Агроэкологическая типология земель сельскохозяйственного землепользования засушливой степи Алтайского Края

In today's conditions of European integration processes, the problem of the formation of agricultural land use in accordance with the strategy of sustainable development of Ukraine is of considerable interest to the study. In view of the imperfection of the functioning of the regulatory and legal framework and the instability of the political situation in the country, the problem of preservation of rational use and protection of agricultural land use becomes especially relevant. In our opinion, one of the factors contributing to the formation of sustainable agricultural land use is the agrochemical passport of the field, land, agrochemical certification. The purpose of this work is to conduct an analysis of the regulation of relations in the field of agrochemical certification in the formation of sustainable agricultural land use. The study used general scientific and special methods: analysis and synthesis, analogies and comparisons, generalizations, statistics, etc. The methodological basis of the study is an integrated approach, system-structural analysis and a dialectical method of scientific knowledge. The work substantiates that agrochemical certification of a particular site is an important tool in the formation of sustainable development of agricultural land use through the prism of interaction between the legal, technological, ecological and economic environment. The algorithm of agrochemical certification is improved, which gives a systematic representation of the process of certification. The proposed algorithm involves the structuring of nine stages of its implementation. Based on the research of the current state of agrochemical certification, its principles and tasks were generalized, as well as the functional possibilities of its carrying out, which can be taken into account when developing the Law of Ukraine "On state agrochemical certification of agricultural land".

The issue of socio-economic development of rural areas was explored. It was substantiated that the state policy should be aimed at mobilizing labor, financial, material and organizational resources, strengthening the social security of rural population, rehabilitation of social infrastructure, development of entrepreneurship, and maintaining ecological stability. It was proved that within the integrated management of the development of rural areas, the development of the system of local self-government in rural territory communities requires special attention. The factors that led to an unprecedented socio-economic and ecological crisis in agricultural land use were explored. Based on the solution of the optimization problem, the negative trends in the dynamics of key indicators of agricultural production, determined especially clearly on the basis of the results of the correlation data analysis. The obtained mathematical model of the dynamics makes it possible to foresee the consequences of unsustainable management of the development and even to predict the sad ending, unless certain priority factors of management are accepted. The prediction based on such a mathematical model of dynamics can be made by any indicators of agricultural production. It was noted that the modern period of development of land relations in rural areas will be able to satisfy the interests of the peasants only on condition of harmonious combination of economy of different spheres of activity in rural areas, which are reinforced one after another. The innovative approach to ensuring deficit-free balance of humus in soil as a condition for the sustainable development of agricultural land use was substantiated. It was determined that the policy, aimed at the environmental land use stabilization is based on the development of organizational-legal forms of economy of a cooperative type, based on the common share ownership of land plots of land share owners.

The extent of anthropogenic land use in watersheds determines the amount of pollutants discharged to streams. This indirectly and directly affects stream water quality and biological health. Most studies have therefore focused on ways to reduce non-point pollution sources to streams from the surrounding land use in watersheds. However, the mechanistic pathways between land use and the deterioration of stream water quality and biological assemblages remain unclear. This study estimated a structural equation model (SEM) representing the impact of agricultural and urban land use on water quality and the benthic macroinvertebrate index (BMI) using IBM AMOS in the Nam-Han river systems, South Korea. The estimated SEM showed that the percent of urban and agricultural land in the watersheds significantly affected both the water quality and the BMI of the streams. Specifically, a higher percent of urban land use had directly increased the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total phosphorus (TP), and deteriorated the BMI of streams. Similarly, higher proportions of agricultural land use had also directly increased the BOD, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and lowered the BMI of streams. In addition, it was observed that the percent of urban and agricultural land use had indirectly deteriorated the BMI through increased BOD. However, we were not able to observe any significant indirect effect of the percent of urban and agricultural land use through increased nutrients including TN and TP. These results indicate that increased urban and agricultural land use in the watersheds had directly and indirectly affected the physicochemical characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams. Our findings emphasize the need to develop more elaborate environmental management and restoration strategies to improve the water quality and biological status of streams.

