Развитие электротранспортной отрасли на основе внедрения умных городских технологий

In this chapter, we will explore the challenges and opportunities of grid integration of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS). Transportation systems that move people, goods, and services in societies worldwide pose unprecedented environmental, economic, and social challenges, particularly with the growing urgency to conserve energy, cut back on carbon emissions and pollution, avoid crashes, and relieve congestion. Advances in intelligent transportation systems and Smart Grid offer great promise to address these challenges and have the potential to revolutionize future transportation systems. In the last decade, the government around the world has spurred efforts to boost the utilization of transportation electrification technologies because of their low-pollution emissions, energy independence, and high fuel economy. An ever-increasing number of electric and hybrid electric vehicles will radically change the traditional view of the power industry, transportation industry, social environment, and business world. Research on grid integration of electric and hybrid electric vehicles typically addresses topics at the vehicle-grid boundary, such as peak load impacts and agent-based charging control. While researchers around the world are making significant advances in these areas, there is very little work addressing the coupled cyber-physical-social effects of electric and hybrid electric vehicle charging with the mobility-focused, transportation ecosystem to meet the dynamic needs of a changing society. It is important to recognize that today's critical infrastructure is an interdependent network of networks. A single network consists of millions of subnetworks and individual agents. The "tie point" is critical to its reliability, cost-effectiveness, and resiliency. As such "tie points," the emerging deployment of electric and hybrid electric vehicle charging facilities would complicate the understanding and design of interdependent critical infrastructure systems. For example, as a transportation tool and electricity carrier, electric and hybrid electric vehicle can be charged at any charging facility and at any time, which brings more spatial and temporal uncertainty to the power grid's load forecast. The retail electricity price and parking fee may also have an impact on customer behavior, eventually leading to a change in traffic flow. Besides engineering considerations, the placement of electric and hybrid electric vehicle charging stations are constrained by applicable local policy and regulation, financial incentives, and public interests. We will discuss the state of the art of grid integration of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in a CPSS environment. Moreover, we will present a future perspective to enable the dramatic increase of electrified vehicles, and ultimately lead to (1) reduced fossil fuel consumption; (2) reduced carbon emissions and pollution; (3) increased customer satisfaction; (4) increased reliability and efficiency for moving people and goods; (5) improved efficiency of intelligent transportation systems; (6) accelerated adoption of Smart Grid technologies; and (7) increased use of infrastructure capacity.

Engineering human-centric urban transport systems should be carried out using information technology in forecasting traffic and passenger flows. One of the most important objects of urban transport systems’ progress is modeling patterns of transport flows and their distribution on the road network. These patterns are determined by the subjective choice of city residents of traffic routes using public and private transport. This study aimed to form a sequence of stages of modeling transport and passenger flows in human-centric urban transport systems and passenger flows in the human-centric urban intelligent transport systems and to determine the patterns of change to the gravity function of employees of municipal services. It was revealed that the trip distribution function of workers of urban service enterprises can be described by the attributes of the structure of the city, socio-economic data, and attributes characterizing the zones and its residents.

The transport complex, which ensures the vital functioning of territories and settlements across the country, requires new analytical tools capable of supporting managerial decision-making under conditions of decentralized governance and the influence of demographic, institutional, and natural–climatic constraints. The relevance of this study is determined by the importance of sustainable development in Arctic cities and urban agglomerations as strategic territories that ensure national security and socio-economic resilience. The purpose of this research is to model the dynamic structure of economic subprocesses within the public transport subsystem of an urban or metropolitan transport system in order to assess its performance and identify deviations from the trajectory of sustainable development. The study employs a structural–synergetic modeling method, which allows for both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of interdependencies in complex urban transport systems. Using the example of Murmansk over the period 2013–2022, models were developed to reflect the annual changes in the structure of the city’s public transport functioning. This structure includes four types of subprocesses: core, auxiliary, life-supporting, and development-constraining. The study resulted in an assessment of the impact of decentralized decisions made by key stakeholders on the sustainability of Murmansk’s public transport system, as well as the identification of the nature and direction of synergetic effects. Directions for further modernization of the methodology and techniques of structural modeling are proposed, focusing on the improvement of statistical accounting for relevant indicators. The developed approaches can serve as diagnostic and monitoring tools for assessing the sustainability of transport systems in Arctic regions. The results obtained are of practical interest to federal, regional, and municipal authorities, analytical centers, and infrastructure companies involved in the implementation of sustainable transport and urban mobility policies.

