ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ И ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЕ РИСКИ ДЕПОПУЛЯЦИИ РАБОТАЮЩЕГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ В РОССИИ: 14 ЛЕТ СПУСТЯ (аналитический обзор)

Background Population in Europe and throughout the world is ageing rapidly. Projections of the work ability of the working-age population are of importance for policy makers to prepare for future challenges. The aim of this study is to examine age-group and birth-cohort trends in perceived work ability in Finland in 2000-2020 and make projections of work ability up to 2040 based on the observed birth-cohort development. Methods We used a series of population representative cross-sectional surveys conducted in Finland 2000-2020, i.e. the Health 2000 Survey, the Regional Health and Wellbeing Study 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, FinHealth 2017 and FinSote 2018 and 2020. Self-reported estimates of current work ability in relation to the person's lifetime best on a scale from zero to ten were used, scores 8-10 indicating good work ability. For projecting work ability multiple imputation was used (R package mice). Results Trends (2000-2020) by 5-year birth-cohorts born between 1961 and 1995 showed that work ability has declined over time among older birth-cohorts while in the two younger cohorts a stable development before 2017 and a steep decline between 2017 and 2020 was observed. Trends by 5-year age-groups showed a declining trend of good work ability among 20-44-year-olds, a stable trend among 45-54-year-olds and an improving trend among over 55-year-olds. Among the under 55-year-olds the prevalence of good work ability ended up around 75% and at 68% among the 55-59-year-olds, 58% among the 60-69-year-olds and 49% among the 70-74-year-olds in 2020. Birth-cohort projections suggest a declining work ability among 30-74-year-olds in the future. By 2040, the prevalence of good work ability is projected to decline 10-15%−points among 45-74-year-olds. Conclusions The decreasing work ability seen in younger age groups and the declining projections until 2040 are highly concerning. Efforts to counteract the projected decline in work ability are needed. Key messages • The observed decline in perceived work ability in younger age groups and the projected decline in the prevalence of good work ability among the middle aged and older are concerning. • Efforts to counteract the projected decline in work ability are urgently needed.

Objective: The effects of lifestyle interventions on the prevention of a decline in work ability and mental health are not well known. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of healthy lifestyle changes on work ability, sleep, and mental health. Methods: Workers aged 18–65 years, who were free from cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and malignant diseases, and did not use medication for obesity or lipids were included (N = 319). Based on their cholesterol balance, participants were classified into medium-risk and high-risk groups and were randomized into four arms: group lifestyle coaching (N = 107), individual lifestyle coaching (N = 53), the control group for group coaching (N = 106), and the control group for individual coaching (N = 53). The intervention groups received eight sessions of mostly remote coaching for 8 weeks about healthy diet, physical activity, other lifestyle habits, and sources/management of stress and sleep problems, and the control groups received no intervention. In individual coaching, the coach focused more on individual problem solving and the possibilities for motivation and change. The intention-to-treat principle was applied, and missing data on the outcomes were imputed using multiple imputation. Results: After the completion of the intervention, the risk of depressive symptoms was lower by 53% (95% CI 1–77%) in participants who received individual lifestyle coaching compared with the control group. The intervention had no beneficial effects on anxiety, work ability, sleep duration, or daily stress. In subgroup analyses, group lifestyle coaching had beneficial effects on depressive symptoms and work ability in participants with less tight schedules or less stretching work, whereas individual lifestyle coaching lowered the risk of depressive symptoms in those with fewer overlapping jobs, less tight schedules, or less stretching work. Conclusion: Short but intensive remote lifestyle coaching can reduce depressive symptoms and improve work ability, and time-related resources at work may improve mental health in the context of individual lifestyle intervention. However, further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the findings.

