미취업 청년 캥거루족의 부모 경제적 의존 유형화 및 결정요인

The development of policies and targeted initiatives that promote or supportactive participatory citizenship for vulnerable young adults with low skills has largely passed unnoticed in Southern Europe in the last decade. Despite the existing lifelonglearning (LLL) strategies, most countries in the area do not place active citizenship forlow-skilled young adults as a priority. This article is based on the results of the European research project EduMAP (Horizon 2020), and focuses on participation of unemployed young adults with low skills (hence early school-leavers) in educational activities that either focus or promote active citizenship in Southern Europe (Greece, Cyprus, Malta, Italy, Spain and Portugal). More specifcally the article explains the reasons behind low participation rates among vulnerable young adults in the region. South European countries are not yet showing any favourable conditions for increasing participation of the low-skilled unemployed young adults in such programmes. Some of the countries that were hit by economic depression in particular, face –not necessarily for the same reasons– major barriers for implementing policies to increase the number of low-skilled young adults in active citizenship oriented courses. The article concludes that one of the problems in promoting active citizenship through adult education activities is that the programmes delivered in the region are still not competence-based. Adult education is not high in the value system, and therefore low skilled young adults do not appear motivated to obtain such skills and competences. A key challenge therefore is to deliver a service that simultaneously meets the needs of the learners, provides sufcient responses to the needs of the local societies, and stimulates further demand.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between parental social support and career exploration with career decision-making among unemployed young adults. Early adulthood, particularly between the ages of 18 and 25, is a crucial developmental period as individuals are required to become independent, build their identity, and determine their career direction. During this phase, many individuals face challenges such as career uncertainty and unemployment, making parental social support and career exploration skills important factors that can influence the quality of career decision-making. The subjects were job seekers aged 18 and 25, categorized as young adults. The sampling technique used probability sampling. The research instrument consisted of three scales: the career decision-making scale (29 items; α = 0.903), the parental social support scale (15 items; α = 0.893), and the career exploration scale (13 items; α = 0.921). Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test to test the hypothesis, and reliability was measured using the Spearman-Brown method. The results of this study indicate a significant positive relationship between parental social support and career exploration with career decision-making among unemployed young adults. This finding indicates that the higher the social support provided by parents and the more active individuals are in exploring their career options, the better their ability to make appropriate career decisions. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of parental involvement in supporting children during the transition to the workforce and emphasize the need for intervention programs that systematically encourage career exploration among unemployed young adults. This is expected to enable individuals to develop more mature career decision-making capacities and thus be able to face the challenges of job uncertainty in the modern era.

The Association Between Employment Status and Mental Health in Young Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea

Objective: For nursing students, career maturity –an individual’s readinessto cope with career development tasks and make age-appropriate career decisions– is anessential factor influencing their desire to continue the job after qualifying as a nurse.Although job security as motivation to become a nurse might influence the career maturityof nursing students, it has not been demonstrated. In this study I aimed to elucidate thecorrelation between job security as motivation and career maturity among Japanese nursingstudents.Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in 2012, through ananonymous, self-administered questionnaire, on 237 Japanese nursing students. Data oncareer maturity, job security as motivation, and personal characteristics were collectedfollowed by data analysis using multiple regression.Results: Job security as motivation (“A nursing job is not affected by theeconomic climate”) was significantly correlated with career maturity (β =−0.29; p < 0.001).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that being motivated by job securitynegatively affects career maturity. Hence, at an early stage, basic nursing educatorsshould identify nursing students with low career maturity by assessing whether they aremotivated by job security, and if so, efficiently providing support to improve theircareer maturity.

This study analyzed the effect of college students’ self-identity on career maturity by mediating goal achievement and career education. The result of the analysis found that subjectivity and initiative, which are self-identities of college students, do not affect career perception, exploration, and planning, which are career maturity. It suggested that the formation of self-identity remained at a low standard for Korean social college students, which remains a possibility that career maturity is not directly correlated with self-identity. For example, they want to set their course of action, decide, act, and take responsibility accordingly, but they need a stable existence to support themselves and rely on due to anxiety about the uncertain future. However, career education in college is not statistically significant in career maturity, which results in completing career and job search courses or participating in job search-related programs has little to do with career maturity. It is necessary to create a decent program that considers each student’s individuality, coordination, efficiency, and satisfaction. In addition to administrative and financial support, individual career guidance should be reconsidered on their practicality. As a result, it was confirmed that alternatives should be presented to form a higher sense of self-identity for college students, and new follow-up studies and programs should be developed to link career education and career maturity in universities.