This chapter summarizes recent developments in Santiago’s urban public and private transport system and outlines perspectives for the year 2030. The analysis is conducted with a set of indicators: motorization rate, current and expected congestion levels, level of service, modal split and accessibility levels. For each indicator the expected values for 2030 are estimated and analysed to determine the feasibility of a more sustainable urban transport system in Santiago. Assumptions regarding economic and demographic growth for the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, as well as infrastructural projects and operational adjustments are considered. Indicator quantification is achieved with mathematical economic models for transport and land use. Based on the indicator values, conclusions are drawn about the perspectives on Santiago’s urban transport system. Finally, recommendations for further policy action in the field are discussed.

The concept of smart transportation systems is increasingly becoming critical in addressing the challenges posed by an increasing number of mega cities in both developed and developing regions in maintaining safety, smooth traffic flow, and an environmentally friendly and sustainable urban environment. The Government of Zimbabwe deregulated its transport sector in the early 1990s. This development ushered in the informal public transport operators, locally referred to as ‘kombis'. Major cities such as Harare are characterised by a disjointed and chaotic urban public transport system. The major problems are the impacts this has on the quality of the environment. Currently, the urban public transport system is contributing greatly to both air and noise pollution within the confines of the city, especially in the Central Business Districts. The problem is further exacerbated by the massive importation of used vehicles from outside the country. These developments have resulted in high emission rates of major air pollutants resulting in a deterioration of the ambient air quality especially in the major cities such as Harare. Transportation is a major source of air pollutants. Vehicles are probably the largest single source of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. Other harmful emissions include as lead, benzene, arsenic, aldehydes, sulphates, particulate matter and the secondary creation of ozone. In Harare the number of registered vehicles increased from 192 901 in 1994 to 292 862 and by August 1999 showing that the increase in the number of vehicles is mostly in the cities. This chapter seeks to explore how smart transportation system can be adopted in Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe. Harare was purposefully selected as it is experiencing rapid urbanization and motorization in the country. Using documentary analysis, discourse analysis and textual analysis, the chapter also describes and examines the challenges, constraints and opportunities of adopting smart urban transportation system in Harare. From this chapter the major conclusions are that the main problem associated with this rapid growth in vehicle population in the major cities is increase concentration of line and area emission sources due to traffic congestion at peak times. The stock of vehicles is quite old and they lack emission control equipment. Major constraints and limitations are observed in the current pieces of legislation. For example, the current Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (1971) does not require vehicles to be fitted with emission control equipment. Most of the vehicles use leaded fuel resulting in emission of the dangerous lead particulate matter in the urban areas. There is therefore an urgent need to design and implement air pollution control measures in the urban areas of the country. It is also critical to develop smart and eco-friendly transportation infrastructures so as to achieve sustainable urban communities. The integration of transportation, land use and decision making is also critical in the achievement of smart transport.

This article is devoted to the process of modeling dynamic systems of city intelligent transport systems (CITS) with the help of information technologies. The proposed means of fundamentally new integrated subsystems CITS, simultaneously covers arrays of heterogeneous data and use modern neural network technologies to provide information support for the management of transport systems. The safety of the ecological state as a result of the influence of urban traffic in the conditions of industrial centers was formalized for information technologies. Descriptions are executed as mathematical models of complex particles of objects of the city intellectual transport network with the use of heterogeneous fragments. Strategies and methods of systematic management are analyzed for solving complex problems of reducing the ecological load of the city. Ontological descriptions in basic model forms that are focused on ensuring the safety and ecology of urban applications to overcome contamination, risks and threats. This direction involves the creation of systems for automated management of transport infrastructure, which at the moment requires the solution of a range of scientific and technical tasks.The built-in neural network models of dependence will effectively solve planning problems with controlling influences on the infrastructure of urban intelligent transport systems, which will improve the characteristics of the traffic flow and reduce the environmental burden on the environment. The analysis of transport infrastructure and the activities of organizations that have a direct influence on it, has allowed us to propose a scheme for the use of heterogeneous information in the information support of the management of environmental safety and the throughput of the street-road network of urban intelligent transport systems. Keywords: information technology, transport system, situational management, risks, models of the situation.

