The purpose of this study is to investigate the opinions of teachers, directors, and parents about childcare teachers' facial expression language. We performed in-depth interviews based on literature and previous studies, which consisted of ten childcare teachers, ten directors, and ten parents. From the in-depth interviews, we are able to mainly conclude that all groups think that a childcare teacher's facial expression language is very important, and strongly influences interpersonal problems and work performance. Mostly, childcare teachers aim to have pleasant facial expressions. However they complain that in some situations it is difficult to do so, which causes severe stress. They argued that the facial expressions of both the director of the childcare center and the parents are also very important for children. However, the directors thought that teachers' facial expressions affect children and their parents' impressions of the teachers and quality of childcare. The parents are usually highly satisfied with the childcare when the teacher has a pleasant facial expression, which motivates the parents to have a positive impression of the teacher. Taken together, childcare teachers' facial expression language is critical for children and the childcare environment. Thus, developing an education program for facial expression language would be helpful for improving the quality of child care. Plus, childcare environments should be developed so that teachers do not experience difficulty in having pleasant facial expressions. This result might have the limitation of being collected from only female childcare teachers, directors, and parents.
22Putting the Child Back Into Child Care: Combining Care and Education for Children Ages 3‐5
Putting the Child Back Into Child Care: Combining Care and Education for Children Ages 3‐5
2Analysis of Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorder for Child-care Teachers' Job
Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the child-care teachers’ job in relation to physical work. Background: Child-care teacher is directly related to the quality of child care. And their physical activity is higher than general education teachers because the proportion of day care is high. But analyzes of child-care teachers’ job burdens and the work environment associated with physical activity is not well established. Method: To conduct this study, the child-care teachers’ job was classified into 18 physical works. After classification, posture was evaluated by ergonomic posture evaluation schemes of OWAS, RULA, REBA and evaluated for each physical part. Next, musculoskeletal subjective symptoms were analyzed. Results: The results showed the following: The highest assessment on the posture evaluation was “helping children to ride a school bus”, “feeding: meal/snack”, “brushing children’s teeth” and “arrangement of nap-stuff”. The rank of high-risk assessment on the neck/trunk/leg part was arranged by: “feeding: meal/snack”, “helping children to ride a school bus”, “making nap”, “arrangement nap-stuff” and “brushing children’s teeth”. The rank of high-risk assessment on the upper limbs part was arranged by: “helping children to ride a school bus”, “the bust - group activity”, “meal/snack time - preparing, feeding, arrangement”, “nap time - preparing, arrangement”, “brushing children’s teeth”, and “using the toilet”. According to the results of each musculoskeletal subjective symptom, teachers ordered the pain area as follows: waist, shoulder, leg/feet, and neck, and they showed more pain on trunk than the upper limbs. Conclusion: To sum up the results from ergonomic posture evaluation and a subjective symptom, the following are high working pressures: “feeding: meal/snack”, “the bust - group activity”, “making nap”, “brushing children’s teeth” with deep bending and waist twisting, “helping children to ride a school bus”, “brushing children’s teeth” with lifting shoulder; “meal/snack time - preparing, arrangement”, “nap time - preparing, arrangement”, and “using the toilet” with moving or an up-down position in their job. Application: The results of this study might be information for improvement of the child-care teachers’ job environment.
