ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ФОНДООЗБРОЄНОСТІ НА ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ ВИРОБНИЧИХ ФУНКЦІЙ

Досліджується ситуація виникнення неоптимальної фондоозброєності на основі порівняння відносної швидкості динаміки показників продуктивності праці, фондовіддачі та фондоозброєності в машинобудуванні України за останні роки. Теоретично обгрунтовується математичне визначення оптимальної фондоозброєності на базі виробничих функцій з урахуванням динаміки найважливіших показників господарської діяльності, представлених у вартісному вимірі. Обговорюються методологічні та прикладні аспекти використання еквімаржинального принципу з мікроекономіки для визначення оптимальної фондоозброєності в межах субституційних виробничих функцій. Доведено, що в точці оптимальної фондоозброєності гранична норма заміщення виробничих факторів дорівнює одиниці. Отриманий висновок застосовується як основа для розробки процедури пошуку оптимальної фондоозброєності за допомогою економетричних моделей, що адекватно описують взаємозв’язок часових рядів реалізації продукції, основних виробничих фондів і витрат на оплату праці на базі субституційних виробничих функцій.Використання запропонованої процедури визначення оптимальної фондоозброєності здійснюється на прикладі виробничої функції Кобба – Дугласа – Тінбергена, динамізованих CES-функції та лінійної функції. Для них наводяться методичні рекомендації щодо розрахунку невідомих параметрів, а також формули оптимальної фондоозброєності з указаними екстремальними значеннями реалізованої продукції та загальними витратами на основні виробничі фонди та оплату праці. Отримані теоретичні результати апробуються на даних машинобудування України. Підтверджується висунута гіпотеза про неоптимальну фондоозброєність у 2007–2015 рр. з точки зору обсягів реалізації галузевої продукції. Виявляється, що за аналізований період часу основні виробничі фонди були відносно у надлишку порівняно з оплатою праці працівників машинобудування. У 2016–2017 рр. започатковується позитивна тенденція в динаміці фондоозброєності галузі до певного її зниження і поступового наближення до оптимальної величини.

Modern market conditions require constant improvement and application of innovative technologies in the food industry. The main technologies of making dessert products with low sugar content are investigated in the article. Natural and artificial sugar substitutes, their benefits and harms of use are analyzed. The latest trend in the development of the food industry in Ukraine and the world is the strengthening of integration and globalization. This situation leads to stable economic growth and ensuring the competitiveness of the food industry. An important condition for the implementation of innovative technologies and methods in the food industry is the evaluation of their effectiveness, which largely depends on the object of evaluation, the type of effect, the approach to evaluating efficiency. Today, desserts are the most popular food. The constant increase of the population and, accordingly, the satisfaction of the consumption needs of any products require innovative approaches to product technologies. The latest trends and trends in improving the quality of food products while reducing calories and increasing nutritional value lead to the creation of innovative types of dessert products with functional recognition. New types of dessert products are significantly influenced by the need for a healthy diet, taking into account all the necessary macronutrients. When creating a new functional dessert, much attention is paid to improving the nutritional value. A promising area of the development of functional products is dessert products with low energy value and low sugar content. As of today, the confectionery industry and, accordingly, dessert products are becoming increasingly popular. The total production of food industry enterprises, in terms of dessert products, is more than 1.4 million tons of products per year (3% of GDP). This house closely cooperates with agricultural enterprises of Ukraine and is one of the largest consumers of their products ˗ milk, flour, sugar, etc. In modern conditions, the food industry is stably developed, self-sufficient and occupies a leading position in both domestic and global markets. The production of dessert products is constantly growing. This trend is observed not only in Ukraine. Monitoring and research of the confectionery market in Ukraine demonstrates the fact that the largest share is occupied by domestic products. This is about 95% of the total. This percentage is provided by a highly concentrated market with a large number of food industry enterprises (about 800 companies). Modern consumers want to get something innovative as a dessert, with a low sugar content, balanced in the number of macronutrients. In a number of European countries and Japan, desserts with the addition of vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, sugar substitutes (including stevia) have become very popular.

