Польська мова як посередник проникнення гунґаризмів в українську мову

This publication examines which languages were represented in the inscriptions of different series of banknotes issued between the First and Second World Wars (1919–1938) in the Czechoslovak Republiс. Along with portraits of historical figures, images relating to the culture and history of a particular nation, the presence (or absence) of banknotes of languages is also an element of symbolic politics and part of the manifestation of the language policy of a particular state. Banknotes are seen as an element of the linguistic landscape, and the linguistic landscape is understood as a reflection of language policy, its peculiar public expression. The main purpose of the study was to show why the Polish language appeared on the banknotes of Czechoslovakia, which were in circulation between 1919 and 1925, and to analyse why the Polish language disappeared from paper money after 1926. Placed languages on banknotes are subject to quantitative and qualitative analysis, examines the location of languages, the relationship between them. It is shown that the concept of "linguistic landscape" is not only an analysis of signs in public places, it can be interpreted and investigated in various ways. We believe that part of the increasingly interpreted linguistic landscape may also be the analysis of languages used in monetary units. It is noted that the historical approach to the analysis of the linguistic landscape helps to clarify aspects of language policy and linguistic ideologies. The authors conclude that even states that issue multilingual banknotes guarantee that the state language should be in a dominant position. The article shows why the Ukrainian, German, Polish and Hungarian languages appeared next to Czech and Slovak on the banknotes of the first issue of the Czechoslovak Republic. The Polish language was reflected on Czechoslovak banknotes that were in circulation between 1919–1925, but Prague removed the Polish language from paper money after 1926. The article analyses the reasons for the appearance and disappearance of the Polish language on the banknotes of the Czechoslovak Republic. Keywords: banknotes, language policy, linguistic landscape, polish language, Czechoslovak Republic.

Recently transposition became the issue of many research papers for being a complicated and sophisticated language phenomenon, and its definition has been broadened. The issue of transposition and the degrees of verb transitivity are the most controversial and difficult ones both in Hungarian and Russian linguistics. This issue may be investigated on different language levels: lexical, syntactic, morphological and on the level of word formation. Taking into account the mobility of parts of speech boundaries in the compared languages we attempt to find the cause of words transitioning from one lexico-grammatical class into another, investigate transposition as a natural phenomenon both for the Hungarian and Russian languages, differentiate transition in parts of the speech system from other language phenomena, solve some contentious issues regarding parts of speech, for example ‘noun-adjective’ relations, and others. Despite having extensive literature concerning nominalization in Russian linguistics and some works in Hungarian linguistics, some aspects are not comprehensively covered in them. For example, different types of transitions from other parts of speech into nouns, thorough semantic and thematic categorization of substantivized words, characteristics of their functioning in texts of different functional styles, principles of creating lexicography, etc. In this article we compare the process of substantivation amidst the system of parts of speech in languages of such different structure as Hungarian and Russian. Comprehensive and comparative study of the process of transition of other parts of speech into nouns allows us to conduct a deeper investigation of each of these languages’ structure and also to reveal typological similarities and differences between them. These languages have not been explored this way so it provides scientific novelty to the research. For the first time we define the main conditions of a systematic process of transposition in Hungarian and Russian and reveal both specific and universal opportunities for transition in the compared languages. We use comparative analysis for researching semantic models of substantivized words, distinguish different types of transitions into nouns and describe structural and stylistic features. Thus, the topic of the research is the grammatical, semantic, structural and stylistic features of substantivized words in Hungarian and Russian. The objective of the study is to discover linguistic nature of substantivation of adjectives, verbs and verbal formations, numerals and pronouns, to find out specific and universal features caused by typological differences of the researched languages. To achieve this goal we need to solve the following problems: determining the place of substantivation in the system of word formation in Hungarian and Russian, discovering how much substantivation and conversion being productive ways of word formation are identical in Russian and Hungarian, distinguishing semantic models of substantivized words and compare them, comparing models of usual and occasional substantivation and determine its productivity, studying their structure which means showing peculiarities of substantivized words’ grammatical structure in Hungarian and Russian, discovering similarities and differences between them and finding adequate models. The research is based on data of dictionaries of Russian and Hungarian languages, examples of fictional texts, live speech and not the least on the idioms. Theoretical importance lies in the following: 1) the research develops the theory of transitivity as we study transposition in two languages of different structures using comparative analysis of substantivized words and taking into account grammatical, semantic and functional aspects; 2) using the materials of two languages of different structures we discover the main conditions of systematic transposition and distinguish its universal and specific features; 3) for the first time the problem of transposition is studied on the basis of Russian and Hungarian from a theoretical point of view (on the example of transition of other parts of speech into nouns); 4) we develop the methodology of a comprehensive approach to study substantivation in Hungarian and Russian which can be used when describing this phenomenon in other languages of different structures.