The aging of the workforce is a phenomenon that the world population is facing. Researchers at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health have developed a tool for assessing the work ability, an instrument through which it is possible to identify the existence of early functional aging among a certain group of workers. The present study measured the Work Capability Index (WAI) of workers from 5 small furniture companies in a city in southern Brazil. It was possible to notice that with the increase of age, the average WAI of the workers was smaller, although there was no statistical significance (p> 0.05), by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. The variables “civil status”, “current schooling” and “education” presented statistical significance (p <0.05), being possible to associate these variables with the decline in work ability. The results showed that only 13.6% of workers have a low or moderate work ability. For 86.4%, the results showed good or excellent indices, and in these cases, actions must be taken that can maintain and improve the work ability.

ObjectiveTo determine if having Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) affects the work ability, job retainment, or occurrence of sick leave.MethodsSurveys on the working-age general population of northern Sweden were conducted in 2015 and 2021, gathering data on RP, occupation and sick leave. Work ability was assessed using the Work Ability Score.ResultsThe study population consisted of 2,703 women and 2,314 men, among which 390 women and 290 men reported RP at follow-up. For women, the mean [standard deviation (SD)] Work Ability Score was 8.02 (2.24) for subjects reporting RP and 7.68 (2.46) for those without RP. For men, the corresponding numbers were 7.37 (2.03) and 7.61 (2.14), respectively. Multiple linear regression did not show an association between RP status and work ability (p = 0.459 for women and p = 0.254 for men), after adjusting for age, body mass index, physical workload, cardiovascular disease, and perceived stress. Having retained the same main livelihood since baseline was reported by 227 (58.5%) women with RP, 1,163 (51.2%) women without RP, 152 (52.6%) men with RP, and 1,075 (54.1%) men without RP (p = 0.002 for women and p = 0.127 for men). At follow-up, any occurrence of sick leave during the last year was reported by 80 (21.4%) women with RP, 410 (18.6%) women without RP, 48 (17.1%) men with RP, and 268 (13.7%) men without RP (p = 0.208 for women and p = 0.133 for men). Among those reporting sick leave, the mean (SD) duration in months was 2.93 (3.76) for women with RP, 3.00 (4.64) for women without RP, 2.77 (3.79) for men with RP, and 2.91 (12.45) for men without RP (p = 0.849 for women and p = 0.367 for men).ConclusionFor neither women nor men was there a significant effect of having RP on work ability. Women with RP reported a slightly higher job retainment compared to those without the condition, while there was no difference in job retainment among men. For neither gender did the presence of RP influence the occurrence of recent sick leave, nor did it affect the length of time away from work.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12995-022-00354-2.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate work ability, activity limitations and physical activity in adults that had gone through major bone sarcoma resection and reconstruction surgery in hip and knee. Materials and methods Twenty patients, of 72 enrolled, and 20 controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Work Ability Index scores (general [0–10 points], physical and mental [1–5 points]), the Patient Specific Functional Scale (0–10 points), step counts and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were assessed. Adjusted and unadjusted general linear models were applied. Results The patients had a mean age of 43 (range, 20–71) years and were assessed 7 years (range, 2–12) after surgery (proximal femoral n = 9, distal femoral n = 7, proximal tibia n = 4). Compared with controls, patients had lower general work ability (mean difference [95%CI], −1.3 points [−2.1, −0.5]) and work ability in relation to physical demands at work (−1.4 points [−2.0, −0.8]). The patients reported higher severities of activity limitation (−6.7 points [−7.9, −5.4]). There were no between-group differences in step counts or IPAQ-scores. Conclusion Despite similar levels of physical activity, patients showed poorer work ability and severe activity limitation. Post-operative rehabilitation in patients of the working-age population should include assessments of work ability and activities important to the individual. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Adults that have gone through resection and reconstruction surgery following bone sarcoma in lower extremity show clinically relevant reductions in work ability and self-selected activities To tailor post-operative rehabilitation at short and long term, initial assessment and monitoring should include work ability and activities important to the individual patient.