Smart grids play a significant role for the sustainable use of energy in smart cities. It is necessary to develop new technologies and tools for energy management in which different components should be integrated: renewable resources, distributed generation, storage systems, active loads, and plug-in electric vehicles. In this paper, attention is focused on the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in smart grids and, specifically, on an optimization-based architecture to minimize costs and including charging stations and electric vehicles. Two technologies have been considered in this work: the Smart Charging and the Vehicle to Grid (V2G). The aim of this paper is to investigate on the integration of electric vehicles in the smart grids and to prove that they can help in sustaining the grid processes when parked and so playing in costs minimization. The developed decision model is applied to the Savona Campus Smart Poly-generation Micro-grid (SPM) that is used in this case as an emulator of grids at the district level. Then, obtained results for EVs charging have been tested in the research facilities of Enel Distribuzione.

Now a days, Electric Vehicle (EV) integration to the distribution system is gradually increasing and is hitting with much power quality issues. This paper investigates the impacts of EVs integration into the distribution systems and highlights possible detrimental operational performance such as feeders and transformers overloading, lower voltage profiles, higher system losses and operational cost. EV integration is realized with two charging schemes; coordinated and uncoordinated for two EV penetration levels; 30% and 100%. A benchmark (RBTS) test system, and a real distribution network in Egypt (ShC-D8) are modeled. Each test system includes its own daily load and cost variations model. Simulations are performed to investigate the influence of EVs penetration and coordination on voltage profile, feeders and transformers loading, system losses, operational cost, voltage profile, and the daily load curves. Simulation results show that: the EVs penetration levels have a major effects on system performance, uncoordinated charging result in a negative impacts on system performance, and coordinate charging mitigate that negative impacts.

У запропонованій роботі розглядається концептуальна модель організації перевезень у міський пасажирській інформаційно-транспортній системі на базі безпілотних транспортних засобів. Інформаційно-транспортні системи є новим поколінням транспортних систем, що базуються на активному використанні інформаційних технологій та інтелектуальних алгоритмів для організації перевізного процесу. Особливістю даної міської пасажирської інформаційно-транспортної системи є те, що такі процеси як прогнозування, планування і управління перевезеннями, на яких будується організація роботи будь-якої транспортної системи, здійснюються в режимі реального часу, що дозволяє транспортній системі адаптивно реагувати на зміни попиту на перевезення. В роботі розглянуті не тільки структура і принципи функціонування транспортної системи, але і структура та принципи функціонування її інформаційної складової (єдиного інформаційного сервера), що є основою для прийняття рішень і організації перевезень: розглянуті принципи побудови процесу збору та аналізу заявок для складання плану перевезення пасажирів, який формується не тільки з урахуванням вже зареєстрованих в системі заявок, але і з урахуванням потенційних заявок на перевезення, які можуть надійти в транспортну систему до моменту появи транспортного засобу на зупиночному пункті. Запропоновано метод розрахунку прогнозного значення кількості потенційних заявок, який використовується для складання плану перевезення, і описана концепція його програмної реалізації через використання можливостей системи управління базами даних часових рядів, здатної до високопродуктивної вставці даних, в якій потік заявок записується і зберігається у вигляді дискретного часового ряду - сукупності послідовних спостережень, кожне з яких має свою тимчасову мітку, яка має його на осі часу. Запропоновані рішення мають на меті підвищення якості та своєчасності обслуговування пасажирів і одночасно дозволяють максимально ефективно використовувати рухомий склад і енергоресурси міської пасажирської інформаційно-транспортної системи.

