Экологическая политика стран-участниц ЕАЭС: направления сближения и институты

The article is aimed at analyzing the characteristic features of the legal support of the development and implementation of national, sectoral and local environmental policies in Ukraine and Poland. Ukrainian and Polish legislation on the mechanisms of state and local planning, more specifically, environmental planning and environmental programming, is analyzed. Strategic, sectoral and regional planning related to environmental protection, environmental safety in general and certain areas of environmental protection in particular, are described. Attention is paid to changes in Polish legislation on environmental policy in recent years. Based on the comparative legal analysis, conclusions were made on improving environmental legislation and effectively implementing state and local strategies, plans, programs for environmental protection in Ukraine.

Authoritarian environmentalism and environmental policy implementation in China

China's national policy formulation undergone economic transformation and shaped the making of policies in promotion of private business and stock market regulation. China's distinctive process of central-local interaction in policy generation is one of its core strengths in reforming its economy.

We start with an overview of EAEU member states’ economies: Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia. We highlight a number of structural features (such as Russia’s dominance in the EAEU in terms of its GDP, population, and role as an exporter of raw materials) that represent challenges for the EAEU’s long-term development as a regional integration project. We describe the high density of economic ties within the post-Soviet space (including railways, electric power, and supply chains) and consider it as an underlying reason for integration. We give special attention to the levels of convergence among EAEU member states’ economies. A long paragraph describes the intricacies and dynamics of public perception of Eurasian integration in all EAEU states and other post-Soviet states (i.e., what people think of integration and how their thinking changed over time).

A comparative study of institutional arrangements for the implementation of environmental policies serves several purposes. First, it provides a better understanding of the governmental systems of the respective countries which are examined. Second, it provides a basis for the potential formulation of more effective environmental protection policies; this can be accomplished through a detailed analysis of the implementation efforts of countries which experience similar environmental problems, but may use different implementation strategies to deal with such problems. Third, it prompts the analyst to consider the effect of varying political cultures on the policy implementation process (Enloe, 1975). Fourth, such study often identifies the need for greater harmonization of environmental laws between different countries (Lutz, 1975). In sum, such study can reveal the key relationships between governmental structures and environmental policies which account for successful policy implementation (Lundqvist, 1974).

The European Union (EU) has developed an extensive body of environmental policies spanning a wide range of areas. No other international organization shapes the environmental affairs of its members to anywhere near the same extent. However, implementation of environmental policy has remained a persistent challenge, and Europeanization of member states’ environmental policies remains partial. There has not been a wholescale convergence of environmental policy, though the differentiation between leaders and laggards is not as stark as it once was. The rules, regulations, and policies that make up EU environmental policy have increasingly impacted not only member states but also the wider world, and the EU has emerged as a key player in global environmental politics across a range of policy domains. It has been central to the creation of many international environmental regimes and has integrated environmental issues into a variety of facets of its external relations. Looking forward, increasingly stark warnings from bodies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services should raise questions regarding existing responses to environmental challenges, which to a significant extent favor incremental over transformational change. The EU faces the task of responding to these profound challenges against the backdrop of increasing political turbulence at home and abroad. Over the past decade, the EU has been beset by profound challenges that have shaped both its internal and external environmental policies. At home, the EU has been shaken by the global financial crisis as well as the decision of the United Kingdom to withdraw from the EU. The EU’s external environment is to a growing extent shaped by nativist regimes such as Donald Trump in the United States and Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, both of whom seem determined to undermine not just the foundations of global environmental governance but the rules-based international order more generally. The coming generation of scholarship on EU environmental policy will need to reflect upon how these competing forces serve to reshape the EU’s environmental policies.

Dynamic economic development, especially of highly industrialised regions, is a real threat to the local community through the too extensive exploitation of the natural environment. In the field of environmental protection, a global policy of sustainable development is applied, of which numerous conventions and international agreements are the evidence. From a regional point of view, however, the policy created by the regional authorities is of greater importance. This claim is also a research hypothesis of this research. Hence, the subject of this study will be the analysis of environmental protection policies carried out by the authorities of two partner municipalities, Józefów in Poland and Bitetto in Italy. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the activities of the local authorities of two partner municipalities in terms of local environmental protection, and to show that environmental policies should take into account in global and national approaches, but they should take their real shape based on local conditions and needs. The result of the work will be the conclusions on the effectiveness of local environmental protection policy. The study will use the method of analysing local environmental protection strategy and statistical data analysis, and an analysis of Polish and Italian law.

BackgroundAppropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are essential for nutrition of infants and young children. Bangladesh has one of the highest levels of malnutrition globally along with sub-optimal IYCF practices. A supportive policy environment is essential to ensure that effective IYCF interventions are scaled up.The objectives of our study were to assess the support for IYCF in the national policy environment through policy analysis and stakeholder analysis and in so doing identify opportunities to strengthen the policy environment.MethodsWe used a matrix developed by SAIFRN (the South Asian Infant Feeding Research Network) to systematically identify supportive national policies, plans and guidelines for IYCF. We adapted narrative synthesis and descriptive approaches to analyze policy content, based on four themes with a focus on support for mothers. We conducted three Net-Map interviews to identify stakeholders who influenced the policies and programs related to IYCF.ResultsWe identified 19 national policy documents relevant to IYCF. Overall, there was good level of support for IYCF practices at policy level – particularly regarding general support for IYCF and provision of information to mothers – but these were not consistently supported at implementation level, particularly regarding specificity and population coverage. We identified gaps regarding the training of health workers, capacity building, the monitoring and targeting of vulnerable mothers and providing an enabling environment to mothers, specifically with respect to maternity leave for working women. Urban populations and providers outside the public sector remained uncovered by policy. Our stakeholder analysis identified government entities such as the National Nutrition Service, as the most influential in terms of both technical and funding support as they had the mandate for formulation and implementation of policies and national programs. Stakeholders from different sectors played important roles, demonstrating the salience of IYCF.ConclusionsAlthough there is strong supportive policy environment for IYCF, it is important that policies cover all populations. Our analysis indicated that opportunities to strengthen the policy environment include: expanding population coverage, increasing inter-sector coordination, improving translation of policy objectives to implementation-level documents, and the engagement of non-public sectors. In addition, we recommend explicit strategies to engage diverse stakeholders in the formulation and implementation of IYCF policies.

Constitutional principles and norms are the basis of the environmental policy of the Belarusian state at the present stage of its existence. They determine the limits, intensity, methods of its implementation, the degree of participation in the implementation of environmental policy of both the state bodies and civil society institutions. The scientific methods of cognition used in the research include analysis, synthesis, abstraction and comparative method. The study concluded that environmental protection in the Republic of Belarus is a set of measures, a system of state, international and public measures for the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources, protection of the environment from pollution and destruction in order to create the most favourable conditions for the existence of human society, to meet the material and cultural needs of both living and future generations based on the constitutional principles and norms. Environmental protection can be considered as an independent constitutional principle underlying the modern policy of the Belarusian state.

Consultative mechanisms in Sweden's environment protection policy

Environmental issues are viewed as a serious problem with a complex network structure involving various stakeholders. Environmental governance is considered the most reasonable way to promote environmental policy, and it is an important mechanism contributing to the sustainable development of society. Through the network analysis of actor and policy keywords, this study demonstrated whether environmental governance policies are being pursued through the cooperation of various participants in China, the epicenter of global environmental issues. We collected text big data from 2001 to 2018 under the theme of “environmental policy” on the main online portal web in China. Through text mining, key actors and policy keywords were selected according to the timing of environmental policy promotion, and network analysis and core-periphery analysis were conducted based on this actor/keywords data set. The results of this study are as follows. First, China’s environmental policy is a rudimentary governance cooperation structure, and the central and local governments are still the main policy-promoting actors. Second, the fundamental solution of the environmental problem through readjustment of the environment-related system and industrial restructuring has become the keyword for China’s implementation of environmental policy at present. Third, there were certain words, such as social, public, enterprise, and institution, in the aspects of environmental governance, while these words failed to be at the center of multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis for the actors. This result shows that environmental governance and network are still at an early stage and that the Chinese government’s strong power lies in its environmental policy. Based on these results, policy recommendations are presented.

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Desertification is one of the most pressing environmental issues in the world today. The environmental problem of desertification can be remedied through better environmental management and policy—these methods are taken to be the most effective ways of combating desertification. This study comparatively analyzes the implementation of environmental policies designed to combat desertification in Kuwait and the region of Hotan in China. The natural causes of desertification in the two regions are largely the same; therefore, the comparison focuses on policies to control the human factors that cause the problem. The comparisons show that desertification policies in Kuwait and Hotan differ in five ways: the role of local government, laws and regulations, timeliness, public participation, and government funding for forestry. This study aims to share China’s “top-down” model for implementing the environmental policies designed to combat desertification. Results demonstrate that the Chinese “top-down” model might be applied in Kuwait to combat desertification and improve environmental management. Although both Kuwait and Hotan are different in the political and economic system, both of them suffered from desertification, and desertification combating as a part of national action. The proposed assumptions provide a global strategy and a comprehensive project on combating desertification. Kuwait and China should thus enhance their collaboration and communication and make a joint effort to combat desertification via environmental policy management.

Environmental pollution as well as sustainability of the natural environment is the product of behavioural exchange obtainable in a particular geographical setting and time space. Each environmental setting has its own expected behavioural disposition making it, more or less the symbolic identity of the people living in the setting. In southeast Nigeria among the six geopolitical zones of the country, environmental pollution has appeared as identity for many cities over the years. While some scholars have scratched the matter from other dimensions, there is yet to be research design, targeting the essence of symbolic behavioural exchange in the understanding of the issue of urbanites and environmental pollution. From the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism, a coherent analysis was advanced in this study, to capture the behavioural exchanges towards the natural environment between the urbanites and the government institutions implementing environmental protection policies. This was substantiated through the primary data obtained via survey research design, involving 640 respondents (18+) from the southeast Nigerian cities. The study adopted descriptive statistics as well as linear model in probing the data collected. According to the findings of the study, weak policy framework and implementation elicited covert anti-environmental protection behaviour. Commitment to environmental protection, policy awareness and support to government policy and institution are dependent on the public trust of the government institutions managing the environment, awareness of environmental issues, government policies and the functionality of the government institutions managing environmental issues.

Legal support of the use of Industry 4.0 technologies in the field of natural resource management and environmental protection