The processes of socio-economic development are continuously accompanied by the process of population aging. It is seen as a growing percentage share of people aged 65 and over in the general population. It covers the majority of the European Union countries and also refers to Poland. The objective of the paper is to analyse the population aging phenomenon from a spatial perspective. The study has been carried out for 66 subregions (NUTS 3) and covered the period 1995-2012. Poland is characterized by strong spatial diversification regarding the proportion of senior citizens and its growth rate, and also determinants exerting impact on the demographic aging processes. Demographically the youngest and slowest aging population lives in south-eastern and also central Poland. The most intensive population aging processes are seen in the selected subregions of south-western Poland. Here, we observe extremely low fertility, demographically old working-age population and also significant migration outflow of younger people.

To synthesize the evidence on factors associated with the maintenance of work ability during the aging process. SciELO, LILACS and PubMed databases were consulted, in order to find out studies in Portuguese, English and Spanish published from 2000 to 2013. Descriptors which encompassed terms related to work ability, aging and elderly were used. Quantitative observational studies were included to investigate the work ability and the effect of aging. Studies aiming at analyzing the clinical course of illnesses related to aging and/or papers and publications in the form of editorials, interviews, projects, clinical notes and preliminary or conceptual data were excluded. A total of 924 articles were obtained, but 27 were included in the analyses. Later on, 2 intervention and 8 repeated studies were excluded. Variables that showed negative correlations with work ability were the following: age, smoking, service time and physical demands in occupational activities. Satisfaction with life, sufficient income, physical activity, volunteerism and mental workload were considered positive associations that protect the elderly from functional loss. This study was reported as a protective mechanism against depression, disability and fragility, maintaining the well-being, good cognitive function and autonomy in daily activities. Increased investments in the health care of this population are needed regarding musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory capacity. Physical activity must be encouraged by policies to foster health promotion.

BACKGROUND: Among various pathological conditions associated with true eczema, metabolic syndrome occupies a special place, the high social significance of which is determined by its dominant influence on the main demographic indicators — life expectancy and mortality of the population. AIM: Assessment of the dynamics of parameters of pro- and antioxidant systems in patients with true eczema in combination with metabolic syndrome during the course application of broadband medium-wave phototherapy, mesodiencephalic modulation and their combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, controlled, comparative, randomized study was performed involving 115 patients with true eczema combined with metabolic syndrome, who were divided into 4 groups using simple randomization. The first group (control) received only basic drug therapy. In the second (comparison 1), third (comparison 2), and fourth (main) groups, patients additionally underwent courses of broadband medium-wave phototherapy, mesodiencephalic modulation, and their combination, respectively. The results of the course application of physiofactors were assessed by the dynamics of pro- and antioxidant system indices before and after the end of therapy. RESULTS: When comparing the main markers of oxidative stress between the group of healthy people and patients with true eczema in combination with metabolic syndrome, a pronounced imbalance in the "prooxidants-antioxidants" system was established, which indicates the development of oxidative stress. Conducting complex therapy had a corrective effect on the parameters of the lipid peroxidation process. More pronounced shifts in lipid peroxide metabolism indicators were revealed in the groups with the additional use of physiotherapeutic factors. The maximum corrective effect in relation to oxidative stress was established in the group with the complex use of physiofactors. An integrative assessment of the dynamics of oxidative stress markers using the antioxidant protection coefficient confirmed the results obtained. CONCLUSION: The use of therapeutic physical factors in the therapy of true eczema and metabolic syndrome is largely based on their ability to act as redox regulators of intracellular processes, exhibiting a stress-limiting effect and restoring oxidation-reduction homeostasis. The most promising in this regard are broadband medium-wave phototherapy and mesodiencephalic modulation.

