СТИЛІСТИЧНІ ФІГУРИ В ЕСЕЇ ЄВГЕНА СВЕРСТЮКА “СОБОР У РИШТОВАННІ”

This article deals the role and place of stylistic devices in a work of art in the literary pragmatics context. Operating on the level «author – work – reader», literary pragmatics offers an interpretation of the text together in the light of hidden information. The paper focuses on the stylistic analysis of the dialogues of the characters in Richard Aldington’s novel “Death of a Hero” and defining the pragmatic functions of the given stylistic devices as source of implicit information. In addition to direct descriptions, Richard Aldington characterizes his characters through their speech. Stylistic figures in the dialogues help to assess the situation and understand the way of thinking of characters and their personal features. Phonetic and graphic stylistic devices often indicate the social background of the speaker, his emotional state and situations in which dialogues take palce. Syntactic stylistic means in dialogues are usually broken sentences, they do not add much aesthetic beauty or understanding of ideas, but they allow the author to make characters more believable so that readers feel for them. Syntactic stylistic devices in the dialogues of the novel provide readers with an opportunity to complete the thought of the character, to understand the course of their thoughts. The most frequently used stylistic devices in the dialogues of the novel Richard Aldington are of a lexical stratum; they not only enrich the language of a character, but also allow to evaluate their intelligence, depth of knowledge, imagination level, social background, age group, era. It is thanks to the stylistic devices that the author implicitly manages to explain that there has always been an abyss of misunderstanding between the protagonist and his surrounding, regardless of where he was at a certain stage of life. The contrast of the use of tropes in the speech of the protagonist before and after he became a soldier, demonstrating the fundamental changes in his outlook, shows a particularly important pragmatic function of the stylistic devices usage.

General interest in teenage books has been upsurging because of films based on international best-sellers. Therefore, the scripture becomes a source of language, in a sense that youngsters learn new words, phrases, allusions or metaphors and incorporate them in their everyday language. Demand for popular reads requires a quick reaction translating these books as there are plenty of novels for young adults written in foreign languages. However, translation of adolescent fiction is a challenging task due to the use of slang and other colloquial vocabulary or stylistic devices. However, the translation of stylistic devices as such has not been researched since linguists focus on teen slang. The translation of stylistic devices is an interesting issue to deal with as the entire translation “eco-system” is observed not from one sentence or paragraph perspective. The research deals with stylistic devices and their translation and the analysis of translation. It also presents stylistic devices according to their types, each type is illustrated by one or two examples depending on the number found, their translation and explanation of its aim, used strategy and achieved results are provided.

The study examines the concepts of “advertising” and “advertising text” in general. It overviews scientific works devoted to the linguistic aspects of advertising care cosmetics. According to the results of the analysis of the advertising texts of cosmetic products from the British websites Space NK, Cult Beauty and Lookfantastic, the structure of the advertising text of cosmetic products was distinguished, and the names of cosmetic products analysed from the perspective of their construction, as well as from the point of view of the functioning of lexical and stylistic devices in them. The most frequent lexical stylistic means of different levels were outlined. It was found that advertising is simultaneously a means of sales communication, a linguistic form of expression, and a means of influence, and the advertising text should be universal and flexible. By structure, advertising consists of a brand name, a product name, performing a meaningful and influential function, and the main printed advertising text. Epithets, metaphors, allusion, personification, puns and repetition were highlighted in product names. For the author of the advertisement, the title is a more limited space for creativity. Online advertisements contain the name of the section to which the product belongs, which performs both an informational and a descriptive function. The main advertising text usually contains one or two sentences, rarely three or four, and rarely individual phrases. The use of the imperative mode is characteristic. Simple sentences predominate. Preference is given to a quick, short, but at the same time descriptive message. The most frequently used stylistic devices are epithet, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, litote, personification, euphemism, dysphemism, allusion and metalepsis. Examples, translations or explanations are provided for each stylistic figure. Using the French language ensures customer orientation in French-speaking countries or their relation to the luxury category.

This paper presents an analysis of the various ways the Cross was defended in John Paul II’s homilies delievered in Poland on the following occasions: in Nowa Huta, in the Wawel Royal Cathedral and Zakopane. The speaker used arguments anchored in the Gospel and history. He emphasised the meaning of the Cross as a sign of God’s redemption, gift and love towards humans. The speaker evoked people from Polish history who remained faithful to the Cross and are remembered for their heroic attitude: Queen Jadwiga, brother Albert Chmielowski, Bernardyna Jabłońska and Maria Karłowska. In his homily given in Nowa Huta, the Pope signalled the idea of new evangelisation, which requires all believers to undertake persistent and courageous defence of the Cross, irrespective of time and place. The paper also discusses rhethorical aspects of the sermons, such as various types of speech deployed therein (lectures, meditations, appeals) and stylistic devices (e.g. similes, parallelisms, rhetorical questions).