This paper deals with world experience of Land Management achieving sustainable use of agricultural land. The study of foreign models on functioning of Land Management mechanism of sustainable use of agricultural land have shown that in most developed countries, rural areas are separate facilities of management. The author has discovered main positive ways of implementing international experience in the process of environmental and economic security of Land Management mechanism of sustainable use of agricultural land in Ukraine.

Current intensification and changes in agricultural land use practices increase environmental impact that can be reduced by bridging the gap between socio-economic demands and scientific justification of sustainable agricultural land use. This can be achieved by replacing the goal of maximum crop yields with the goal of minimal environmental impact. This paper presents results of integrated crop simulation system development for analysis of alternative planning strategies in agricultural land use, with focus on the crop rotation influence on environmental sustainability. The effective tools used in analysis include (1) long-term analysis of changes in agricultural land using a dynamic crop model with daily time step; (2) justification of arbitrary crop rotation scheme of different agro-technologies and sparing measures; and (3) analysis of modern farming management methods using model-oriented approach. The results of study also include estimation of two alternative practices of crop harvesting including remaining or removing whole crop residues from the agricultural field and their influence on basic parameters of soil fertility. In addition, we analyzed comparative efficiency of different agricultural measures neglecting the negative influence of possible climate changes in long-term consequences. Corresponding efficiency rating is the following: organic fertilizer, green manure legume sparing harvesting, winter catch crop, and rotation scheme.

Abstract. The ability of the economic system to meet the growing needs of society without losing natural resources or significantly reducing their quality properties can be predicted by the factor of ecological capacity of agricultural land use, which harmonizes economic and environmental components of agricultural land use by harmonizing social welfare and resource potential. The implementation of this approach should lead to the reconciliation of differences in the growth rates of economic prosperity and environmental decline, which is the quintessence in the practice of sustainable agricultural land use, as an essential norm in long-term exploitation of natural resources by current and future generations. Therefore, taking into account the factor of ecological capacity of lands as a criterion of productivity of agricultural lands is not in doubt. Purpose. The goal of this research is substantiation of the essence of the factor of ecological capacity of lands, determination of its components and the need for its forecasting in order to preserve the productive properties of lands. Results. It is proved that unreasonable human actions year after year lead to the transformation of qualitative properties of productive soils. Direct depletion of lands occurs due to insufficient application of organic fertilizers, excessive plowing of landscapes, neglect of field crop rotations, and excessive removal of nutrients by commercial crops, reduction of organic residues entering the soil, and so on. In this situation, the system of agricultural land use needs to be restructured as soon as possible in order to increase human welfare as long as possible, and in the long run to significantly reduce the pressure on the environment. In this context, the available natural resources should be directed not only to the development of the current economy, but also to serve as a basis for a guaranteed extension of the life cycle of ecologically dependent human civilization. The introduction of the factor of ecological capacity of lands will allow warning landowners and landing users about the danger of crisis phenomena associated with the emergence of threatening facts or the emergence of dangerous conditions. Conclusions. After conducting research, we conclude that the factor of ecological capacity of lands is the ability of the system of agricultural land use, its constituent subsystems or individual elements to synthesize, identify, update, accumulate and multiply the value properties of land. This ensures the required level of productivity in the face of ever-increasing anthropogenic pressure from individual actors.