Возрастающие потребности населения в основных товарах повседневного спроса и продуктах питания невозможно удовлетворить без современного развития и успешного функционирования отечественных национальных предприятий отраслей перерабатывающей промышленности. Актуальность исследования современного состояния отечественной пищевой промышленности как ведущей отрасли перерабатывающей промышленности России, обеспечивающей снабжение населения страны качественными пищевыми продуктами, является приоритетной на национальном и региональном уровнях, от которого зависит благополучие населения и продовольственная безопасность Российской Федерации. Целью проведенного исследования является изучение состояния, тенденций, проблем и возможных перспектив, направлений развития отраслей пищевой перерабатывающей промышленности России на современном этапе. Автором в исследовании поставлено решение основной задачи - на основе анализа состояние отраслевого развития промышленности выявить основные тенденции, особенности и драйвера возможного роста отечественных предприятий перерабатывающей промышленности. Методология проводимого автором исследования базируется на общенаучных методах анализа и синтеза, а также на математико-статистических методах изучения. Проведенные автором исследования показали, что для предприятий пищевой промышленности характерны отраслевые проблемы всего агропромышленного комплекса Российской Федерации. Государственная поддержка модернизации технологического оборудования и внедрения инновационных технологий, рост производительности сельского хозяйства и увеличение загруженности производственных мощностей, развитие инфраструктуры продовольственного рынка - являются одними из перспективных направлений развития агропромышленного комплекса и отраслей перерабатывающей промышленности России. The growing needs of the population for basic consumer goods and food products cannot be satisfied without modern development and successful functioning of domestic national enterprises in the processing industry. The relevance of the study of the current state of the domestic food industry as the leading branch of the processing industry in Russia, which ensures the supply of the country's population with high-quality food products, is a priority at the national and regional levels, on which the well-being of the population and food security of the Russian Federation depend. The purpose of the study is to study the state, trends, problems and possible prospects, directions of development of the food processing industry in Russia at the present stage. The author of the study posed a solution to the main task -based on the analysis of the state of sectoral development of industry, to identify the main trends, features and drivers of the possible growth of domestic enterprises in the processing industry. The methodology of the research carried out by the author is based on general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as on mathematical and statistical methods of study. The research carried out by the author showed that the food industry enterprises are characterized by sectoral problems of the entire agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. State support for the modernization of technological equipment and the introduction of innovative technologies, an increase in agricultural productivity and an increase in the utilization of production capacities, the development of the infrastructure of the food market are some of the most promising areas for the development of the agro-industrial complex and processing industries in Russia

The development of the food industry plays a crucial role in forming a closed technological chain and producing the maximum possible amount of gross added value within the value chain of Ukraine’s agrarian sector. The food industry in Ukraine has experienced a decline in gross value-added production due to two cycles of Russian military aggression against Ukraine – in 2014 and 2022. Steady domestic and foreign demand for food products allowed domestic producers to adapt to the new conditions. The economic efficiency of intermediate consumption of domestically produced agricultural, forestry, and fishery products compared to similar imports in the production of gross value added by the food industry of Ukraine is twice as high. Therefore, when building a value chain in the agrarian sector of the economy, maximizing added value is achieved only if the production needs of the food industry are sufficiently met with domestically produced agricultural raw materials. The import channel for agricultural raw materials should be considered only as a supplementary one. There is no impact of deepening EU-Ukraine integration on gross value added by the Ukrainian food industry. To take full advantage of the potential opportunities of the EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, the Ukrainian authorities, together with domestic businesses, need to address three crucial tasks: – To get the Europeans to expand duty-free quotas for Ukrainian industrial food products; – To introduce modern quality management systems at domestic food industry enterprises to ensure that food products meet European sanitary and hygienic requirements; – With the involvement of European partners (creation of joint ventures, opening of trading houses in EU countries, etc.), to develop new supply chains to enter the European retail food trade. Keywords: agrarian sector of the economy, food industry, value chain, added value, raw materials, imports, own production, EU-Ukraine DCFTA.