The article looks at the peculiarities of grammatical and lexical items, stylistic devices, syntactic construction used in the political discourse for the verbal expression of suggestion. The work is based on the political speeches of American Presidents. The actual material dates from the post-war period to nowadays. The investigation results in the conclusion that suggestion on the morphological level is primarily marked by nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, among syntactic constructions simple sentences, syntactic parallelism, rhetorical questions, parcellation, inversion and anaphora are dominated.

Gendered discourses in Ghana’s politics are not new. Unlike previous years, however, the gendered discourse in the 2020 election was different because the leading opposition party (NDC) selected a female running mate. Considering that the seat has been rotating between the NDC and NPP since 1992, Ghanaians foresaw a “real” possibility of having a female vice president. With data from online news articles and social media, this paper examines the nature of the gendered discourse that characterised Ghana’s 2020 election. We focus on stylistic devices and other linguistic strategies used with a view to understanding how gender either took a centre stage or “seeped” through the political discourse. Underpinned by Ambivalent Sexism Theory and Post-structuralist Discourse Analysis, findings indicate that although the running mate was sometimes represented in ways that challenge traditional gender stereotypes, she was largely represented in stereotypical ways, thereby corroborating findings from other parts of the world. These were done through devices like allusion, sarcasm, simile, metaphor and rhetorical questions. Findings also show that although it was the NDC that actively played the “gender card” to galvanise support, the NPP also played it to dissuade voters from voting for the NDC.

The paper aims to identify lexical, phonetic and syntactic stylistic devices as the most effective ones in the creation of the protagonist’s image in R. L. Stevenson’s novel “Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”. The research is original in that it attempts to develop the protagonist’s image in fiction based on three types of expressive means, i.e. phonetic, lexical and syntactic ones. The research findings have shown that lexical, phonetic and syntactic stylistic devices contribute to the creation of a well-developed protagonist’s image. The lexical stylistic devices are mostly represented in the novel by epithets, metaphors, similes, allusions. Alliteration and assonance were the most common phonetic figurative means. Rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, anaphoras, antitheses were found among the syntactic stylistic devices. All kinds of figurative means complemented each other, participating in the development of a complex image of the protagonist in the novel.

Mass media inform people about the most important social, cultural, and political processes. However, news coverage is seldom objective and unbiased. The way mass media assess social events influences public opinions and attitudes. The article describes op-eds, namely the genre-dependent and stylistic devices that journalists use to express their civic position. Based on the anthropocentrism of modern media linguistics, the research involved previously understudied materials and subjects, i.e., linguistic tools used by opinion writers to bring their political views to the reader. The sample consisted of 90 op-eds in the series of Dmitry Popov Weekly published in Moskovskiy Komsomolets in 2021–2024. The op-eds touched upon complex issues, encouraging the readers to think and develop values that make a responsible citizen. The journalist sees the reader as a like-minded patriot and a reflecting personality. Dmitry Popov expresses his attitude to the events indirectly, via allusions, meta-commentaries, hypophoras, rhetorical questions, irony, etc. Dmitry Popov Weekly is a genroid that combines a news report, an analytical review, an essay, a feuilleton, a set of tips, and a forecast. Irony proved to be the most popular device used to cover domestic and foreign political events. Strating with the headline down, irony is realized in the text through speech, stylistic, and graphic means, i.e., tropes, euphemisms, stylistic contamination, quotation marks, etc. When applied to political opponents and politicians with anti-Russian views, it borders on sarcasm and mockery. The sarcastic and mocking tone is supported by blunt metaphors, occasionalisms, and evaluative labelling

The aim of this article is to identify, classify, and interpret the stylistic devices and tropes used in the political speeches of King Charles III (2022-2025), and to analyze their functions in the context of contemporary monarchical discourse. Five main types of stylistic devices have been identified: syntactic-structural (e.g., anaphora, inversion), emotional-expressive (e.g., rhetorical questions, allusions), ritualistic (e.g., archaisms, ceremonial formulas), humanistic (e.g., inclusivity, moral appeals), and performative (e.g., intonation, pausing). It has been determined that stylistic techniques perform a representative function of the monarch, and they become a means of forming political culture, mobilizing social values, and adapting the monarchy to the new conditions of the global world. The study reveals that Charles III’s speeches represent a model of strategically structured, stylistically refined, and functionally multifaceted discourse. The monarch’s language blends verbal tradition, institutional legitimacy, and contemporary communicative sensitivity. The study results show that Charles III’s speeches are the element of the British monarchy’s “soft power”.

