Специфика развития туризма в малых и средних городах России

This chapter is a synthesis of proposed recommendations to authorities and agencies at all levels (national, regional, and local) relating to the development of creative tourism initiatives in small cities and rural areas. It is centrally informed by the needs of the CREATOUR ® pilot organizations in Portugal, which were articulated within discussions between researchers and practitioners. The study also considers public policies related to rural tourism development and the types of public policies needed to foster and support cultural and creative organizations in small cities and rural areas. The recommendations recognize and reinforce the need to develop new structures to foster ongoing interconnections between the cultural and tourism sectors.

Sustainable development of Ukrainian small cities is an inherent part of regional politics and a factor of strengthening the state economic security due to a revitalization of resource, investment-innovative, ecological and social potential of small cities. Such revitalization facilitates an equalization of regional territorial-spatial development disproportions and promotes strengthening of integrative, cultural, business, trade, transport, communication and other ties within a country. The role of involving the maritime complex resources in this process is substantial. Developing and effectively utilizing the potential of the maritime's complex functional elements is capable of providing an impulse to the development of seashore territories (which, in many ways, are regarded as, so-called, depressive regions), creating positive synergetic effects for the entire country due to the increase of living standards throughout the seashore regions, a revitalization of tourism and stimulation of entrepreneurship, etc. The importance of determining and scientifically substantiating maritime complex development directions, including those in the context of sustained regional development, is further emphasized with the development of a new Maritime doctrine of Ukraine for the period of up to 2035. The necessity of its implementation is designated by the new Strategy of national security of Ukraine, that was accepted by the Presidential Decree № 287/2015 on May, 26, 2015. The aim of the article is to determine the priority development directions for the Ukrainian maritime complex in order to facilitate sustainable development of small cities and to strengthen state economic security, based on an analysis of existing potential of its main components. The article analyzes the main development tendencies in the maritime complex in the context of stimulating small cities sustainable development and strengthening state economic security. The legislative regulation of Ukraine's maritime complex is described, the current state and problems of its components operations – maritime trade, port industry, shipbuilding, and fishing industry are outlined. Development priorities for the marine industry, as well as for the economic relations within the maritime complex, are substantiated, with the goal of achieving social economic benefit and satisfying the demand of both population and industry for goods and services. This is possible by utilizing the resources of the World Ocean, and applying intellectual and professional manmade means towards promoting sustainable development of small cities and strengthening state economic security.

The urban planning regime in Independent India started with the Master plan and the Town and Country Planning Act (1947), and continued for decades with an overwhelming importance on large and metropolitan cities. In the 1980s, the emphasis on urban planning and development experienced a shift from large cities to small and medium cities following the Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) Program launched in 1979. In 1990s, the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) was passed to ensure decentralized planning and participatory development of cities in India under independent local governments. The present chapter, based on both secondary sources and empirical findings in the context of smaller cities, tries to explore the trajectories of changes in governing cities over the last three decades, especially after the 74th CAA and the impact of such changes. The models of urban governance differ from state to state followed by the State Municipal Acts. This chapter looks into the changes in the urban governance structure and in the pattern of municipal financing in West Bengal, and their impact on the efficiency of the provision of basic service in smaller cities. The paper critically analyses the nature of changes at the city level and shows how decentralization and people’s participation are undermined by the omnipresence of the party and the State in controlling the local governments of financially dependent smaller cities in West Bengal. For in-depth understanding of the ground level situation, the chapter focuses on four cities of West Bengal—Burdwan, Durgapur, Balurghat and Kalimpong.

Creative Strategies for Sustainable Development in Small Cities

In the context of developing domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation, increasing its share in GDP, which is in line with the national goal set by the President of the Russian Federation [7], and increasing the number of domestic tourist trips by 2 times per capita by 2035, which is in line with the Tourism Development Strategy [6], it is important to develop tourism in small historical cities and improve existing routes to meet modern challenges and opportunities for expanding the range of tourist services. At the same time, the development of tourism in small historical cities will, to some extent, prevent the outflow of young people to large cities, providing them with interest and jobs in tourism in their small homeland. There is also an interest for the local population that is not involved in tourism: the development of tourism contributes to the development of tourism infrastructure and improves the quality of life for the local population. The article will consider the city of Pereslavl-­Zalessky as a tourist attraction center from the perspective of its potential based on the existing tourism and recreational potential. Currently, the city is famous for its churches and cathedrals, Lake Pleshcheyevo, and is part of the “Great Golden Ring.” However, in order to distribute tourist flows, smooth out off-season periods, and attract a wider range of tourists to the city, the study will explore the city’s tourism potential and propose new areas for tourism development, such as film tourism, eco-tourism, industrial tourism, mystical tourism, and festival tourism, which complement each other in creating combined routes and attract a new target audience of tourists.

