ФРАКТАЛЬНАЯ ГРАФИКА ПРИ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ ПРОЦЕССОВ И АППАРАТОВ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

This session is designed so that the learning objectives are practical. The intent is that the attendee may take home an understanding of not just the technology, but also the logistical steps necessary to execute these 3D printing techniques in the clinic. Four practical 3D printing topics will be discussed: (i) Creating bolus and compensators for photon machines; (ii) tools for proton therapy; (iii) clinical applications in imaging; (iv) custom phantom design for clinic and research use. The use of 3D printers within the radiation oncology setting is proving to be a useful tool for creating patient specific bolus and compensators with the added benefit of cost savings. Creating the proper protocol is essential to ensuring that the desired effect is achieved and modeled in the treatment planning system. The critical choice of printer material (since it determines the interaction with the radiation) will be discussed. Selection of 3D printer type, design methods, verification of dose calculation, and the printing process will be detailed to give the basis for establishing your own protocol for electron and photon fields. A practical discussion of likely obstacles that may be encountered will be included. The diversity of systems and techniques in proton facilities leads to different facilities having very different requirements for beam modifying hardware and quality assurance devices. Many departments find the need to design and fabricate facility‐specific equipment, making 3D printing an attractive technology. 3D printer applications in proton therapy will be discussed, including beam filters and compensators, and the design of proton therapy specific quality assurance tools. Quality control specific to 3D printing in proton therapy will be addressed. Advantages and disadvantages of different printing technology for these applications will also be discussed. 3D printing applications using high‐resolution radiology‐based imaging data will be presented. This data is used to 3D print individualized physical models of patient's unique anatomy for aid in planning complex and challenging surgical procedures. Methods, techniques and imaging requirements for 3D printing anatomic models from imaging data will be discussed. Specific applications currently being used in the radiology clinic will be detailed. Standardized phantoms for radiation therapy are abundant. However, custom phantom designs can be advantageous for both clinical tasks and research. 3D printing is a useful method of custom fabrication that allows one to construct custom objects relatively quickly. Possibilities for custom radiotherapy phantoms range from 3D printing a hollow shell and filling the shell with tissue equivalent materials to fully printing the entire phantom with materials that are tissue equivalent as well as suitable for 3D printing. A range of materials available for use in radiotherapy phantoms and in the case of phantoms for dosimetric measurements, this choice is critical. The necessary steps required will be discussed including: modalities of 3D model generation, 3D model requirements for 3D printing, generation of machine instructions from the 3D model, and 3D printing techniques, choice of phantoms material, and troubleshooting techniques for each step in the process. Case examples of 3D printed phantoms will be shown. Learning Objectives: Understand the types of 3D modeling software required to design your device, the file formats required for data transfer from design software to 3D printer, and general troubleshooting techniques for each step of the process. Learn the differences between materials and design for photons vs. electrons vs. protons. Understand the importance of material choice and design geometries for your custom phantoms. Learn specific steps of quality assurance and quality control for 3D printed beam filters and compensators for proton therapy. Learn of special 3D printing applications for imaging. Cunha: Research support from Phillips Healthcare.

PurposeSkin cancer is the most common tumor in the population. There are different therapeutic modalities. Brachytherapy is one of the techniques used, in which it is necessary to build customized moulds for some patients. Currently, these moulds are made by hand using rudimentary techniques. We present a new procedure based on 3D printing and the analysis of the clinical workflow.Material and methodsMoulds can be made either by hand or by automated 3D printing. For making moulds by hand, a patient’s alginate negative is created and, from that, the gypsum cast and customized moulds are made by hand from the patient’s negative template. The new process is based on 3D printing. The first step is to take a 3D scan of the surface of the patient and then, 3D modelling software is used to obtain an accurate anatomical reconstruction of the treatment area. We present the clinical workflow using 3D scanning and printing technology, comparing its costs with the usual custom handmade mould protocol.ResultsThe time spent for the new process is 6.25 hours, in contrast to the time spent for the conventional process, which is 9.5 hours. We found a 34% reduction in time required to create a mould for brachytherapy treatment. The labor cost of the conventional process is 211.5 vs. 152.5 hours, so the reduction is 59 hours. There is also a 49.5% reduction in the financial costs, mostly due to lack of need of a computed tomography (CT) scan of the gypsum and the mould. 3D scanning and printing offers financial benefits and reduces the clinical workload.ConclusionsAs the present project demonstrates, through the application of 3D printing technologies, the costs and time spent during the process in the clinical workload in brachytherapy treatment are reduced. Overall, 3D printing is a promising technique for brachytherapy that might be well received in the community.