The efficiency of farmers' management significantly depends on the effective management of land capital. It has been established that the management of land capital of farms is a system that covers all social relations and generally determines the set of relationships between the elements of the management system aimed at the rational and environmentally responsible land use. The subsystems of land capital management of farms are economic, environmental, regulatory, administrative, innovation and management, and land management and technological. The structural model of the system of land capital management of farms includes the subject, object, subject matter, purpose, goals, principles, functions, methods and mechanisms of management. The subject of this system, i.e., the management subsystem, are farms and government authorities of all levels that implement the state land, agrarian and tax policies and supervise compliance with the norms of rational land use. The object of management is differentiated by the depth of the essential content of the definition of “land”, covering land and its fertility, land resources and their capitalization, land and its investment attractiveness, agricultural land (by type) and the efficiency of its usage. The economic interests of landowners, land users, the state, and society are the basis for making managerial decisions by a farmer. It has been shown that the system of land capital management of farms should be based on the following basic principles: systematicity; purposefulness; balance of interests of a farmer, landowners, the state and society in the use of land resources; payment for land use; sustainable development of agricultural land use; rationality and economic feasibility of land use; priority of land protection as the main means of production; responsibility and information. The functions of land capital management of farms include planning of land capital use; forecasting of land capital use in the short, medium and long term; organization of land capital use; motivation and control of rational use of land capital.

A huge country, sparsely populated over large areas, with an abundance of natural resources, inherited from the ancestors, this is a blessing and a burden at the same time - the territory and resources must not only be protected from envious neighbors and countries that are historically accustomed to obtain natural resources at an inexpensive price, but also populate and equip vast territories by establishing production, and not mainly engage in gathering and selling the gifts of nature, constantly being in a state of “lagging development model”. With an abundance of land resources, and at least half of the untapped potential of productive agricultural lands, the ever-increasing need for food in the world creates geopolitical and economic opportunities for increasing agricultural production through a more complete use of vacant agricultural lands of the Non-Black Earth Region and intensification of agriculture in regions with more fertile black soil. Land policy plays a decisive role in realizing the existing opportunities to increase agricultural production, legislation, and the quality of legal regulation of land relations, management of the use of productive agricultural land, institutional environment and land management infrastructure. The article considers long-term problems of land policy, land legislation, the quality of regulation and management of land resources in agriculture and the need to determine ways and means of their improvement. “Administrative labor occupies a dominant position in relation to executive labor, as well as to the services of the land. It forms “the third factor” of production (capital + land + labor. A significant part of capital is knowledge and the organization of production). Labor is as passive as natural objects (for economic theory). Labor and land are just an instrument” (Josef Alois Schumpeter, 1883-1950, Theory of Economic Development, p. 69).

Every year, the districts and city of Agriculture Services in the Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) province report the area of agricultural land use to the NTT Provincial Agriculture and Food Security Service. The agricultural land area was measured manually by the field officers of the City and Districts of Agriculture Services. This research aims to map and measure the area of agricultural land use using remote sensing. Kupang City was used as a case study location. The remote sensing data used in this research was Landsat-9 satellite imageries from the U.S. Geological Survey in August 2022. These images were then classified based on classes paddy rice fields, non paddy rice fields, and nonagricultural fields. The classification was carried out using the Random Forest algorithm on QGIS software. This classification was based on the training sites of each land use type in Kupang City taken with GPS. The result of the research is a map of agricultural land use in Kupang City. This research shows that remote sensing allows the NTT provincial Agriculture and Food Security Service to determine the location and calculate the area of the agricultural land use in the NTT Province region quickly and accurately without a field survey. To map the agricultural land use in NTT more effectively using remote sensing, the Landsat image should be selected on the planting time. In addition, it is very important to ensure that the area on the administrative map used to crop the Landsat image corresponds to the actual area.

In modern conditions before each landowner and land user raises questions of environmental and economic effects of business activities, finding the most reasonable in terms of environmental protection, forms and methods of economic and environmentally sustainable use of agricultural land. One solution to these issues is the introduction of ecologically land. Environmentally safety agricultural land use land use process that involves the conservation and improvement of soil fertility through the use of measures for the land protection, which include: improving the structure of agricultural land and acreage, soil-tilling land, evidence-based standards of fertilizer applying, mainly use of biological methods of plant protection and modern agricultural machinery. Theoretical foundations of the formation and development of environmentally safety use of agricultural land are investigated. The ways of rational use and protection of land resources and reproduction of land resource potential of agricultural enterprises are grounded. It is established that environmentally safety agricultural land use requires consideration of territorial, economic, environmental and social factors that significantly affect the condition of land, their performance, and at the same time the efficiency of agricultural enterprises.