Read moreThe Structural Relationships among Director’s and Co-Workers’ Emotional Support, Child Care Teacher’s Emotional Intelligence, Self-Leadership and Efficacy of Child Care and Teaching
본 연구는 원장과 동료의 정서적 지지와 보육교사의 정서지능 및 셀프리더십이 보육효능감에 미치는 직·간접적 영향을 구조방정식모형(SEM) 분석을 통하여 살펴보는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위하여 보육교사 465명을 대상으로 원장과 동료의 정서적 지지, 정서지능, 셀프리더십, 보육효능감이 측정되었으며 수집된 자료는 Pearson의 적률상관분석과 구조방정식모형(SEM) 분석을 통하여 분석되었다. 그 결과 첫째, 보육교사의 보육효능감에 셀프리더십은 직접적으로 영향을 미치며 가장 큰 정적인 효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 보육교사의 보육효능감에 원장과 동료의 정서적 지지는 정서지능과 셀프리더십을 매개로 하여 간접 적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 보육교사의 보육효능감에 정서지능은 셀프리더십을 매개로 하여 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로써 보육교사의 셀프리더십은 보육효능감을 직접적으로 강화하게 할 뿐만 아니라 가장 중요한 선행요인이 될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 원장과 동료의 정서적 지지는 교사의 정서지능과 셀프리더십을 높여 보육효능감을 증진하게 하며 정서지능은 셀프리더십을 높여 보육효능감을 증진하게 하는 효과가 있음을 알 수 있다. 이는 보육교사의 보육효능감의 증진을 위하여 교사의 셀프리더십 강화가 매우 중요함을 의미하며 정서지능의 함양과 원장과 동료의 정서적 지지를 높일 수 있는 방안도 효과적임을 시사한다.The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationships among director’s and co-workers’ emotional support, child care teacher’s emotional intelligence, self-leadership and efficacy of child care and teaching. Data were collected from 465 child care teachers in Busan. To collect the data, instruments such as director’s and co-workers’ emotional support, teacher’s emotional intelligence, self-leadership and child care teacher self-efficacy were used. All research variables were measured using by self-reported questionnaires, and were analyzed with Pearson’s correlation and structural equational modelling. The results were as follows: first, child care teacher’s self-leadership was found to have a direct positive effect on efficacy of child care and teaching. Second, director’s and co-works’ emotional support was to found to have an indirect effect on efficacy of child care and teaching through teacher’s emotional intelligence and self-leadership. Third, teacher’s emotional intelligence was found to have an indirect effect on efficacy of child care and teaching through self-leadership. Additionally, teacher’s self-leadership was found to be the most important variable predicting efficacy of child care and teaching. These results suggest that improving teacher’s self-leadership and emotional intelligence and director’s and co-work’s emotional support could help facilitate efficacy of child care and teaching and subsequently the quality of child care and early childhood education.
Read more1긍정적 행동지원 교사연수가 보육교사의 긍정적 행동지원 인식과 문제행동지도 효능감에 미치는 영향
This study was conducted on 24 childcare teachers who wanted to learn positive behavioral support in order to find out its effectiveness of positive behavioral support teacher training. The content composition of the positive behavior support program was carried out by consisting of a total of eight sessions based on previous studies. In addition, in order to confirm its effectiveness of positive behavioral support teacher training, the effectiveness was compared through the content validity verification process by borrowing positive behavioral support recognition and problem behavior guidance efficacy tools in previous studies. The results of the study are as follows. First, after the positive behavioral support training, childcare teachers The change in perception of positive behavioral support was statistically significant at the pre-post p<.001 level. Second, after the positive behavioral support training, the change in the efficacy of problem behavioral guidance by childcare teachers was significant at the pre-post p<.01 level. As such, it can be seen that positive behavioral support teacher training is very effective in improving childcare teachers’ awareness of positive behavioral support and problematic behavioral guidance. Finally, discussions and suggestions were made based on the results of this study. This study can contribute to the training policy to cultivate the expertise of childcare teachers who have difficulty in supporting problem behavior.