The study analyzes the birth control policy in China from a historical perspective, from 1979 to the present. The relevance of this research is due to the fact that after decades of implementing the "one family, one child" strategy and the subsequent easing of the policy to "two children," and then to "three children," China is now beginning to experience demographic imbalances. These manifest in the evident aging of the population, a reduction in the working-age population in the domestic market, and an increasing gender imbalance. The article also addresses the ethical aspect of state intervention in the private lives of citizens and the consequences of such intervention. The policy aimed at stimulating the reproductive activity of the Chinese population must continually evolve and be supported at all levels of government. The study analyzes statistical data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China for the year 2024. It also takes into account the most recent directions of China's adjusted state policy and the objectives for the current year 2025, as highlighted in the speech by the Premier of the State Council of the PRC at the National People’s Congress session from March 5 to 11, 2025. The scientific novelty is presented through conclusions regarding the current demographic state of China in the context of economic and social challenges within the framework of implementing China's "Three-Child Policy," which has not been previously addressed. A historically systemic approach to studying this issue has been demonstrated. The conclusion is drawn that the trend of decreasing population in China will continue. The age composition of China's population will rapidly transition into a stage of significant aging, and the working-age population will continue to decline. The rapid change in China's population structure has a serious impact on economic and social development, leading to a restructuring of the economic development models of the country. It is concluded that the Chinese leadership will need to develop new economic development models. At the same time, the contradiction between the supply and demand for reproductive and healthcare services will intensify. The conclusion is made regarding the high practical significance of China's experience in addressing low birth rates. Further study of Chinese experience and the development of international cooperation in this area is crucial for finding effective solutions to the demographic challenges of the 21st century worldwide, including in Russia.

The combined effects of declining fertility and increased longevity have accelerated population aging in different parts of the world. Unlike other countries, Puerto Rico is also experiencing unprecedented levels of working-age out-migration. The full impact of high out-migration on Puerto Rican demography is not fully understood. Placing Puerto Rico's aging process in an international context is useful in identifying the role out-migration is having on the accelerated aging of the Puerto Rican society. Using the World Population Prospects 2019 estimates, we compared the pattern of rapid aging found for Puerto Rico with the trajectories of six other countries with the highest population of 65+ in the World, Europe, and the Caribbean from 1960 to 2020. Prior to 2010, the aging process in Puerto Rico was comparable to the other countries. After 2010, the percent of the population over 65 years in Puerto Rico nearly doubled from 11% to 21%. The nearly doubling of the percent of older adults is not observed in any of the comparison countries. We find that the rapid aging of Puerto Rico, changing from a linear trend to an exponential one, is a result of accelerating levels of out-migration, which is concentrated in the working-age population.

Problem setting. In the list of indicators, pursued by the State Strategy of Regional Development for the period up to 2020, inter alia, the demographic burden on population aged 16 to 59 was identified. The aging process of the Ukraine’s population and dwindling of the working population have not shown the reduction of those indicators value. Recent research and publications analysis. Forecasting of changes in the population structure of Ukraine was a subject of research in many institutions, organizations, projects etc. During the implementation of the project “Building Capacity in Evidence-Based Economic Development Planning” in a few cities of Ukraine there were prepared their “profiles”. There are also publications, dedicated to the problems, concerning the impact of the Ukrainian population aging on its structure, and comparative analysis of the impact of demographic processes on the labor market in Ukraine and European countries as well. In 2009 the Institute for Demography and Social Studies named after Mykhailo Ptukha of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine formulated demographic forecasts in the regions of Ukraine. However, there is a lack of publications, dedicated to forecasts indicators of demographic burden on working population in countryside. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose of article is to compare the regions of Ukraine with the projected values of demographic burden per 1 000 of working-age population, including persons residing in rural areas, and to compare results of related indicators, provided in the State Strategy of Regional Development for the period up to 2020 as well. Paper main body. Demographic burden is calculated as quotient of the two components (population aged under 15 and over 60 years) to third component-population aged 16 – 59 years. In order to obtain projections of demographic burden, we made the calculations based on analytical model for forecasting the population structure of different age groups. Total fertility rate (TFR) is the basis of the first cohort population projection (aged to 4 years). For each further 5-year cohort (5 years or more) the evolution coefficient of its number is calculated. The website of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine provides the information of the population by age groups in regions. This information is the basis of forecasting of population structure changes in the future. The age structure is very irregular, caused by joint actions of various processes, that had led to the “demographic holes” in the past (World War II and Holodomor had deep influence). In order to obtain projections as of 2020 (date of expiration of the State Strategy of Regional Development), statistics on the structure of the Ukrainian regions population in 2015 were taken into consideration. The gap of 5 years derives from the fact that mentioned analytical model uses five-year age cohorts. We calculated the projections of demographic burden per 1 000 of working-age population in the regions of Ukraine in the countryside. On the average, around the country it will reach: in 2020 – 709, and in 2025 – 760 persons per 1 000 of population aged 16 to 59. The highest value of demographic burden per 1 000 of working-age population in the countryside is expected in 2020 in Chernihiv, Khmelnytskyi and Rivne Regions (over 750). Its highest value in 2025 is being projected in Chernihiv, Khmelnytskyi, Donetsk, Dnipro, Luhansk and Zaporizhia Regions (over 790). The results may be taken into account for strategic documents concerning village development at national and regional levels. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The results of calculation showed the deviations of demographic burden on the working-age population from the indicators, given in the State Strategy of Regional Development for the period up to 2020. The projections, concerning changes of the population of countryside, illustrate the tendency of significant increase of demographic burden on the working-age population in Ukraine in general (by 7%) and in all regions (by 4 – 11%) as well. The prospects of further research are prediction of changes in the population structure in the countryside in the regions of Ukraine according to the All-Ukrainian Population Census, due to be conducted in 2020.