The share of road vehicles in urban transport systems is a challenge for modern and dynamically developing urban areas in accordance with the concept of sustainable and Smart Cities. Increasingly, there is a need to promote and adapt urban space to the movement of vulnerable road users (VRU). As part of a clear emphasis on the issue of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users, the aim of the article is to define the typology and hierarchy of solutions contributing to the increase in VRU safety in cities. The research process was based on the use of grounded theory. In the adopted research methodology, the use of the Delphi method made it possible to identify the approach of various European cities to the use and implementation of technical, technological and organizational solutions affecting safety. The research made it possible to evaluate individual solutions in VRU safety management and to indicate a list of recommendations for improving security, taking into account the views of international experts. In addition, the results of this study may enrich the current literature, helping to understand the perception of solutions implemented in urban transport systems as a holistic set of interrelated elements supporting pedestrian safety and increasing their role in cities.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggers a pause in the urban transport system by creating disruptive impacts on both passenger and delivery services. A key prompt stemming from the outbreak of COVID-19 is for transportation engineers to re-think existing issues regarding urban transportation system and to develop innovative solutions to better cater to demands. An urban-based integrated automated public transportation system (APTS) that serves both people and freight is examined which leverages on emerging technologies such as information communication technology and automated vehicle. An illustrative example of an APTS, namely Dynamic Autonomous Road Transit (DART), is introduced, and the technical challenges are summarised. An APTS typology and components to model such an integrated mobility system for the urban area are described. Issues concerning business model and governance intervention to promote such an urban integration are explicitly discussed.

Traffic congestion is one of the major problems facing Yangon and is attributed to many factors including rapid population increase, poor road infrastructure, city structure, the rapid increase in the number of cars, and a lack of physical car parking plan. For this congestion problem, people can be lost their valuable time and cost. To avoid traffic congestion problems, the best choice of the urban transport system with multiple criteria such as Car Capacity (CC), Required Time (Time), Car Parking Place (PP), Required Cost (Cost), and Travelling Cost (Cost) are introduced in the proposed approach. Before applying the multicriteria analysis method, this paper analyzes the traffic congestion problem by using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). In this analysis, data collected from the Yangon Traffic Control Center (TCC) and show the traffic congestion status using Queuing Model. Based on the traffic congestion status, AHP is applied by identifying suitable alternative solutions of the urban transport system such as rail transport system, public bus system, taxi system, and private car system for the dedicated urban area in Yangon. As a result, the government can consider the urban transport system to avoid traffic congestion problem.

Yu. V. Trofimenko, M. R. Yakimov. Monograph «Transport planning: formation of efficient transport systems of large cities». 2nd ed., rev. and enl. Perm, RADAR agency, 2022, 536 p. ISBN 978-5-6048401-0-8.The article is a review of the monograph «Transport planning: formation of efficient transport systems in large cities», prepared by well-known Russian transport scientists Yu. V. Trofimenko and M. R. Yakimov. The monograph summarises and systematizes extensive material on topical problems of functioning of the transport systems of large cities. The book also reflects modern approaches to transport planning and organisation of traffic in cities, methods for assessing quality of functioning of urban transport systems, issues of modelling and optimising design solutions for organising transport services for the population, as well as modern approaches to building transport management systems in territorial entities.

Обоснован перечень задач самообучения интеллектуальных систем управления автономными роботами и мультиагентными робототехническими группировками. Обсуждаются основные проблемы создания интеллектуальных самообучающихся систем управления. Показано, что один из наиболее перспективных подходов к реализации процессов самообучения в интеллектуальных системах управления автономными роботами и многоагентными робототехническими группировками связан с использованием метода автоматического построения деревьев классификации. Приводятся результаты комплексного моделирования.

This paper aims to present an implementation of advanced lighting control system in airport terminal. The lighting requirements of the terminal are fulfilled and regulated by an intelligent control system deployed with i-bus. The intelligent control system adjusts the lighting in terminal at different time according to the real-time requirements. Compared with conventional control system, this intelligent control system can control the lighting in time as long as the real-time requirements are shifted in a remote way. Besides, this new system can also save energy to a great extent.