Read more수학적 탐구하기 통합 활동에 대한 보육교사들의 인식 및 누리과정 교사용 지도서 분석
This study examined recognition of eight childcare teachers’ mathematical exploration integration activity through in-depth interviews. Additionally, the frequency analysis of mathematical exploration integration activity by age and type of activity in the Nuri Curriculum Teachers’ Guide was conducted to investigate the integration of mathematical exploration integration activity with other areas and content categories. First, teachers often conducted science-related activities in mathematical exploration integration activity, and if childcare teachers use the Nuri curriculum Teachers’ Guide in the course of planning and implementing mathematical exploration integration activity or not is different according to the types of educare centers and principals’ childcare philosophy. Next, as a result of the frequency analysis of the mathematical exploration integration activity by age and type of activity in the Nuri Curriculum Teachers’ Guide, the mathematical exploration integration activity was most integrated with social relations areas, and the art experience areas were least integrated at all ages. Additionally, the number of free-selection activities was the highest in the mathematical exploration integration activity by activity type. This study implies that.
Read more63Misinterpretation of facial expression: a cross-cultural study.
Accurately recognizing facial emotional expressions is important in psychiatrist-versus-patient interactions. This might be difficult when the physician and patients are from different cultures. More than two decades of research on facial expressions have documented the universality of the emotions of anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. In contrast, some research data supported the concept that there are significant cultural differences in the judgment of emotion. In this pilot study, the recognition of emotional facial expressions in 123 Japanese subjects was evaluated using the Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion (JACFEE) photos. The results indicated that Japanese subjects experienced difficulties in recognizing some emotional facial expressions and misunderstood others as depicted by the posers, when compared to previous studies using American subjects. Interestingly, the sex and cultural background of the poser did not appear to influence the accuracy of recognition. The data suggest that in this young Japanese sample, judgment of certain emotional facial expressions was significantly different from the Americans. Further exploration in this area is warranted due to its importance in cross-cultural clinician-patient interactions.
Read more4Neural response and representation: Facial expressions in scenes.
Previous studies have shown that the brain generates expectations based on scenes, which affects facial expression recognition. However, although facial expressions are known to interact with perception, the mechanism underlying this interaction remains poorly understood. Here, we used frequency labeling and decoding techniques to reveal the effects of scene-based expectation on the amplitude and representational strength of neural activity. We also reduced the relative reliability between expectation and sensory input by blurring facial expressions to further investigate the effects of this relative reliability on the pattern of neural activation and representation. Participants viewed emotional changes in unblurred or blurred facial expressions, which flickered at a rate of 6Hz within a scene. We found that facial expressions that were congruent with the emotional significance of the scene elicited a larger steady-state visual evoked potential amplitude than did facial expressions that were incongruent with the emotional significance of a scene, in both unblurred and blurred conditions. We also found that expected facial expression representations were stronger than unexpected representations during the unblurred condition. In the blurred condition, unexpected representations were stronger than expected representations. Taken together, these results suggested that facial expression processing in the visual cortex is modulated by top-down signals. The relative reliability of expectation and sensory input moderated the influence of a scene on facial expression representation. Furthermore, our study showed that neural activation amplitudes did not correspond to representational strength.
Read moreThe Mediating Effect of Emotional Leadership of Daycare Center Directors on the Relation between Childcare Teachers' Emotional Intelligence and Teacher-Infant Interaction
The Mediating Effect of Emotional Leadership of Daycare Center Directors on the Relation between Childcare Teachers' Emotional Intelligence and Teacher-Infant Interaction
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121Combining Facial Expressions and Electroencephalography to Enhance Emotion Recognition
Emotion recognition plays an essential role in human–computer interaction. Previous studies have investigated the use of facial expression and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from single modal for emotion recognition separately, but few have paid attention to a fusion between them. In this paper, we adopted a multimodal emotion recognition framework by combining facial expression and EEG, based on a valence-arousal emotional model. For facial expression detection, we followed a transfer learning approach for multi-task convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures to detect the state of valence and arousal. For EEG detection, two learning targets (valence and arousal) were detected by different support vector machine (SVM) classifiers, separately. Finally, two decision-level fusion methods based on the enumerate weight rule or an adaptive boosting technique were used to combine facial expression and EEG. In the experiment, the subjects were instructed to watch clips designed to elicit an emotional response and then reported their emotional state. We used two emotion datasets—a Database for Emotion Analysis using Physiological Signals (DEAP) and MAHNOB-human computer interface (MAHNOB-HCI)—to evaluate our method. In addition, we also performed an online experiment to make our method more robust. We experimentally demonstrated that our method produces state-of-the-art results in terms of binary valence/arousal classification, based on DEAP and MAHNOB-HCI data sets. Besides this, for the online experiment, we achieved 69.75% accuracy for the valence space and 70.00% accuracy for the arousal space after fusion, each of which has surpassed the highest performing single modality (69.28% for the valence space and 64.00% for the arousal space). The results suggest that the combination of facial expressions and EEG information for emotion recognition compensates for their defects as single information sources. The novelty of this work is as follows. To begin with, we combined facial expression and EEG to improve the performance of emotion recognition. Furthermore, we used transfer learning techniques to tackle the problem of lacking data and achieve higher accuracy for facial expression. Finally, in addition to implementing the widely used fusion method based on enumerating different weights between two models, we also explored a novel fusion method, applying boosting technique.