The leading role in anthropocentric studies belongs to linguopragmatics, since it is a manifestation of the human factor at all levels of language. The synthesis of views expressed in Dontsov’s works is usually based on antitheses having a specific communicative task: to compare positive and negative aspects, or otherwise contrast Dontsov`s position with a different position. The article is aimed at examining the pragmatic aspect of Dontsov`s texts using the example of antithesis. Achieving this aim involves solving the following tasks: 1) characterize the ways Dmytro Dontsov`s pragmatic intentions are implemented; 2) identify Dontsov`s strategy and show the methods of its argumentation in a journalistic text; 3) analyze the text synergetics as the main means of expressing the author’s communicative and pragmatic potential. The study uses the method of argument, subjectivity, intent analysis, and the method of content analysis. It also applies linguistic observation and descriptive methods as additional methods. Research results. Dontsov`s texts were used as a basis to characterize the ways of implementing pragmatic intentions aimed at forming national principles. The study focuses on identifying the subjective factor in his works and showing the nature of the pragmatization of statements reproducing antitheses. The relevance of the study is determined by the pragmatic features of Dmytro Dontsov`s works and his active approach to selecting lexical and semantic constructions to achieve the communicative goal. The thinker successfully uses the antithesis in his works, as the information reaches the addressee through the display of positive and negative plates and results in the formation of ideas of aggressiveness, and certainty as opposed to passivity and tearfulness. It is important that Dontsov`s works have a hidden meaning because each historical period gives a different understanding of the social and political situation. The basic strategy used by Dontsov to express the communicative potential is the antithesis analyzed on the basis of the semantic component of “sovereign Ukraine”. Based on the antithesis, the argumentative field of the author`s influence on the reader can be conveniently classified into levels (semantic, lexical, stylistic, and syntactic) creating a synergy of the text. The argumentative material influencing the reader at the semantic level is emotionally expressive vocabulary (figurative, colloquial words, etc.), so this is an emotional level. The lexical level is a reproduction of the author`s position, his ability to create new meanings, use scientific lexis, and argue with specific proper names (this is an intellectual and historical level). The pragmatic intention of the author is achieved at the stylistic level through stylistic devices, such as comparisons, individual-author metaphors, and epithets (this is an aesthetic level). The syntactic level replicates Dontsov`s thoughts full of dependent clauses, amplifications, rhetorical questions, and citations. In Dmytro Dontsov`s texts we distinguish: 1) thesis argumentation, where each statement is sufficient to confirm opinion); 2) chain (sequential) argumentation, congesting a sequence of arguments; 3) extensive argumentation, where the author substantiates several opinions at the same time; 4) multi-vector argumentation, when different types of argumentation are combined. All these argumentative elements form a complex cognitive structure, which we define as convergent (linear) thinking and divergent thinking with branched and multiple arguments. It is proved that on the syntax level the most used is divergent type of argumentation. We consider this level to be a direction of his political actions. Particularly coherent and convincing is a synergistic (existential) level that reproduces the author`s views and his ability to work with words. However, such a division into levels is conditional, since the main features of these levels are always supplemented by additional ones, for example, the lexical level or the syntactic level are also filled with emotional lexemes. The pragmatic factor of Dmytro Dontsov`s worldview becomes clear after reading his works, which become guidelines for changing public consciousness and forming the line of the struggle for a Ukrainian independent state. Thus, antitheses used by the journalist affirm (according to the terminology of pragmatics, a change strategy) the reader’s opinions (or mental activity).

The article describes distinctive features of a film review as a speech genre which is now one of the most popular genres of the mass media net discourse. The article proves its intertextual character and analyses its lexical and semantic features. Film reviews taken from the following sources: sites of cinema goers: www.imdb.com, www.empireonline.com, www.pluggedin.com ; official sites of film critics (e.g. R. Ebert) https://www.rogerebert.com; official sites of the newspapers: The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/reviews/movies, The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/film+tone/reviews and other sites: https://www.imdb.com/search/keyword/?keywords=movie-review, https://www.pluggedin.com/movie-reviews/. The material for analysis comprises about 100 film reviews released in 2020. The reviews are in open access in the Internet. The volume of the analysed material is about 200 pages. The method used to achieve the main objective is interpretation analysis of film reviews. As a result of the theoretical material analysis main directions in the genre research were specified; key distinctive features of a film review were studied. The actuality of the research is determined by the rising interest to net mass media discourse genres. The main objective is to elicit and describe lexical and semantic features of film reviews as a speech genre. The conducted research made it possible to prove the interdiscoursive and poly-discoursive nature of the genre in question and to systematize its lexical and semantic features. The analysis disclosed that intertextuality of a film review is actualized in the interaction of three types of discourse: that of the critic, that of the film and that of other people. Poly-discoursive nature of a film review is expressed through the combination of publicistic, literary and scientific styles features. Another important characteristic is evaluativity represented in emotionally coloured vocabulary. Among other lexical and semantic features are the following: usage of non-specific terms, cliches, rhetorical questions with precedent names, intertextual inserting, various stylistic devices, among which epithets and metaphors are most often used. It’s been observed that a film review is filled with bookish vocabulary as well as stylistically low words and expressions.