Application of Resource-Saving Technologies in the Production Activities of the Food Industry in Ukraine

The subject of research is standardization as one of the forms of technical regulation in the food industry of Ukraine, in particular in the production of milk and milk products, meat and meat products, determination of safety and quality parameters of the specified food raw materials and finished products made from those, as well as installations and equipment for the food industry. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of standardization in the production of dairy and meat products, highlight the existing problems and possible ways to solve them, as well as outline the role that the Technical Committee for Standardization 140 “Milk, meat and products of their processing” should play in these processes. Methods. During the research, a systematic approach was used to research factual materials, in particular scientific and scientific-practical literature, regulatory legal acts, regulatory documents and the like, abstract-logical approach to the synthesis of research results and the formulation of conclusions. The results of the study. National standards of Ukraine DSTU is the base of the technical regulation in relation to food products and methods of their control. The above also applies to standardization in the field of milk and meat products, which is within the competence scope of the Technical Committee for Standardization 140 “Milk, meat and products of their processing”. Technical Committee 140 carries out significant work to develop new and update existing national standards in accordance with its area of competence, in particular, it has significant success in harmonizing international and European standards. As of January 15, 2021, according to the classification code 67.100 (Milk and milk products) out of 203 standards of the nationwide force, 103 standards (50.7%) were developed by harmonizing the relevant international standards EN, ISO, etc. According to the classification code 67.120 (Meat, meat products and other animal products) – 202 units, 26 units and 14.1 %, respectively, according to the classification code 67.260 (Installations and equipment for the food industry) – 99 units, 86 units and 86.9%, respectively. The issue of attracting extra-budgetary funds for the harmonization of international standards and the implementation of the entire range of works on standardization is urgent. The issue of proper regulatory support for the production and operation of specialized technological equipment for food and processing industry enterprises is relevant, for which it is advisable to combine the domestic traditions of standardization with the priorities of safety and hygiene of machines, as well as ecology, which are in force in international practice. Scope of research results. The results of the studies performed will be used in the field of technical regulation, in particular, national standardization, of milk and milk products, meat and meat products, determination of safety and quality indicators of the specified food raw materials and finished products made from it, as well as installations and equipment for the food industry.

The chapter develops a theory of the firm’s capital-labor ratio under unionization of its labor force. Using explicit game-theoretical solutions to union-firm bargaining, it is demonstrated how the firm’s product market power interacts with input allocation in such a way that unionism represents a new channel by which the firm’s capital intensity is related to imperfect product competition. Some tests are conducted on a panel of Belgian manufacturing firms, which confirm both the effects of market power on the capital-labor ratio as well as the diversity of the union-firm bargaining locus at the industry level.KeywordsMarket ShareUnion PowerNash Bargaining SolutionBargaining OutcomeUnion PreferenceThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The relevance of this article is due to scientific interest in the study of the production process at food industry enterprises in besieged Leningrad. However, a number of issues within the framework of the above scientific problem still remain poorly understood and need to be developed by modern researchers. The industrial activities of food enterprises were aimed at producing goods for the needs of the city and the front. Plants, factories and combines restructured the organization of their work in the current new environment. In conditions of limited resources, the production process was accompanied by the search for the necessary raw materials and substitutes. They began to use soybeans, cakes, and soybean meal in their work, which is why the food range they produced was able to expand. The article uses the following research methods: historical, historical-genetic, logical and historical-systemic, through which it is possible to consider the production activities of Leningrad food enterprises as an integral system. The scientific novelty lies in the analysis of archival documentary sources, which made it possible to identify information about production work at food enterprises. The materials contain explanatory notes, reports on economic activities, orders, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The documents preserved data on production plans, product quality, equipment characteristics, etc. Being in the most difficult blockade conditions, the factories continued to produce food products. After the winter of 1941-1942. the work process gradually began to recover. Some mothballed enterprises became productive from the beginning of 1942. New methods of manufacturing products were mastered in laboratories, which were then introduced into production. However, it was not possible to completely restore production operations.