Read more26Earthquake Brain: Altered Recognition and Misclassification of Facial Expressions Are Related to Trauma Exposure but Not Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
The study investigated facial expression recognition (FER) in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by exposure to earthquakes, and in particular whether people with this condition showed a bias toward interpreting facial expressions as threat-related emotions (i.e., as anger, fear, or disgust). The study included a trauma-exposed control group who had been similarly exposed to the earthquakes but had not developed PTSD. We hypothesized that individuals with PTSD would have increased sensitivity to threat-related facial emotions compared with the trauma-exposed control group. This would be shown by increased accuracy in recognition of threat-related emotions and the misinterpretation of neutral expressions to these emotions (i.e., misidentifying them as anger, fear, or disgust). The availability of a group of healthy controls from a previous study who had been tested on a similar task before the earthquakes allowed a further non-exposed comparison. Twenty-eight individuals with PTSD (71% female, mean age 42.8 years) and 89 earthquake-exposed controls (66% female, mean age 50.1 years) completed an FER task, which featured six basic emotions. Further comparisons were made with 50 non-exposed controls (64% female, mean age 38.5 years) who had been tested before the earthquakes. There was no difference in sensitivity to threat-related facial expressions (as measured by accuracy in recognition of threat-related facial expressions and the misinterpretation of neutral expressions as threatening) in individuals with PTSD compared with similarly earthquake-exposed controls. Supplementary comparison with an historical, non-exposed control group showed that both earthquake-exposed groups had increased accuracy for the identification of all facial emotions and showed a bias in the misclassification of neutral facial expressions to the threat-related emotions of anger and disgust. These findings suggest that it is exposure to earthquakes and repeated aftershocks, rather than the presence of PTSD that affects FER accuracy and misinterpretation. The importance of these biases in both PTSD and trauma-exposed controls needs further exploration and is an area for future research.
Read more364D ultrasound evaluation of fetal facial expressions during the latter stages of the second trimester
4D ultrasound evaluation of fetal facial expressions during the latter stages of the second trimester
49Neural substrates of the ability to recognize facial expressions: a voxel-based morphometry study.
The recognition of facial expressions of emotion is adaptive for human social interaction, but the ability to do this and the manner in which it is achieved differs among individuals. Previous functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that some brain regions, such as the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), are active during the response to emotional facial expressions in healthy participants, and lesion studies have demonstrated that damage to these structures impairs the recognition of facial expressions. However, it remains to be established whether individual differences in the structure of these regions could be associated with differences in the ability to recognize facial expressions. We investigated this issue using acquired structural magnetic resonance imaging, and assessed the performance of healthy adults with respect to recognition of the facial expressions of six basic emotions. The gray matter volume of the right IFG positively correlated with the total accuracy of facial expression recognition. This suggests that individual differences in the ability to recognize facial expressions are associated with differences in the structure of the right IFG. Furthermore, the mirror neuron activity of the IFG may be important for establishing efficient facial mimicry to facilitate emotion recognition.