Aims To continue to monitor trends in detentions under the Mental Health Act based on race, age, gender, and sexuality during the COVID-19 Pandemic to consider if there were any specific areas that would need to be addressed. Methods We investigated available mental health detention documents stored in mental health legislative office, Birmingham and Solihull mental health foundation NHS Trust. Results We found that detentions under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act have increased very gradually over the last three years (2018 to2021). However, there has been gradual reduction in detentions under Section 3 within the white population beginning in 2019 and continuing with a marked acceleration in reduction during the two peaks of the pandemic. This is marked in the 66yrs plus age group. As the pandemic has eased this reduction has stopped and reversed with increased section 3 admissions in last few months in this population. The detentions in the black and Asian population have followed a reverse pattern, with marked increase during the pandemic peaks in 2020/2021 and a marked fall as the pandemic has eased. Conclusion 1. Mental health act detention data during the Pandemic shows that the pandemic has disproportionality impacted black and Asian population of all ages and Elderly white population. 2. During the pandemic there has been a marked increase in detentions under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act (for treatment) in the Black and Asian population with a marked reduction in the white population. This difference is stark in the working age population. 3. This highlights: a. The need for a well-functioning community based health and social care offer to reduce detentions in the black and Asian population. b. Return of admissions under the mental health act of white elderly post vaccination (which are vast majority white) shows a reversal of the trend of this group not accessing inpatient treatment fully during the pandemic. 4. Community Treatment Order (CTO) detentions in the Black and Asian population continue to increase through the pandemic disproportionately 5. There is no material change during the pandemic, in short term detentions (section 2, 5(2)) or other inpatient detentions under the Mental health act 6. There are no significant trend changes noted based on gender or sexuality or age during the pandemic in BSMHFT (Birmingham and Solihull mental health foundation NHS Trust).

Purpose Anxiety and depression are the most prevalent mental disorders in rehabilitation populations and negatively impact rehabilitation outcomes. The Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) is an ultra-brief screening instrument validated for general and primary care populations. We validated the PHQ-4 for the first time for the rehabilitation setting. Materials and Methods The study sample consisted of 66,412 patients attending multimodal inpatient rehabilitation, covering various medical indications. To validate the PHQ-4's factorial validity, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Multi-group CFAs assessed measurement invariance. Convergent validity was tested using ordinal logistic regression to model the PHQ-4's association with measures of quality of life, vocational impairment, and work ability. Results The results demonstrated excellent fit for a two-factor solution. Reliability indices were adequate for a screening instrument (McDonald's ω .775–.852). Measurement invariance was demonstrated across age, gender, and all but one medical indication. Convergent validity was supported, showing associations with age and common patient reported outcomes. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the PHQ-4 is a valid and reliable tool for screening for anxiety and depression in rehabilitation settings. Based on a substantial sample and preregistered analysis strategy, the findings will likely generalize to rehabilitation populations in other countries.