The domination of forestland and forest policies by agriculture is a major problem in the U.S. Historically, forestland presented a formidable obstacle that had to be overcome if farming was to take place. Thus, forestland was converted to agricultural land. Forestland was cleared and put into production of agricultural commodities. Therefore, it can be shown that there is a relationship between agricultural land use and forestland use. This relationship has shown forest use to be a weak competitor for agricultural land. This study traces out the historical interactions between agricultural and forestry policies. Trends in agricultural and forestry land use are identified and related to specific policies and/or institutional connections.

Land Fund in Ukraine is experiencing excessive human impact, which is reflected in its performance exceeding the allowable agricultural development and land structure imbalance. The environmental condition of land resources close to critical. Among the largest land area occupied by agricultural land (71% of which - 76% is arable land). Violation environmentally acceptable ratio of arable land, natural grasslands and forests negatively affected the sustainability of agricultural landscapes. Throughout the widespread land degradation processes, among which the most ambitious is the erosion (about 57.5% of the territory), pollution (20% of the territory), flooding (about 12% of the territory). Sustainable (balanced) land is one of the key factors of sustainable nature of territorial entities and may be formed of a priority, taking into account environmental factors. In ecological optimization based on value criteria ekolohostabilizuyuchyh and anthropogenic pressures lands should necessarily provide for withdrawal of intensive land use, which in its modal properties can not ensure sustainability of land use. However, today in Ukraine within the territories of communities no project development to optimize land use on the basis of sustainable development. Accordingly, the purpose of the article was the study of certain aspects of Land Management sustainable development of agricultural land within the territories of local communities. The current structure of the land fund of Ukraine was actually formed in the Soviet period, under the influence of policies of extensive agricultural development. Violation environmentally acceptable ratio of arable land, natural grasslands and forests negatively affected the stability and condition of land, which is confirmed by relevant research. In such circumstances, balancing the land proposed to carry out in two stages - the ecological and economic. In ecological optimization criteria based on land value necessarily should include withdrawal from intensive land use, which in its modal properties can not ensure sustainability of land use. In this respect, proposed to use as a criterion factor environmental sustainability of land use and anthropogenic load factor. Assessing the impact of land in the sustainability area council, which depends on the stability of agricultural development area, and tillage intensity of land, construction work is characterized by a coefficient of environmental sustainability of land use. Proved that the crucial part of the ecological optimization of land use on the territory of local communities is a balanced structure of land on the basis of ecologically appropriate use. It is important that quality indicators improve the structure of agricultural land in the optimization occurs within the environmental feasibility, increases the stability of land use and contributes to sustainable and balanced agrolandscapes territory. Economic optimization based on the requirements of the environmental is the next stage will determine on the basis of performance indicators such structure of land crops, which will be harmonized achieved high performance, yield and profitability management. Keywords : sustainable development, environmental sustainability, economic optimization, ecological optimization, environmental sustainability factor, the factor of human activity.