Read moreExamining Korean political figures using co-word analysis in agreement with facial expressions in posted self-images
This study combines online image content analysis and text content analysis of the homepages of political figures, specifically South Korean National Assembly members. The study attempts to explore the relations between (1) the types of facial expressions present, using the official photographs on the members’ homepages, (2) the textual contents of self-posted public profiles, again using members’ homepages, (3) members’ socio-political-demographic attributes, and (4) their web visibility and link counts on popular websites. In a previous study, we examined the emotional content contained in facial pictures of South Korean politicians. The results suggested significant patterns between facial expressions, web visibility and the socio-demographic attributes of politicians. In this paper, we further explore the textual contents of members’ homepages using co-word analysis techniques to ascertain to what extent textual contents are in agreement with facial expressions in posted self-images. In addition, having employed co-word analysis we attempt to derive a strategic diagram of the 18th National Assembly based on clusters of key phrases and words posted on the members’ homepages. This approach allows us to investigate central and peripheral clusters of keywords and their distribution considering members’ socio-political-demographic attributes.
Read moreAtribuindo Implicitamente emoção nas faces neutras: efeito no comportamento
Convergent evidence suggests that facial expressions are extremely important for interaction and social communication. Emotional perception of faces can influence the production and regulation of affective states that modify adaptive social behaviors. A fact not less important about facial expressions is that their perception and brain processing can be modulated by individual traits and by the context they are inserted. This seems to be true especially for neutral faces because they are more ambiguous and extremely modulable. In fact, previous studies in the literature indicates that the perception of faces is altered by previous information. However, almost all of these studies used an experimental design which explicitly associated the previous information with the faces (for example, biographical information about the faces). In this study, we used a priming approach to investigate if it’s possible to attribute emotion to neutral faces in a healthy sample. For this, we investigate whether a priming text, a negative text about child sexual abuse presented in a first experiment, would impact the processing of neutral faces in a second experiment. The control group read a neutral text (about identity card). In the second experiment, all participants performed two behavioral tasks widely used in the literature. The first task consisted of judging the orientation of two peripheral bars while neutral faces were presented as distractors, and the second task consisted of judging the valence of the pictures. In this second task neutral faces were in the focus of attention. The results show that the priming generated by the negative text of the first experiment increased the number of neutral faces judged as negative when compared to the effect generated by the neutral text. This result confirms the main hypothesis of this work that a negative priming information from the first experiment would promote an implicit attribution of emotion to the neutral faces presented in the second experiment. Regarding the reaction time, no modulation was observed by the priming manipulation, neither the bar judgment task nor in the valence judgment task. These results show that information presented in a previous and independent experiment can alter the behavior in a subsequent experiment, even when it was performed a few minutes later. Therefore, the present study adds to the literature an important evidence that our behavior and actions are modulated by previous information in an implicit or low perceived way
Read more5Asynchrony enhances uncanniness in human, android, and virtual dynamic facial expressions
ObjectiveUncanniness plays a vital role in interactions with humans and artificial agents. Previous studies have shown that uncanniness is caused by a higher sensitivity to deviation or atypicality in specialized categories, such as faces or facial expressions, marked by configural processing. We hypothesized that asynchrony, understood as a temporal deviation in facial expression, could cause uncanniness in the facial expression. We also hypothesized that the effect of asynchrony could be disrupted through inversion.ResultsSixty-four participants rated the uncanniness of synchronous or asynchronous dynamic face emotion expressions of human, android, or computer-generated (CG) actors, presented either upright or inverted. Asynchrony vs. synchrony expressions increased uncanniness for all upright expressions except for CG angry expressions. Inverted compared with upright presentations produced less evident asynchrony effects for human angry and android happy expressions. These results suggest that asynchrony can cause dynamic expressions to appear uncanny, which is related to configural processing but different across agents.
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