BackgroundThe incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing worldwide. Since so little is known about work life of individuals with type 1 diabetes, we examined incidence and prevalence trends of type 1 diabetes among working-aged Finns. We also investigated the employment rate and how workers with type 1 diabetes perceive their health and work ability, and their intended retirement age.MethodsWe analyzed changes in the incidence, prevalence, and employment rate using nationwide multi-register-based FinDM data, and estimated a Self-Rated Health, Work Ability Score, and inquired about retirement intentions of 767 working individuals with type 1 diabetes in a cross-sectional survey. All estimates were compared to the corresponding data of the Finnish general population.ResultsThe average annual age-standardized incidence rate of type 1 diabetes among men aged 18–39 was 29 per 100,000/year; the incidence rate has increased by 33% from 1992 to 2007. Among women, the incidence remained at 16 per 100,000/year. Among working-aged (18–64) people, the age-standardized prevalence of type 1 diabetes increased by 39% among women and 33% among men. Two out of every three working aged individuals with type 1 diabetes were in the labor force; this is about 10% lower than in the Finnish population. The average age-standardized employment rate among those individuals with type 1 diabetes belonging to the labor force was 82%, compared to 84% in the general population. Working individuals with type 1 diabetes rated their health and work ability as being slightly lower than the general working population, but nonetheless, there were no significant differences in retirement intentions.ConclusionsBetween 1992 and 2007, the number of working-aged people and workers with type 1 diabetes increased by 35%. Most workers with type 1 diabetes manage as well at work as the general population. Special attention should be paid to workers with type 1 diabetes when they are diagnosed and/or report moderate or poor work ability.

Background: Population ageing has emerged as one of the most significant demographic challenges of the twenty-first century, resulting primarily from sustained declines in fertility and improvements in life expectancy. These changes have altered population age structures worldwide, leading to a growing proportion of elderly persons aged 60 years and above. While India continues to possess a large young population, the pace of ageing is accelerating rapidly. The elderly population, estimated at about 153 million in 2025, is projected to reach nearly 347 million by 2050, indicating a profound demographic transformation with far-reaching social, economic, and health implications. In Assam, the process of population ageing reflects broader demographic transitions, including declining fertility, reduced mortality, and selective out-migration of younger adults. Traditionally characterized by a youthful population structure, the state is now witnessing a steady increase in the proportion of older persons. This emerging trend necessitates a systematic examination of the demographic dimensions of ageing in Assam to inform policy formulation, social welfare planning, and sustainable development strategies. Materials and Methods: The study employs a quantitative and descriptive research design based on secondary data sources. The elderly population is defined as individuals aged 60 years and above. To analyze the extent and pattern of population ageing in Assam, several demographic indicators are computed, including the Age–Sex Ratio, Old-Age Dependency Ratio (OADR), Ageing Index, and Median Age. Descriptive statistical tools such as percentages and trend analysis are used to examine changes in population structure over time. The results are presented through tables to enhance clarity and comparative analysis. Results: The analysis reveals a progressive increase in the proportion of the elderly population in Assam, indicating a clear shift toward an ageing demographic structure. The Old-Age Dependency Ratio has risen steadily, suggesting a growing dependency burden on the working-age population. Similarly, the Ageing Index indicates a significant increase in the elderly population relative to the child population. The age–sex composition of the elderly reveals a higher concentration of females in the older age groups, attributable to higher female life expectancy. Conclusion: The study concludes that population ageing has emerged as an important demographic reality in Assam. Driven by declining fertility, improving healthcare facilities, and increasing life expectancy, the proportion and absolute number of elderly persons have increased substantially over the past six decades.