This study was a convergence inquiry task which utilizes 3D modeling and printing to improve the structure of robot-arm based on biomimicry of avian beak in biology education. The process of study was performed as through understanding and training of 3D modeling and printing, task selection of problem solving, identifying of the problem situation with target setting, biomimicry based solution searching and designing, 3D modeling and 3D printing, and testing process of the printed product. Three high school students were participated in the study to perform the inquiry through the biomimicry based convergence thinking process. Results were as followed: First, students explored and generated biological knowledge about avian beak and engineering knowledge in which the biological knowledge on avian beak was applied. With applying the biological and engineering knowledge, students designed 3 kinds of new robot-arms which were improved in the structure. Three products through 3D modeling and 3D printing were produced using the improved design. The products were tested whether they could solve effectively the problem of previous robot-arm. The result was shown that there was some differences among the improved products of robot-arm. This study suggests that high school students can utilize 3D modeling and 3D printing to perform convergence inquiry in biology education.

The aim of study was to evaluate the efficacy of the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing model for preoperative planning in treatment of tibial plateau fracture. Besides, we also investigated the effect of 3D printing technology on the communication between doctors and patients. Thirty-three patients with tibial plateau fractures were enrolled in the study from March 2022 to July 2023. A 3D digital model of each tibial plateau fracture was constructed, and the individual model was exported to a 3D printer for the construction of a full solid model. This 3D-printing model, along with the Three-Column classification, was utilized to plan the operation. During each operation, the operative time and amount of blood loss were recorded as primary outcome measures. Patients were followed to evaluate surgical outcomes using Rasmussen scores and radiological evaluation, which served as secondary outcome measures. Additionally, satisfaction for patients was assessed using questionnaires developed by Yiting Lou. Two-column fractures accounted for the highest proportion at 45.5%. Isolated posterior column fractures constituted 9.1%. The average 3D printing time was 7.1 ± 0.9 h; a material cost of 1 USD per model. Complex fracture cases had significantly longer 3D printing times (p = 0.001) and provided more information to the surgical team than simple fractures. Patient satisfaction with 3D models was rated at 7.4 ± 0.7 out of 10 points. Malalignment and gap width were not correlated with surgical time (p = 0.3 and 0.2). The infection rate was 3%, and the rate of secondary loss of reduction at six months was 25%, with no correlation with Rasmussen scores (P > 0.05, Fisher’s test). Our study revealed that 3D printing models effectively assist the surgeons in planning operations, especially in complex cases, and may enhances communication between surgeons and patients. Follow-up 6 months after surgery showed good knee function.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-30475-7.

ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to develop a workflow to establish geometrical quality criteria for 3D printed anatomical models as a guidance for selecting the most suitable 3D printing technologies available in a clinical environment. MethodsWe defined the 3D geometry of a 25-year-old male patient’s L4 vertebra and the geometry was then printed using two technologies, which differ in printing resolution and affordability: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and Digital Light Processing (DLP). In order to measure geometrical accuracy, the 3D scans of two physical models were compared to the virtual input model. To compare surface qualities of these printing technologies we determined surface roughness for two regions of interest. Finally, we present our experience in the clinical application of a physical model in a congenital deformity case. ResultsThe analysis of the distribution of the modified Hausdorff distance values along the vertebral surface meshes (99% of values <1 mm) of the 3D printed models provides evidence for high printing accuracy in both printing techniques. Our results demonstrate that the surface qualities, measured by roughness are adequate (~99% of values <0.1 mm) for both physical models. Finally, we implemented the FDM physical model for surgical planning. ConclusionWe present a workflow capable of determining the quality of 3D printed models and the application of a high quality and affordable 3D printed spine physical model in the pre operative planning. As a result of the visual guidance provided by the physical model, we were able to define the optimal trajectory of the screw insertion during surgery.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in medicine is one of the new and innovative technology for fabricating 3D models of complex anatomical structures that can be observed both visually and haptically. Patient-specific 3D models fabricated through this process are currently being used for various purposes, including surgical simulation, training, and medical education. Most of the personal use/low-end desktop 3D printers that are becoming widespread are fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers. Compared to professional/high-end 3D printers, the price of the personal use/low-end desktop FDM 3D printer itself, filament, and running costs are lower; it can lower the economic bottleneck for introducing 3D printing technology into clinical practice, such as surgical simulation. With a desktop FDM 3D printer and a general-purpose PC, anyone can now rapidly fabricate 3D models on their own without having to rely on 3D printing labs and specialized technicians. However, it is also true that FDM 3D printers, due to their mechanical characteristics, encounter many difficulties and problems that emerge during the 3D printing process. Knowledge, know-how, and tips about FDM 3D printers have been introduced in various media, and it has become easy to know about them worldwide via the Internet. However, there has been no comprehensive technical review to date to produce osseous 3D models for use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. In this report, to create 3D models according to the characteristics of maxillofacial and oral surgery, we enable surgeons themselves to create 3D models smoothly by presenting ideas for CT scanning, points to note when exporting Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) image data, how to create optimal stereolithography (STL) models, and problems and solutions for 3D printing.

Three-dimensional printed titanium pseudo-prosthesis for the treatment of a tumoral bone defect

Introduction and backgroundThree dimensional (3D) printing has gained popularity in the medical field because of increased research in the field of haptic 3D modeling. We review the role of 3D printing with specific reference to liver directed applications.MethodsA literature search was performed using the scientific databases Medline and PubMed. We performed this in-line with the PRISMA [20] statement. We only included articles in English, available in full text, published about adults, about liver surgery and published between 2005 and 2015. The 3D model of a patient's liver venous vasculature and metastasis was prepared from a CT scan using Osirix software (Pixmeo, Gineva, Switzerland) and printed using our 3D printer (MakerBot Replicator Z18, US). To validate the model, measurements from the inferior vena cava (IVC) were compared between the CT scan and the 3D printed model.ResultsA total of six studies were retrieved on 3D printing directly related to a liver application. While stereolithography (STL) remains the gold standard in medical additive manufacturing, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is cheaper and may be more applicable. We found our liver 3D model made by FFF had a 0.1 ± 0.06 mm margin of error (mean ± standard deviation) compared with the CT scans.Conclusion3D printing in general surgery is yet to be thoroughly exploited. The most relevant feature of interest with regard to liver surgery is the ability to view the 3D dimensional relationship of the various hepatic and portal veins with respect to tumor deposits when planning hepatic resection.Systematic review registration number: researchregistry1348.