The paper explores the complex process of perceiving emotional connotation triggered by stylistic devices in English women's magazines and the impact it exerts on the female readership. The core of the study is the emotional connotation created by literary devices, namely, metaphor, epithet, oxymoron, hyperbole, simile, personification, rhetorical question, parallelism, anaphora, and alliteration. By employing the method of textual analysis and focus group research method, the research elucidates the functional range that implied emotional connotation may have on the reader, namely, information and advice, inspiration and aspiration, fashion and beauty, community building, empowerment, advocacy and awareness, educational function, cultural representation, social commentary, consumerism and advertising, and entertainment and escapism. The article presents an elaborate analysis of the implied emotional connotation underlying each literary device in question in English women's magazines and the functional impact it creates.

The article deals with the analysis of language means in modern business English discourse. The material under study is a set of the podcast headings borrowed from the Wharton business school collection of thematic groups such as «Leadership», «Management», «Innovation», «Finance», «Marketing». The results of the research show that persuasive headings constitute the main part of the total body of the headings. Their aim is to attract the addressees’ attention and encourage them to read or listen to the podcasts. Regardless of the thematic group, language means include the following: the use of a punctuation mark, such as the colon that specifies the information contained in the first part of the title, in combination with such stylistic devices as metaphor, antithesis, metonymy, allusion and alliteration. Affirmative and interrogative sentences with «wh – words» and a functional word «how» come second in the frequency of usage, they do not only put a question but also give an answer to it.

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of stylistic devices in scientific research and the birth of stylistics. The methodological base consists of general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis and generalization of information from historical sources and practical research of scientists in stylistics and rhetoric. The analysis revealed that stylistic devices, as an efficient and impactful way of expressing thoughts and influencing the audience, contributed to the emergence of such a science as stylistics. The main sources of stylistics were the national language, dialects, classical and modern literature, works of artists, and mass media. The theoretical basis for the development of stylistics was rhetoric, linguistics, psychology and logic. Stylistics can be broadly defined as the linguistic science of the means of expression and the regularities of the functioning of language, determined by the most appropriate use of language units in the text, depending on the content of the statement, goals, situation and sphere of communication. The article also considers the issue of classification of stylistic devices in modern domestic and foreign linguistics. Due to the diversity and multifacet nature of this issue in modern stylistics, there is a certain variety of approaches to the classification of stylistic devices. Depending on the focus of the analysis, researchers distinguish: lexical-grammatical, rhetorical, discursive-pragmatic, functional-stylistic classifications, as well as the classification of emotional language, stylistic figures and stylistic techniques. In the English-speaking tradition, stylistic devices are classified by the type of influence on the target audience: logos, pathos, ethos, and kairos. Another approach involves the division of rhetorical figures into 3 diverse groups: sound-related, order-related and meaning-related.

This article focuses on some lexical and stylistic peculiarities in the headlines of the military articles in English. At the beginning of the article it describes the main functions of the headlines of newspaper articles and their aims in modern printed and electronic publications. The author mentions nominative and informative, evaluative, advertising and esthetic functions which are not isolated, but interconnected in the newspaper headline as a media text. Further the text of the article deals with stylistic analysis, the author considers scientific and technical functional style together with official and business one, at the crossroads of which the style of writing the headlines is. Characteristic features of both styles are given. Official and business style gives military texts and headlines corresponding language character, logic, exactness, clarity, objectivity, concreteness, austerity. At the same time scientific and technical style is united with headlines by the usage of terminology, connected with warfare. In this research the morphological, syntactic, lexical, grammatical features of building headlines in the military articles in English are analyzed using the examples of headlines taken from The Guardian, The New York Times, The Telegraph, The Washington Post, The Times. The article also explains the attraction of military headlines by the usage of such unusual language structures as stylistic devices. Some stylistic devices are mentioned and defined, such as alliteration, speech and language epithets, metaphor, allusion. Examples of them are given. These are language constructions which help to make the headline interesting and memorable.