Technology and the great divergence: Global economic development since 1820

Споживчий сектор економіки є неоднорідним за своїм складом і включає в себе як споживання промислових і непромислових товарів, так і споживання різних видів послуг. За результатами проведеного аналізу зроблено висновок про згортання екстенсивного розвитку споживчого сектору економіки України. Кількість працівників, зайнятих на різних підприємствах споживчого сектору за останні сім років зменшилась на 21,42 %. Зростає важливість розвитку споживчого сектору економіки за рахунок інноваційних чинників. Останні десятиріччя характеризуються тенденцією до динамічних змін споживчих уподобань населення. Споживчий сектор можна вважати індикатором соціально-економічної ефективності інноваційної діяльності підприємств. Питома вага інноваційно активних вітчизняних промислових підприємств склала у 2018 р. 16,1% від їх загальної кількості. Питома вага підприємств, що впроваджували інновації у 2018 р. склала 14,1 % від загальної кількості підприємств і за період 2013-2018 рр. знизилась на 3,67 %. Низький рівень питомої ваги інноваційно активних підприємств є негативним чинником розвитку вітчизняної економіки. Активність українських новаторів за період 2014-2018 рр. зросла за кількістю поданих заявок на реєстрацію прав промислової власності на 24,09 %. Збільшилася кількість заявок за напрямом «Інші споживчі товари» (+35,6 % ). Зважаючи на пріоритетність витрат вітчизняних домогосподарств на продукти харчування та одяг і взуття доцільно стимулювати розвиток інновацій на підприємствах харчової та легкої промисловості. Темпи виробництва продукції у текстильному, швейному та шкіряному виробництвах України зростали в період 2014, 2016-2017 рр., і знижувалися у 2015 р. та 2018 р. Змінюються технології, які використовуються для виготовлення одягу. Використовуються цифрові технології віртуальних моделей одягу, технології 3D-друку моделей одягу і взуття. Це дозволяє задовільнити зростаючі вимоги споживацького попиту та економічно раціонально використовувати матеріальні та трудові резерви виробництва.

In the article the analysis of State of tourism of Ukraine. It has been proved that our State has a considerable potential for tourism and all the prerequisites for the development of the domestic, inbound and outbound tourism. Analysis of the dynamics of the tourist market of Ukraine testifies to the growth trends in the number of tourists. Analysis of the status of tourism industry in Ukraine proved the necessity of the disclosure of her capacity and intensification of the development of the industry. Determined to enhance the competitiveness of the tourist industry on the international market it is necessary to form a innovation development strategy of enterprises in the tourism industry. It is proved that the implementation of the innovation strategy of the development of enterprises in the tourism industry is associated with a significant risk for the enterprise, but only its implementation and innovation activity of enterprises will reach the world level and will the Enterprise Foundation of its competitiveness and further existence and effective activity. Effective implementation will contribute to the socio-economic development and solving of economic, environmental, social and other problems. Activation of innovation activity of enterprises of the tourism industry in all areas of operation will provide and strengthening the competitive position on the market. Proposed a comprehensive approach to the process of the formation of the innovation strategy in the enterprise of tourism industry in Ukraine. Certain kinds of innovative development strategies of tourist enterprises and the factors that affect the terms and conditions and the content of the formation of the enterprise's innovation strategy of tourism industry. It has been proved that the choice of strategy is the key to the success of the innovation of the tourist enterprise. Correctly chosen strategy allows you to effectively use science and technology, industrial-technological, financial and economic, social and organizational potential of the enterprise in certain areas that are the basis of its competitiveness.

Introduction. This article is devoted to the analysis of the competitiveness of engineering products, namely aircraft products. The paper analyzes the competitiveness of Ukrainian engineering products in the world market. The current state of the aircraft industry in Ukraine and its position in the domestic and foreign markets. The authors identify the main factors hindering the development of the industry. Prospects of development of mechanical engineering in the world are defined. It is investigated that the majority of Ukrainian enterprises of aircraft industry have low competitiveness in foreign markets, which hinders the development of the industry. Proposals to improve the situation of the aircraft industry in Ukraine are given. The recommendations to improve the competitiveness of the products of this industry through reconstruction, modernization, specialization, through reforms and the like are presented. Its prospects of development in the domestic and world markets and possible ways of increasing the competitiveness of products are determined.
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\nPurpose. To reveal the question of the relevance of the competitiveness of the aircraft industry. To focus on the need to take certain steps to overcome the crisis in the engineering industry and improve the functioning of the economy as a whole in the future.
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\nResults. The paper considers the dynamics of sales of aircraft products in Ukraine in General and directly the dynamics of sales of aircraft products. The situation with the state of the aircraft industry during 2002-2018 years is analyzed, that is, the main goal is indicated — the current state of the aircraft industry in Ukraine is reflected.
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\nConclusions. Ukrainian aircraft industry has significant potential for further successful development, but there are a number of significant factors that lead to a decline in the production of domestic aviation products.