The subject of this research is the typological characteristics of declension system in the Russian and Armenian languages and their diachronic changes. The author compares the modern Armenian and Grabar (classical Armenian) language, as well as Old East Slavic and modern Russian language. The goal of this article is to determine typological peculiarities of grammatical case systems of the Russian and Armenian languages in their current state, taking into account the vectors of evolutionary development of these systems in the history of the two languages. Research methodology leans on the traditional concepts of morphological typology and systemic analysis of language types proposed by G. P. Melnikov. It is established that unlike the Russian language, the Armenian declension system contains certain agglutinative and analytical features. Emphasis is placed on the detailed analysis of these phenomena and explanation of their consistent nature. The acquired results are valuable for typological description of the Russian and Armenian languages, as well as for teaching these languages to non-native speakers. The presented materials broaden scientific representations on multifacetedness of development of fusional declension on the example of two quite different languages within the same language family.

The article analyzes the morphological features of the Privileges of the Kyiv Magistrate. The text of the record is kept in the Central State Archives (f. 62, in. 1, case 1). These documents are a copy of the 18th century. certificates issued to confirm the Magdeburg law of Kyiv for the years 1544–1659, taken from the private collection of Kozma Krychevets. The study reveals the use of old and new endings in the paradigm of the noun, adjective, numeral, and pronoun in individual cases, which reflects the stage of formation of word change in the Ukrainian language. Adjective word change is characterized by the functioning of mainly compound adjectives and singular nouns. Among pronominal declensions, we notice the use of compound and non-compound forms, clipped forms are used sporadically under the influence of the Polish language. The inflection -ago of Church Slavonic origin is common. Fluctuations in the writing of forms are often reflected both in the same word and in different ones, parallelism is often found side by side. The outlined variability is caused by the lack of normalization of orthographic features, the procedural nature of language phenomena in the analyzed period, the preservation of traditions and the influence of the living language element, the interaction of the phonetic and morphological systems of the Church Slavonic, Polish and Ukrainian languages. Individual word forms found in the analyzed text functioned under the influence of a foreign language, in particular, some were strengthened under the influence of the Polish language, while others were borrowed from it. In some places, Old Slavic elements can be traced in word change (inflection -ago in adjectives, participles). Therefore, the analysis of the nominal parts of speech used in the letters of the Kyiv magistrate shows that in the system of declension of this category of words in the 16–17 centuries new (vernacular) forms were established, which later became the literary norm, archaic elements that were a tribute to the book tradition are also attested in a small amount. Along with such variants, foreign language influences are clearly marked – Polish and Church Slavonic languages. It is most likely that Church Slavonic forms were already included in the copy/translation of the 18th century, since such influences did not appear in records of the business style of previous centuries.

This article presents and verifies material embedded in the awareness of users of Polish spoken in the southern part of Eastern Borderlands of the country across generations. The close relation between Polish and Ukrainian languages is conducive to the emergence of numerous interferences. Inclusion of Ukrainian features into the Polish system took place in the course of many centuries of contacts with speakers of the Ukrainian language. Ukrainian subdialects have left their mark on the Polish language in the southern part of Eastern Borderlands also in formations which deviate from the literary language. In the Polish language under scrutiny – the language spoken on the Polish-Ukrainian borderland, some formations follow Ukrainiansubdialects and the entire Eastern Slavic area. A majority of adverbs have a structure compliant with the general Polish language. However, there are also different formations, typical of borderland subdialects.

