rule, a higher share of industrial sludge and a lower share of lignite ash (granulates II with industrial sludge 40% and IV with industrial sludge 50%) in the granulates increased the content of heavy metals in the test plants. Applying the 2nd and 3rd doses of granulates increased the contents of cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, and zinc. Increasing doses of granulates significantly increased the uptake of heavy metals by rape seed and triticale grain. Under the influence of applied fertilizer granulates, the content of heavy metals in rape seeds and triticale grain was significantly positively correlated with their uptake.

A field experiment was conducted throughout the years 2017–2019 at Borki-Wyrki, Zbuczyn Gmina (commune). The study aimed at determining productive ear number, grain number per ear, grain weight per ear and 1000 grain weight of two spring triticale cultivars according to fertiliser type and rate, the fertiliser being either Polifoska 6 or Polifoska Krzem. The following three experimental factors were investigated in the experiment: the main factor – spring triticale cultivar (Milewo, Dublet), the sub-plot factor – mineral fertiliser type (Polifoska 6, Polifoska Krzem), the sub-sub-plot factor – mineral fertiliser rate (0 kg∙ha−1, 140 kg∙ha−1, 280 kg∙ha−1, 420 kg∙ha−1). Fertiliser rates increased pro- ductive ear number compared to unfertilised control. Fertiliser type significantly affected grain number per ear. An application of Polifoska Krzem was followed by increased grain number per ear in spring triticale. Grain weight per one ear was significantly affected cultivars. Cv. Milewo had a higher number of grains per ear compared with cv. Dublet. Spring triticale grain harvested from units fertilised with Polifoska 6 had a higher 1000 grain weight. Cv. Dublet developed more robust grain compared with cv. Milewo.

The main difference in fodder qualities of winter rye, triticale and wheat grains is the content of anti-nutritive substances: water-soluble pentosans and, accordingly, the viscosity of the aqueous extract of grain. Lack of scientific information about the content of antinutrients in the grain of winter cereal crops determines the relevance of the research; and the possibility to develop ways of using it and volumes of production for fodder purposes determines study’s innovativeness. The paper was set out to make a comparative assessment of the winter rye, winter triticale and winter wheat grain quality. On average for three years, the protein content of winter wheat grain was 11.5%, winter triticale – 10.0% and winter rye – 8.5%. In terms of starch content, winter wheat grain differs significantly from winter rye grain (by 0.9 percentage points more); winter triticale (by 0.8 percentage points more). On average, over three years, phosphorus in winter rye grain was 0.02 percentage points less than in wheat grain and 0.03 percentage points less than in triticale grain. Winter triticale and wheat grains hardly vary in the content of arabinoxylans and the viscosity of the aqueous extract. The results can be used in fodder production and animal husbandry.