The article examines the current trends in the development of the construction industry in Ukraine, analyzes the factors affecting the dynamics of its development. The development of the construction industry of Ukraine forms a number of key aspects that affect both the national economy and the social and infrastructural development of the country. It is one of the main drivers of the economy. It has been established that as of the beginning of 2024, the construction industry in Ukraine is in a growth phase. At the same time, the driver of the growth of the industry indicators is the production of engineering structures, which is associated with the development of infrastructure, the modernization of utility systems, the construction and modernization of energy facilities, which is due to the restoration of state, commercial and private infrastructure damaged as a result of military operations, including transport and industrial structures, bridges, roads, railways, pipelines, communications and power lines. During the analysis of the development of construction business enterprises, the trends of changes in the general index of construction products and its components, namely, buildings and engineering structures, were determined. A significant drop in the index took place in 2022, growth can be traced in 2023. The financial result before taxation of construction business enterprises in 2020 and 2022 was negative. The positive thing is that the industry will make a profit in 2023. In the structure of the studied sector, the unprofitable sub-sectors are construction of buildings and the construction of structures, and the profitable sub-sector is "specialized construction works". The article states that the economic growth of the construction business sector and the development of individual economic entities depend on investment activity, and the dynamics of capital investments of enterprises in the construction industry in Ukraine are given. The assessment of the influence of factors (political, economic, social, technical) on the functioning of the construction industry was carried out using the PEST analysis.

Celem opracowania jest zbadanie równowagi modelu wzrostu gospodarczego Solowa przy zmodyfikowanym założeniu dotyczącym stopy wzrostu liczby pracujących. W pierwszym wariancie przyjmuje się, że liczba pracujących zmienia się po trajektorii określonej przez funkcję logitową. Natomiast w drugim wariancie zakłada się, że stopa wzrostu liczby pracujących jest pewną malejącą funkcją wydajności pracy (tzw. post-maltuzjańska ścieżka wzrostu). Przy logitowej ścieżce wzrostu liczby pracujących trajektorie technicznego uzbrojenia pracy i wydajności pracy określone są przez pewne funkcje złożone z funkcją hipergeometryczną Gaussa. Natomiast przy post-maltuzjańskiej ścieżce wzrostu liczby pracujących rozwiązanie równania Solowa zależne jest od przyjętej wartości parametru α (elastyczności produkcji względem nakładów kapitału) – może ono nie posiadać żadnego punktu stacjonarnego, posiadać jeden lub dwa nietrywialne punkty stacjonarne. W przeprowadzonych w opracowaniu symulacjach numerycznych elastyczność produkcji względem nakładów kapitału skalibrowano na poziomie równym 0,68216. We wszystkich symulowanych wariantach stóp inwestycji, przy standardowej, logitowej oraz post-maltuzjańskiej trajektorii liczby pracujących, wydajność pracy rośnie do pewnej asymptoty. Asymptoty funkcji wydajności pracy dla trajektorii logitowej i post-maltuzjańskiej położone są na zbliżonym (nieznacznie wyższym dla trajektorii logitowej) poziomie. Obie położone są zdecydowanie wyżej niż asymptota funkcji wydajności pracy z oryginalnego modelu wzrostu gospodarczego Solowa.

The aim of this review is to analyze the problem of biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria in food enterprises and the risks associated with this phenomenon. The aspects of the formation of biofilms by pathogenic microorganisms at food industry enterprises have been considered from the point of view of the potential danger of infection and colonization of processing plants by biofilm-forming strains. Biofilms are the preferred form of bacteria existence. It is known that bacteria in a state of biofilm are protected from adverse environmental factors and antibacterial substances, they are often resistant to standard cleaning and disinfection procedures. The formation of biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces is a potential hazard, contributing to the constant circulation of pathogens in the conditions of food production and contamination of foods. The problem of biofilm formation is characteristic of all food enterprises.