The topicality of the work is, in particular, in systematizing the sound phenomena and processes in the system of consonants while teaching the course «Introduction to Linguistics» in terms of identifying the important differential feature of the modern Ukrainian language. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the functioning of the system of consonants in the modern Ukrainian literary language conducted in this article gives grounds to assert that there is a strong tendency towards the maximum volume and vocality of the Ukrainian pronunciation as an important component of Ukrainian sonority, distinguishing the Ukrainian language from among other Slavic and non-Slavic languages, in particular clearly contrasting it with the Russian language. Among the most important evidence of these tendencies are the presence in the phonological system of the modern Ukrainian language of the specific voiced africates /дж/, /дз/, /дз’/, the coexistence of the voiced /г/ and /ґ/, the phonemic sonority of /в/, the unique but very characteristic cases of progressive assimilation by sonority, the predominance of assimilation by sonority among regressive assimilations, existing trend for maximum volume and vocalism in the processes of dissimilation, inherent in the Ukrainian language, and of simplification, devocalization of voiced consonants at the absolute end of the word, recognized as normative in the modern Ukrainian literary language. The coverage of these facts and processes in the propaedeutic course «Introduction to Linguistics», according to the authors of the article, is an important component of the formation of freshmen’s beliefs about the systemic nature of a language as a whole and its phonological system, in particular, the laws of historical development of the language, determined by the formation and evolution of the mentality of the ethnic group as native speakers substantial differential sign of the Ukrainian language.

Orthodox terminology in the contemporary Polish language is an interesting topic that requires scientific research. This article deals with religious terms of Orthodox or East Slavic origin and concerns proper borrowings, i.e. foreign forms transferred in their original or slightly transformed form, adapted to the Polish language system. The analysed terms were extracted from the Dictionary of Polish Orthodox Terminology edited by W. Przyczyna, K. Czarnecka and M. Ławreszuk. Church Slavonicisms and East Slavicisms are groups of borrowings characteristic of Polish Orthodox terminology. The presence of Church Slavonicisms is related to the functioning of the Church Slavonic liturgical language in the Orthodox Church in Poland. These borrowings name primarily designations and concepts relating to the liturgical life and rituals of the Orthodox Church. In addition to Church Slavonicisms, East Slavic borrowings (Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian), not attested in the Church Slavonic language, constitute a characteristic group in the terminology of Polish Orthodoxy. These lexemes most often refer to the culture of East Slavic Orthodoxy (transferred to Polish) and occur primarily in the spoken language of believers living in the eastern and southern borderlands, as well as resettlers from these areas. The spelling of the borrowed Orthodox terms in the Polish language is not standardized and unified. Their graphic forms are often variants, indicating different ways of penetration into the Polish language system (through written language, oral speech, mediation of a second language).

Historia języka ukraińskiego w artykule jest rozpatrywana z punktu widzenia planowania językowego – koncepcje H. Klossa, J. Fishmana oraz W. Crofta. Procesy ausbauzacji i einbauzacji, szczegóły regionalne całego kontinuum dialektalnego zostały opisane z uwzględnieniem wpływów języków: rosyjskiego, polskiego, węgierskiego i rumuńskiego.

The article is devoted to some peculiarities of concept народ in Russian language and the concept naród in Polish language, presented on the lexicographical material of the explanatory dictionaries of contemporary Russian and Polish languages and оn the material of the opinion poll. The contrastive analyses showed some distinctions of conceptualization and lexicographic and opinion poll’s presentation of the notions in every compared language. There were explicated the reasons of differences connected with semantic evolution of the notion of every above mentioned languages.