This chapter highlights that the number and structure of eating establishments in smaller cities and towns is consistent with the hierarchical relationship predicted by central place theory. It also highlights other factors that affect the development of gastronomy in smaller cities and towns. One is the tourist function, which is shaped by different types of tourism; others include the city’s location, its history and contemporary development. This chapter seeks to explore, among other things, the popularity of ethnic cuisines, vegan and vegetarian food, and eating establishments in redeveloped buildings. It looks at the culinary landscape in some smaller Polish cities and towns and discusses the creation of culinary trails as a way to promote sightseeing in the city.

The operation of the Trans-Java Toll Road has influenced the development of nearby small cities in various ways. Using samples of twelve small cities along the Trans-Java Toll Road, this article investigates the changing spatial structure and pattern of these cities after its construction. Our analysis confirmed three development patterns resonating regional urbanisation in Java from previous studies: (1) small cities supporting metropolitan areas, (2) small cities showing a strong pattern of desakota formation process, and (3) small cities slowly emerging as sub-centres. We suggest an integrated planning approach to be utilised for achieving an equitable small city development.

The policy of activating small-city growth through industrialization has focused largely on further development of such cities since it was first formulated in the 1960s. The author suggests that not all small cities possess the requisites for further growth and that it is a mistake to view them entirely as a transitional form of settlement. According to this view, small cities have a role to play as rural service centers. The problem is viewed not so much the industrialization and further growth of small cities, but an improvement of living levels designed to reduce the present gap between the standards of living in large and small urban centers. Further research on small-city problems is urged, proceeding from past emphasis on industrialization prospects to broader analysis of socio-demographic needs and the steps required to preserve small cities as an integral element of unified systems of settlement.

It is crucial to the sustainable development of cities that we understand how urban form affects the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from a spatial–temporal perspective. This study explored the influence of urban form on PM2.5 concentration in 286 prefecture-level Chinese cities and compared them from national and regional perspectives. The analysis, which explored the influence of urban form on PM2.5 concentration, was based on two types of urban form indicators (socioeconomic urban index and urban landscape index). The results revealed that cities with high PM2.5 concentrations tended to be clustered. From the national perspective, urban built-up area (UA) and road density (RD) have a significant correlation with PM2.5 concentration for all cities. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of patches (NP) and the average concentration of PM2.5 in small and medium-sized cities. Moreover, urban fragmentation had a stronger impact on PM2.5 concentrations in small cities. From a sub-regional perspective, there was no significant correlation between urban form and PM2.5 concentration in the eastern and central regions. On the other hand, the influence of population density on PM2.5 concentration in northeastern China and northwestern China showed a significant positive correlation. In large- and medium-sized cities, the number of patches (NP), the largest patch index (LPI), and the contagion index (CONTAG) were also positively correlated with PM2.5 concentration, while the LPI in small cities was significantly negatively correlated with PM2.5 concentration. This shows that, for more developed areas, planning agencies should encourage moderately decentralized and polycentric urban development. For underdeveloped cities and shrinking cities, the development of a single center should be encouraged.

China’s cities have experienced rapid and uneven development in recent decades, which influenced urban land prices crucially. Understanding the distribution of the urban land-price system and its evolution would help to provide an in-depth understanding of the development of China’s urban system. Therefore, we combined rank-size law and fractal theory to analyze the patterns and variations of the rank-size distributions of China’s urban land-price system based on land transfer data for 2007–2019. We concluded the following: (1) the rank-size law explains the distribution of the urban land-price system in China—the system was balanced and showed an equilibrium–disequilibrium development; (2) the actual land prices were higher than the theoretical land prices in southeastern China, especially in urban agglomerations, while they were lower in northwestern China; (3) the number of cities located in China’s urban development system was decreasing, and the unevenness of urban land-price system was increasing; and (4) the imbalance of land-price rank-size distributions was higher in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and Guangdong–Hongkong–Macau Greater Bay Area urban agglomerations, while they were more balanced in the Chengdu–Chongqing and Central Plains urban agglomerations. We suggest that the development of small cities in China has a large upside, which should be noticed.