Indonesian Government needs to implement an appropriate rice policy to achieve the food security and poverty alleviation. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how Indonesian government can achieve the policy targets such as global competitiveness of rice sector and food security under more liberalized trade regime. This dissertation comprises six main chapters. Chapter I presents the introduction of the study. The author describes the background of the study, the research topics, the originality, and the organization of the dissertation. Chapter II provides the overview of the general situation of the rice sector in Indonesia. This chapter describes the rice production both at the national level andat the provincial level. Moreover, this chapter also illustrates the importance of the rice sector in Indonesian agriculture. Chapter III examines the competitiveness and cost efficiency of rice farming in Indonesia. This chapter attempts to test the cost efficiency of rice farming in the main rice producing areas, and confirms the competitiveness of each area. Chapter IV focuses on the economies of scale in Indonesian rice production. This chapter tests the existence of scale economies via three different methodologies: the cost elasticity of production, the cost function derived from the production function of rice, and the profit function derived from the maximization problem of the rice farmer. Chapter V investigates the constraint of farm size enlargement in the rice sector of Central Java. This chapter captures the result of a field survey in Central Java, which examines the surplus labor in the rural labor market, characteristics of land tenure, fragmentation of land, agricultural land law that discourages land transaction, and expectation for the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land. Finally, Chapter VI is the conclusion. This chapter provides the major findings and conclusions of the study. Then, the author derives the policy recommendations to help the Indonesian Government improve the Indonesian rice sector. The results of investigation in this study imply that if Indonesian Government liberalizes the rice policy, rice farmers in the major rice growing areas, such as Central Java and East Java will have the largest negative effects because they do not have global competitiveness due to small farm sizes. This study also found some evidences about the existence of scale economies in the study area and the benefit of enlarging the farm size. It may implement an alternative mix policy to promote farm-size enlargement such as facilitating the development of off-farm jobs in rural area, controlling land conversion, and considering the role of hamlets and villages for efficient and sustainable agricultural land use.[Key words: Rice Farming, Competitiveness, Cost Efficiency, Economies of Scale, Farm Size Enlargement]

This chapter examines the influence of agricultural land uses on the occurrence of landslides in the humid tropical environments of Kigezi highlands in South Western Uganda. Analysis of the agricultural land use practices is a prerequisite to understanding landscape fragility and community resilience to landslide hazards. An analysis of agricultural land use patterns was undertaken through interpretation of Sentinel 2A images for 2016. The imagery data was acquired from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinels Scientific Data Hub. Field surveys and investigations were also carried out to establish and map the spatial distribution of landslide hazards. Six agricultural land use categories were identified, namely, annuals, perennials, grazing, fallow, wood lots and agroforestry. Considering the agricultural land use patterns, annual crops are the dominant agricultural land use type spanning 69% of the total area followed; by perennials (13%). Grazing land and fallows covered 11% and 5%, respectively. The study revealed that annual crop land is the most affected agricultural land use category. Out of the 65 landslide scars mapped, 31% occurred on annual crop areas. Wood lot areas experienced the least landslide occurrence (4%). A close spatial distribution of agricultural land use practices and landslide occurrence is discernible. It is recommended that a comprehensive tree planting campaign be carried out in areas prone to landslides since it was inferred that wood lots suffered least from landslides. It is also recommended that farmers be encouraged to restore and manage terrace bunds which could help to check on water velocity and consequently increase on slope stability.

Agricultural land use is essential for prosperity and sustainability of a city. However, the performance of detecting agricultural land use based on vegetation parameters will be substantially reduced when the vegetation changed in type, quantity and condition. This study believed that soil moisture, a fundamental soil parameter, is able to detect agricultural land use. A method was proposed to evaluate city-scale agricultural land use detection capability based on three temporal statistics of soil moisture in both local and global perspectives. Using GF-1 images as a data source, an experiment in Wuhan city was performed to discuss the city-scale agricultural land use detection capability based on soil moisture. Soil moisture were inverted by the modified perpendicular drought index derived from GF-1 images. Under the visual and quantitative comparisons, it was found that the temporal mean of soil moisture performed much better than the temporal standard deviation of soil moisture and the temporal coefficient of variance of soil moisture. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of the temporal mean of soil moisture reach 91.7% and 0.81, respectively, demonstrating its great capability of detecting city-scale agricultural land use. A global analysis is implemented by regression analyses with true zonal agricultural statistics, showing a high global accuracy in agricultural land use detection.