Background. In todayʼs globalized world, scholarly inquiries that delve into the peculiarities of mentalities and uncover the cultural richness of various ethnic groups have become increasingly relevant. This statement is also applies to linguistic studies, which focus on comparing the verbal manifestations of the cultural heritage of the Polish and Ukrainian peoples.Сontribution to the research field. Based on the phraseological and paremiological material of the Polish and Ukrainian languages, the author conducts a comparative analysis of the verbalization of stereotypical perceptions of women. The stereotypical views on the character traits of women, their attitude towards their appearance, and the creation of a family are highlighted. The typical character traits attributed to women are identified, and the means of their verbalization are characterized; the ways and means of demonizing women, reflected in proverbs, are shown. The differences in stereotypical perceptions of women in Polish and Ukrainian cultures are revealed.Purpose. The research aims to compare the peculiarities of verbalization of stereotypical perceptions of women in Polish and Ukrainian paremias.Methods. The primary methods employed in this article include descriptive analysis and analytical and synthetic methods, such as structural, quantitative, and comparative analysis. The descriptive method enabled the systematization of semantic varieties of Polish and Ukrainian paremias reflecting stereotypical views of women. The classification method was applied to systematize the results of the study of Polish and Ukrainian paremias reflecting stereotypical views of women, as well as to identify semantic varieties of paremias on the studied topic and structure their means of verbalization. The analytical and synthetic methods ensured the processing of the achievements of scholars in the field of phraseology. They made it possible to characterize paremias that reflect stereotypical views of women. The structural analysis method enabled the identification of components in paremias, the establishment of relationships between them, and in particular, made it possible to determine the semantic dominants among the means of verbalizing stereotypes about women in the phraseological and paremiological material of the Polish and Ukrainian languages. The quantitative analysis method was used to characterize the frequency of representation of various semantic varieties of paremias on the studied topic. The comparative analysis method was applied to compare Polish and Ukrainian paremias reflecting stereotypical views of women in terms of semantics and the linguistic means presented in them.Results. Polish and Ukrainian paremiology reflects stereotypical assertions that women aspire to create families, cannot fulfill themselves without a man, and are unable to be happy without one. The phraseology and paremiology of both languages reveal a shared understanding of motherhood as a normal and expected state. Evaluations of women based on their appearance and a focus on female beauty are more prevalent in Ukrainian phraseological and paremiological material. However, the claim of womenʼs excessive attention to their appearance is present in the paremies of both compared languages. The stereotypical assessment of womenʼs intellectual abilities, physical strength, and endurance, as reflected in Polish and Ukrainian paremies, is characterized by ambiguity. A common feature of both languages is the allusion to the irrationality, illogicality, tearfulness, and emotional instability of women. The large group of paremies reflects stereotypical notions of womenʼs character traits. The demonization of women is vividly expressed in the phraseological and paremiological material of both Polish and Ukrainian languages, manifested in statements that a woman can surpass evil spirits in wickedness, is similar to them, and is the embodiment of evil. The image of a woman as a temptress and the stereotypical notion of women as timid and wasteful are typical of Polish and Ukrainian paremies. Ukrainian paremies emphasize the flexibility and compliance of women, especially young ones, and their preferences — a love for dancing, sweets, and fussiness in food.Discussion. While Polish and Ukrainian proverbs often position women as guardians and keepers of the domestic hearth, negative stereotypical characteristics of women dominate. The analyzed phraseological and paremiological material reveals views of womenʼs work as being easier and less valuable, and of women themselves as being unable to hold leadership positions or perform significant social roles. A promising avenue for future research is a comparative analysis of the individual traits of women as depicted in Polish and Ukrainian proverbs.

The article is devoted to the in-depth historical, etymological and semantic-structural characteristics of vocabulary to denote emotional states of anxiety, excitement, disquiet in the Polish language. Semantic, grammatical, linguo-cognitive properties, as well as the origin and formal-derivational and semantic development of the corresponding lexemes are considered. Polish linguists have repeatedly turned their attention to the relevant group of vocabulary, but they have considered, as a rule, only the key noun pol. strach, and many arrays of relevant language units have not yet received scientific coverage. In addition, the historical aspect is still the least studied in the polish linguistics, which reveals the origin of the names of emotions, their formal derivational development, models of initial semantic motivation and patterns of further semantic evolution. Numerous explanatory, phraseological, etymological lexicographical sources of Polish and other Slavic languages, dictionaries of synonyms and cognate words, The National Corpus of Polish, as well as studies in the field of psychology of human emotions and feelings served as a material for the analysis. Both emotion names pol. trwoga and niepokój are characterized in the modern Polish language by a fairly wide combination, on the basis of which the image of anxiety and disquiet in the minds of Polish speakers is reproduced. Thus, this emotion is represented as a substance (either liquid or volatile) that fills the human body; grain (like sow grain or panic); a tormenting enemy force, causing pain, and so on. Questions about the etymology and semantic development of the protoslav. *trьvoga is complex and still not definitively solved in Slavic linguistics. The analysis of numerous etymological lexicographical sources revealed that the most probable semantic transition is “causing painful physical feeling” → “state of fear”. Name of pol. niepokój is formally a prefix formation with the negative prefix nie- and is an antonym to the appellatives: pokój, spokój “peace, tranquillity”. We interpret the semantic motivation of this name as one that is indirectly related to the seme “movement”, as it expresses opposition to the state of rest. Names of anxiety and restlessness which were traced in the field of the semantic and formal evolution for a significant time frame revealed that these names in the Old Polish era did not mean emotional experience, but functioned to denote very specific situations – disputes, conflicts, skirmishes; devastation, disorder, disagreement. During the historical development of the Polish language, the analyzed lexemes acquired a secondary “emotional” meaning, which is main today, namely “state, feeling anxious about what may happen, threatening; fear, horror”, “mental state characterized by strong arousal, tension, difficulty concentrating thoughts and actions; lack of peace, balance; fear”.