Research in the field of 3D printing and water industry, in particular, on the fabrication and evaluation of feed spacers produced via 3D printing, rapid prototyping or additive manufacturing (AM) techniques is presented in this thesis. Feed spacer is a mesh-like structure placed between membrane sheets to create channels for fluid flow in a spiral wound membrane module (SWM). It has an important role in the hydrodynamic conditions of a SWM, which serves to facilitate mass transfer in the feed channel by generating vortex and promoting mixing. The mass transfer is critical in reducing the concentration polarisation phenomenon in membrane processes, which is often associated with membrane fouling. However, the challenges of commercial feed spacers include the trade-off between mass transfer and pressure drop along the channel that leads to the rise in energy demand as well as their impact on membrane fouling. Many studies via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have shown that spacers with complex structures have great potential in enhancing the mass transfer. However, conventional method of spacer manufacturing by extrusion could not realise the complicated designs of spacers. In this work, the 3D printing technology is employed as a tool to fabricate novel feed spacers with structures that maximise the mass transfer while minimise the channel pressure drop. It is nevertheless important to note that there are limitations in current AM technology. A link between the design and fabrication i.e. printability and surface finish properties of spacers was established. The printability of polypropylene (PP) which is the representative material of spacers was also investigated. The fabricated spacers were evaluated in terms of flux and pressure drop. Direct observation through the membrane (DOTM) technique was also used to study the impact of different 3D printed spacers on the critical flux of particles. Among the 3 broad classes of solid, liquid, powder based 3D printing techniques, the liquid based Polyjet technique was found to give the most accurate representation of the intended design while the solid based FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technique produced spacers that showed the greatest deviation from the specifications. On the other hand, the improvement in mass transfer by the FDM printed spacer was unexpectedly the greatest among the three 3D printed spacers, due to the ‘randomness’ in the strand of spacer. In addition, the surface finish of the spacers was found to have an effect on the critical flux, specifically, the anisotropic surface finish of FDM and semi-anisotropic surface finish of Polyjet. Biofouling potential was discovered to be correlated to the surface roughness of samples. Among which, Polyjet and SLS printed samples have greater bacteria attachment due to their higher microscale roughness. Eventually, three design considerations for developing 3D printed novel spacers were recommended. A series of existing (i.e., taken from the literatures), modified and innovative spacer structures, compared with commercial feed spacer, were examined to identify the basis form of spacer structure with the greatest potential. Further optimization of the selected structure was conducted to improve the spacer performance. With the primary structure made up of sinusoidal curves and secondary structures consisting cylindrical protrusions along the curve, the novel spacer S12 showed an improvement of 18% at power number, Pn=106, and 25% at Pn= 105 in mass transfer compared to commercial spacer. With this optimal design, a smart multi-material spacer was developed by designing the primary structure with a rigid material and the secondary structures with flexible materials. The multi-material responsive spacer with Tangoblackplus as the flexible material was able to lower the flux decline due to bentonite fouling by 7.6% as compared to the commercial spacer and 5.2% when compared to the single rigid material spacer. This indicates that a spacer with flexible filaments has a beneficial effect on fouling reduction. The flexible properties of the selected section on the spacer allow dynamic movement under varying flow rate, which creates a “sweeping” effect that disrupts the boundary layers and prevents foulants from accumulating near spacer filaments and on the membrane surface, thereby mitigating fouling. These favourable findings have contributed as one of the pioneering work in this interdisciplinary field.

The purposeof this study is to analyze methods of mathematical modeling for calculating the stage of primary sublimation, as the most important stage in lyophilization technology. Presented are mathematical formulas, equations for the calculation of heat and mass transfer processes, during the removal of 90 % of all frozen ice. A model is considered that takes into account the contribution of all thermal effects, including the transient energy balance, taking into account the heat transfer through the side wall of the vial and radiation, even if they are present in a small amount. The mathematical model can be used to optimize the lyophilization cycle, and also as tools for technological monitoring (using sensors based on models). The model considered in the article is a one-dimensional nonstationary state model in which the correct comprehensive transient energy balance has been introduced to describe the heat transfer through the glass of the vial, and the results are estimated using experimental data. The equations used in the simulation describe the mass and energy balances in the dried layer, taking into account the rate of adsorption/desorption of water at the interface, mass and heat transfer at the sublimation interface, as well as the energy balance of heat transfer in the wall of vials, shelf and other factors affecting the process of sublimation. Conclusions are made on the presented mathematical models and the characteristic of the direction of the process of optimization of primary sublimation in lyophilization technology is given.