The relevance of this study stems from the need to fi nd new development paths for small and medium-sized cities amid the paradigm shift from traditional economics to noonomy. In today’s reality, material production based on mechanized labor is no longer a driver of growth; value is created through knowledge and innovation, and the creative sector is becoming a key resource for the development of communities, enabling economic diversifi cation, preserving cultural identity, and improving the quality of the urban environment. The aim of this study is to identify the specifi cs and state of development of creative industries in small and medium-sized cities, identify systemic barriers, as well as promising areas for expanding their potential. The study is focused on small and medium-sized cities in the Novosibirsk, Ivanovo, and Vologda Oblasts. The theoretical basis for this study is the concept of noonomy, research on the economics of creative industries, and the concept of the «creative city». Data from Rosstat, the List-org counterparty verifi cation service, Yandex. Maps, and strategic planning documents were used as the information base. The methodological framework included monographic, substantive, and comparative analyses, as well as a range of general scientifi c methods. The authors reveal that even in regions leading in creative industry development (Novosibirsk and Ivanovo Oblasts), the majority of organizations in this sector are concentrated in large cities. In the Ivanovo Oblast, only about 12% of enterprises are located in small and medium-sized cities, while in the Novosibirsk Oblast, the fi gure is only 5%. It was concluded that being located within the infl uence zone of a large city or within an agglomeration creates key prerequisites for the growth of creative industries in small and medium-sized cities. The institutional environment, including a set of regulatory and legal acts and existing institutions that set the direction for the development of the creative economy and ensure the systematic nootransformation of cities, also plays a signifi cant role. A SWOT analysis identifi ed the internal strengths and systemic constraints to the growth of creative industries in small and medium-sized cities in Russia.

Fractal theory promoted by the famous scientist Mandelbrot is widely used to research the fragment and irregular phenomena. Many urban geographers apply the fractal theory in the urban research. According to this, our researches utilize the fractal theory to Remote Sensing images to study the development of the city of Huai'an in Jiangsu Province. Firstly, we chooses the LandSat TM and ETM images in 1988 and 2000 as the main data sources. Then box-counting method is utilized to calculate the city's vector data and Peleg Double Blanket Method is used to get the fractal dimension of the city's image data. As we expected, the fractal dimension value become larger in 2000 compared with in 1988 which indicates that the city's structure needs to be changed exigently at that time. At last, the authors conclude the regularity between urbanization and fractal transformation and suggest some advices for the small city's development.

Sanya, China: Tropical climate and the rise of a small city

China's ‘dual carbon’ strategy is of strategic importance in leading global climate governance and promoting China's high-quality and green economic development. Cities are the centres of human activities. However, these are also places where high energy consumption and high carbon emissions are concentrated. This study selected data from 192 small and medium-sized cities in mainland China for the period 2000–2020. It classified these into seven categories using the K-means clustering method, calculated the decoupling status of different types of small and medium-sized cities based on the Tapio decoupling index, and analysed the relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in various types of small and medium-sized cities based on the EKC curve theory. Finally, the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) model was used to classify and predict the time required to achieve carbon peaking for seven types of small and medium-sized cities. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) The development status of small and medium-sized cities shows a ‘geese echelon pattern’. New dynamic small and medium-sized urban areas may reach peak carbon emissions first, while resource-based small and medium-sized urban areas may be the last to do so. (2) The decoupling of carbon emissions from industrial development in small and medium-sized cities has not been completed. This manifests mainly through the states of declining decoupling, absolute decoupling, and strong negative decoupling. (3) A significant inverted U-shaped relationship exists between economic development and carbon emissions in these cities. (4) These cities may have the disadvantage of premature or excessive de-industrialisation. Additionally, these generally have an inefficient and expansionary economic development status. Therefore, this study contended for a more robust integration of a radical political economy and ecological economics to support the development of such cities in China. The paper proposes differentiated development paths and fundamental recommendations for small and medium-sized cities in the implementation of the ‘double carbon’ strategy. The intention is to provide theoretical guidance and implications for promoting green and low-carbon development in urban and rural areas and for the early achievement of the strategy in China.

In the politics of the regional and local development much less attention is devoting itself to small cities compared with large urban agglomerations. However a territorial cohesion of regions is seriously dependent on the amount and the level of development of small cities. Justifying the need of marketing assisting of the development of these economic individuals is the purpose of this article. The practice of the planning and the marketing management is poorly popularized especially in regions of Eastern Poland. In this article authors are stressing the need of assisting attraction of small cities towards basic groups, in it of residents, diverse companies, institutions and social organizations as well as visitors. The small cities are in the regions the specific „pumping stations” of the production, services, capital and information from the larger centers to one’s back. On the example of the poorly urbanized Lubelskie Voivodship it is possible to state that the net of cities is too rare. Low urban planning standards are characteristic of small cities. The urban planning marketing can be the direction of the improvement of the social, economic and spatial situation of such regions as the Lubelskie Voivodship. Amongst this tools a main role will be playing the improvement in the standards of the technical and social infrastructure and comprehensive preparing the new investment grounds for the settlement and the market business activity. The improvement in the corporate culture of local governments in cooperation with all sorts partners on the local and regional level will also be needed.