There is a lack of high-quality evidence on cash transfers as an intervention to support young people with first-episode psychosis (FEP) in Africa. To address this gap, we conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a 3-month follow-up period to assess the feasibility and acceptability of an unconditional cash transfer (UCT) intervention among FEP. We enrolled 60 unemployed young adults (18–29 years) with FEP from three public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, SA, and allocated participants into the intervention (n = 30) or the control arm (n = 30) using simple randomization. The intervention arm participants received a monthly transfer of R1,350 for three consecutive months. All 30 participants in the intervention arm completed the three-month follow-up, and 24 (80%) completed follow-up in the control arm. Although the effect of UCT on clinical and social outcomes is not the primary focus of this RCT, we observed significantly greater quality of life (p < 0.05) and medication adherence (p < 0.02) in the intervention group as compared to control group at the 3-month follow-up period. Although personal/social functioning challenge (p = 0.24) and cumulative relapses (p = 0.10) were greater in the control group, no statistically significant group differences were observed. Our study contributes the first evidence on UCT feasibility and acceptability for FEP.

The study investigated the correlations between a range of important categories of experience and psychological well-being in 22 unemployed young adults. The methods used included questionnaires, psychological scales and Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM) where respondents answer a short series of questions in a diary on the receipt of signals from a personal bleeper. The results showed that in this sample ‘hope for the future’, ‘reduced financial strain’, access to Jahoda's ‘categories of experience’, in particular ‘activity’, and also ‘enjoyment’ were associated with important and different dimensions of psychological well-being. The study also found that those unemployed individuals with better access to Jahoda's categories of experience have better psychological well-being and engage in more work-like and active leisure activities than those with less access. Additionally, it was found that there are important correlations between access to Jahoda's categories of experience and hope for the future ...

Ninety Black unskilled, unemployed young adults with non-psychotic adjustment problems were randomly assigned to three equal-size groups: vocational rehabilitation (VR), psychotherapy (PT), and wait control (C). The two treatment groups were equated for educational level, client contact hours, and racial composition of staff. The treatment (or wait) period was sixty days. A fifteen item opinionnaire concerning attitudes toward treatment, treatmcnt effects, and race relations was administered pre- and post-treatment. The VR group showed significant positive change on seven treatment-related items, the PT group showcd significant negative change on three treatment-related items, and the C group showed no significant changes. Interpretation of results must take into account clients' goals (employment) and the length of the treatment period.

Respiratory symptoms, lung function and use of health services among unemployed young adults in Spain. Spanish Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.

Young adults are generally overlooked in tobacco control initiatives, even though they are critical to sustained success. African American young adults who are not in higher education or working are particularly vulnerable to harmful tobacco use, given high smoking rates and limited access to cessation services. Guided by community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles, we sought to identify program and community-level strategies to reduce tobacco use among African American young adults in Baltimore. We describe the challenges and opportunities for integrating effective tobacco control into community-based education and job training programs for unemployed young adults. As part of a longstanding community-research partnership in Baltimore, we conducted fourteen semistructured key informant interviews with leaders from city government and education and job training programs for young adults. The research design, data collection, analysis, and dissemination all included dialogue between and active contribution by both research and community partners. Interview data were structured into opportunities (mindset for change and desire for bonds with a trusted adult), challenges (culture of fatalism, tobacco as a stress reliever, and culture of tobacco use among young adults), and possible tobacco control solutions (tobacco education designed with and for program staff and participants and integration of tobacco issues into holistic program goals and policies). The emergent themes enhance our understanding of how tobacco is situated in the lives of unemployed young adults and the potential for building sustainable, community-based public health solutions.

This paper explores the experiences and actions of young adults who have had difficulties in entering and sustaining a place in the labour market. The research was carried out in selected localities undergoing economic transformation in England and the new Germany, as part of the project 'Taking Control' in the ESRC's Youth Citizenship and Social Change Programme. The 18-25 age group has been newly 'targeted' for interventions through programmes such as 'New Deal' and 'JUMP'. Through a combination of questionnaire survey and group interviews the research has explored how, in different ways, choice and uncertainty can be important dimensions in young adults' biographies in the current moment. Their experiences and actions are not exclusively determined by socialising and structural influences, but also involve elements of subjectivity, choice and agency. The article discusses findings on the lives and perspectives of 300 young people affected by unemployment. The sample is drawn from a wider questionnaire survey ( n = 900) and a series of group discussions in the three cities of Derby (England), Hannover (Western Germany) and Leipzig (Eastern Germany). The research builds on and extends the authors' previous comparative research into the education and training experiences of younger age groups in the two countries.