One difficulty of teaching in mathematics is to present abstract mathematical concepts or laws to students in a simple visual way to promote students' understanding and mastery. Traditionally mathematical teachers tried to explain abstract mathematical concepts and formulas by means of some simple teaching tools and some mathematical models presented by some mathematical software, such as Matlab, Mathematica, etc. As an integrated modern discipline, 3D printing has become more and more important in scientific research and technological developments. This paper intends to explore the close relationship between mathematics teaching and 3D printing technology, and propose a comprehensive programme of mathematical education based on the introduction of 3D printer manufacture, mathematical formula, 3D printing models, logo adding to 3D models, and 3D outcomes. This scenario can well solve the problem of visualization of abstract mathematical concepts. Teachers can easily explain complex mathematical expressions by the visual 3D tools. Students' learning interests of mathematics can be stimulated and their understanding abilities of space and graphics can be greatly enhanced by means of the real practice of mathematical 3D printing.

The article discusses the issue of the additive color reproduction systems control in engineering. Additive technologies provide a wide range of possibilities for the formation of a three-dimensional product with the coloring of the product in mass. However, there is no technology for color management and control of distortion of the color formation of the cured material. In the course of the study, a method of color management in the process of manufacturing a three-dimensional model using CJP (Color Jet Printing) or Binder Jetting technology is proposed to ensure consistent color communication in the CAD system “program – 3D printer – material”. The notion of the additive system in engineering is implemented. According to the developed technique the performance of the color gamut of the additive system on the basis of plant ZPrinter 450 are specified.

In the past 10 years, the use of 3D printing (3DP) has been increased in a number of industries. However, its use in the fashion industry and education is still at the early stage. This study aimed to provide (1) a general overview of 3DP in fashion and its integration in fashion education and (2) a pedagogical guidance to educators in the fashion discipline by presenting one case of 3D printing education in fashion design courses. This case study focused on the importance of 3D printing in fashion design curricula and the way to strategically integrate this technology into the curriculum. Rhinoceros (Rhino) and FINEBOT were used for 3D object design and printing, respectively. The coursework consisted of theoretical lectures including definition and application of 3D printing; training of Rhino use; methods of producing objects; 3D modeling of creative objects; and 3D printing practice. During this coursework, the course instructor allowed for students to initiate their design and create the 3D objects on what they wanted. Challenges for educators were identified when fashion students were learning 3D modeling software; however, the coursework resulted in increased interest and understanding of the students in 3D modeling and printing of more advanced fashion-related objects.

3D Printing (3DP) has trending applications in many areas. 3DP has grown in popularity in recent years and it is also attracting significant research attention in Human-Computer Interaction. However, engaging in 3DP is not straightforward and not everyone participates or has the same opportunities to take part in it. Working towards making 3DP more democratic, and empowering vulnerable adults, this paper presents a participant observational study of the 3D modeling and printing experiences of (N=12) immigrants and low-literate older people. The study was conducted in two courses in an adult educational center in a working-class neighborhood in over a 3-month period. The results show that the 3D modeling and printing experiences of a number of vulnerable people at risk of social exclusion can be both examined and facilitated, challenging stereotyped (mostly negative) views of these populations and digital technologies. The results have identified two key aspects to examine further to make 3DP more democratic and empower vulnerable adults: interaction issues and spatial visualization. Future and ongoing research perspectives are outlined.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a widely used manufacturing technology, but predicting the mechanical and physical properties of printed parts remains a critical challenge. In particular, tensile strength, hardness, and surface roughness are essential for assessing product quality and reliability. Addressing this gap requires advanced computational approaches. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms have the potential to enhance automation and provide accurate predictions of product quality in 3D printing. The primary objective of this study is to review, classify, and analyze recent research on the application of ML algorithms for predicting mechanical (tensile strength, hardness) and physical (surface roughness) properties in 3D-printed materials. This review aims to identify current research trends, highlight existing gaps in the literature, and propose potential directions for future investigations in this rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted in the Web of Science database using keywords such as “3D printing”, “machine learning”, “tensile strength”, “hardness”, and “roughness. The review systematically examines the material types, ML algorithms, printing parameters, and testing methods reported in the literature, and the frequency of these parameters is visualized through graphs to illustrate research trends. The findings reveal that ML algorithms achieve high accuracy in predicting tensile strength, hardness, and surface roughness, providing valuable insights for process optimization. However, current research still shows limited evidence for direct improvements in efficiency and error reduction, indicating important directions for future work.