The article attentions to the structure problem of the abstract concept “death”. The evaluation of phraseological and paroemiological units in Polish and Russian languages occurs on the basis of complex linguo-cognitive and culturological paradigm and detects peculiarities of this universal phenomenon. Comparison results give evidence, that concrete representation of death by Poles and Russians has both common features, which are surely formed under the influence of the Slavic mythology. Affinity in the visualization of the abstract term leads to the death personification. Thereby the woman’s image is the dominant one, as in the mythological awareness the female principle is associated with something bad. It proves that the image along with the notional part of the concept expresses axiological-evaluated values. The image of the woman as a death is reflected in proverbs, riddles, phraseological units of Russian and Polish languages. It is also found out, that the image as a structure part of the concept „death” has distinctive features as well due to religious, social and historical development of the countries. There are differences in verbalization means. In Polish, for example, the nominative density of the concept is higher; proper nouns are used more extensive than in Russian. The comparative analysis of the image in the concept structure „death” related to the Polish and Russian spheres of concepts proves, that in the national plurality of concepts a mental unit DEATH has a cultural value for Slavic linguo-cultures and at the same time it is validated through the last ones. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s4p423

The article contains some conclusions regarding the types of Internet language texts. They refer to conventional language structure as viewed by the translator. The main conclusion reveals that one can notice some pattern formation as the types of internet language stabilise. The examples in the study show inter-language differences between Polish and Russian language structure. The differences in Internet language texts can take a lexical or grammatical form. The ample source of language solutions are parallel texts. The popularity of Internet communication has produced separate models of Internet texts such as internet forum, internet chat, an email, an electronic form, and a website www. They are no different to the traditional written texts or the newer audiovisual ones as their functionality is based on some patterns that can be chosen for suitable language solutions. The differences between Russian and Polish languages can be seen in the simplest Internet engine’s formula. Its common pattern can be noticed on official governmental and business websites. The communication exchange will be distorted if conventional language structures are broken. By using inappropriate grammatical and lexical forms the sender may cause ambiguity. Not all translators who create websites in a foreign language respect conventional language structures. Therefore, it is neccesary to stress the importance of the Internet translation models which can not be avoided today.

The article delivers the linguistic policy of the Russian empire towards the native peoples of Central and Northern Europe during the 19th – early 20th cc. It surveys the Russian policy towards the Polish, Lithuanian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, Romanian, Latvian, Estonian and Finnish languages in the broad historical context. The author compares the Russian imperial linguistic policy with those pursued by other states of the period, including the United Kingdom, France and Habsburg monarchy. It is stated that the main specific feature of the Russian linguistic policy was its selectivity. For example, while the Ukrainian and, to some extent, Romanian languages were subjected to severe restrictions, the Finnish enjoyed relative freedom. Depending on political situation, activity of local national movements, potential for ethnic conflicts etc., the imperial policy of russification could be either slowed down or intensified in some regions. However, its main goal – the expansion of the Russian language as a component of the dominant ideological doctrine “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality” remained unchangeable. To achieve this goal, the imperial authorities took different measures to reduce the social prestige of the native population’s languages, drove them out from the administrative and educational spheres, marginalized publishing activities etc. Thus, this restrictive policy achieved effect only in the short-term perspective.

The article describes the historical and cultural conditions for the settlement of the territory of modern Zhytomyr region by the Poles. It is revealed that the Poles are one of the first national minorities who populated this territory. The Poles moved to Volyn, which included a significant part of modern Zhytomyr region, by several waves (in the 16th-17th centuries, the beginning of the 19th century). The Polish language actively functioned as one of the written languages on Ukrainian lands in the 16th–17th centuries, and until the end of the 18th century on the territory of the former Volyn. With the advent of tsarist Russia, the restrictions of the Polish national minority began, including the language: they could not open Polish-language schools, and teach Polish in educational institutions. Despite these circumstances, the Polish language functioned, and the literature works were written.The Polish people, most of all national minorities, have been assimilated into the Ukrainian language and the people. The national and linguistic self-identification of the Poles began declining from the first quarter of the 20th century, when the Poles began being restricted themselves to social and political rights. The decline of linguistic and national self-identification has been going on since the 1970s. The 2001 census indicates the opposite: the choice of Polish as a native language has increased. On the territory of Zhytomyr region, the linguistic assimilation of the Poles is higher than in Ukraine in general. The Polish ethnic minority, though not fully, can satisfy its cultural and informational needs (television, radio production, media, reading books), since there are Polish-language television and radio broadcasts and print editions in Zhytomyr.