Job insecurity, unemployment, and job strain can predict psychological distress and suicide risk. Young people, who are particularly at risk of suicide, may be especially vulnerable to the deterioration of labor market conditions as a result of the current economic crisis in Europe. We aimed to examine the effects of work and employment characteristics on suicidal ideation in a contemporary sample of young adults. Using data from a sample of French young adults surveyed in 2011 (TEMPO study, N = 1,214, 18-37 years old) and their parents who took part in a longitudinal cohort study, we used multiple logistic regression to examine the relationship between job insecurity, lifetime and recent unemployment and suicidal ideation in the past 12 months. Our analyses were adjusted for factors associated with suicidal risk including age, sex, educational attainment, living with a partner, insufficient social support, alcohol abuse, depression and parental history of depression. Five percent of the sample reported suicidal ideation in the preceding 12 months. Controlling for all covariates, the likelihood of suicidal ideation was associated with job insecurity (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.08-4.63), lifetime unemployment (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.17-4.29), and recent unemployment (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.04-4.25). After stratifying by educational attainment, the association between suicidal ideation and job insecurity was particularly notable for participants with low educational attainment (OR 9.28, 95% CI 1.19-72.33). Young adults who have unstable and unfavorable employment characteristics are disproportionately likely to be suicidal, which should be monitored, particularly in times of economic downturn.

Job insecurity is a significant concern globally and in Sri Lanka. It has been determined to detrimentally affect various job-related factors and the psychological health of individuals. Job insecurity may be a significant stressor that affects the optimism of youth, and optimism is crucial for mental and physical wellbeing. Accordingly, job insecurity’s negative effects may potentially be reduced by self-efficacy by fostering beliefs in their abilities despite job uncertainty. Consequently, self-efficacy has been identified as a potential psychological buffer. Nevertheless, empirical studies examining the mediating effect of self-efficacy between job insecurity and optimism are limited. The study aims to investigate the effect of job insecurity on optimism and the mediating role of self-efficacy, addressing the research gap in Sri Lanka. This quantitative study follows a cross-sectional survey design, treating job insecurity as the predictor variable, optimism as the outcome variable, and self-efficacy as the mediator. The final sample size included 164 Sri Lankan young career adults aged 18 to 35 who are currently working, with data collected through convenience sampling. The data was analysed using simple linear regressions and mediation analysis. The results revealed that job insecurity was a significant predictor of both self-efficacy and optimism. Similarly, self-efficacy emerged as a significant predictor of optimism. A partial mediation effect of self-efficacy was observed. These findings highlight the significance of self-efficacy in mediating the relationship between job insecurity and optimism and suggest enhancing self-efficacy as an empowering approach to diminish the adverse impacts of job insecurity. Keywords: Job insecurity, self-efficacy, optimism, Sri Lankan young career adults

To investigate the relationship between employment changes including sustained precarious employment (PE) and poor self-rated health (SRH) in young Korean adults. Methods: A longitudinal study was performed using follow-up data from the Korea Youth Panel Survey 2007 (3rd-12th). Overall, 1265 young adults were included. Multiple logistic regression analyses estimated the poor SRH risk according to employment changes. Poor SRH risk was significantly higher in sustained PE than in fulltime permanent employment in young male adults and overall. However, in young female adults, PE was not clearly associated with poor SRH risk. The proportion of new cases of poor SRH was increased by PE, particularly in young male workers. This finding emphasizes the importance of improving the health of young workers with PE and employment quality for young people vulnerable to PE.

Objective To understand the current situation of work values and the needs of contract nurses, in order to provide the evidence of effective nursing human resources management. Methods 979 contract nurses in 7 3-Class general hospitals in Chengdu were surveyed by using Work Value Questionnaires. Results The top 3 dimensions of work values of contract nurses were relationship, achievement and economic rewards. Score of the dimension of economic rewards had significant difference among the nurses with different ages (P=0.004). Score of the dimension of social communications had significant difference among the nurses with different marriage status (P=0.005). Contract nurses with different work experiences gave different scores to economic rewards, social communications and security (P<0.01). Score of the dimension of intellectual stimulation had significant difference among the nurses with different professional titles (P=0.030). Conclusions Relationship, personal achievement and economic reward play important roles in the value system of contract nurses. Age, marriage status, work experiences and professional titles have influence on work value of contract nurses. Key words: Questionnaires; Contract nurses; Work values