ОБЛІКОВА ПОЛІТИКА, ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ УПРАВЛІННЯ НЕФІНАНСОВИМИ АКТИВАМИ ДЕРЖАВНИХ УСТАНОВ

Evaluation plays a vital role in the management of non-financial assets in public sector institutions, which explains the significant interest of researchers in finding ways to improve it, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to evaluation, and studying the evaluation practice according to International Evaluation Standards. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of evaluation as an element of management of non-financial assets of state institutions, as well as to analyze the features and approaches to assessing non-financial assets depending on their types and conditions of use. The structure of national and international evaluation standards was revealed. In the wartime and the post-war recovery of Ukraine's economy, it is advisable to rely on the results of evaluation conducted by the International Evaluation Standards, which are fundamental when making investment decisions, preparing financial statements, and ensuring regulatory lending requirements. Thus, the European integration of Ukraine is only possible with the implementation of the International Evaluation Standards, which can be implemented in several ways: full or partial application, as well as the development of national evaluation standards based on international ones. Valuation is not only one of the elements of the accounting method; valuation is an independent system consisting of such elements as the object and subject of evaluation, the subject matter of evaluation, and the subjective and objective side of evaluation. The article discloses certain aspects of the evaluation of non-financial assets of state institutions. Special attention is focused on justifying the expediency of choosing one or another approach to evaluation. It was determined that applying the cost approach to the evaluation of non-created non-financial assets is the most appropriate, which, however, does not exclude the possibility of combining it with other approaches in practice. Implementing International Valuation Standards in Ukrainian legislation will avoid opaque methodology and manifestations of subjectivism in selecting approaches to the valuation of non-financial assets of state institutions.

Currently, given the scale and types of activities, changes in legislation and the development of information technology, companies have different requirements for accounting and financial reporting. In this regard, the development of an effective accounting policy is a key factor in ensuring the successful operation of the company. The following issues remain unresolved in the scientific interpretation of accounting policies: peculiarities of developing accounting policies for different organisational and legal forms and sizes of business entities, the purpose of accounting policies for management accounting purposes, a clear list and specification of the stages of document development, the availability of a unified system for modelling accounting policies that could be used by those developing such a document, and the use of information technology to improve decision-making at various levels. The aim of the study is to improve the theoretical, methodological and organisational support of the process of formation of the accounting policy of enterprises and its legal support. The set of tasks aimed at achieving this goal is as follows: - Research and disclosure of the definition of accounting policy and its legal support; - list of possible factors that influence the process of creating an Accounting Policy Order; - study of information support for accounting policy by existing types of accounting; - disclosure of accounting policies as a factor influencing the formation of financial results of any business; - determination of the impact of accounting policies on the financial performance of the company; - provision of recommendations for improving accounting policies to enhance enterprise management. The study is based on the dialectical method, which provides for the disclosure of the essence of accounting policy, its tasks and functions. Depending on the nature of the task under study, the study used general scientific techniques and methods, such as the comprehensive method, which was used to collect, analyse and summarise information on the study of literary and legislative sources; synthesis, which allows combining and summarising the definitions of accounting policies that reveal their main content; tabular method, which was used to create tables containing numerical data, textual descriptions or a combination of both; modelling method, which was used to improve management. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in improvement of the theoretical, methodological and organisational foundations of the accounting policy of an economic entity and relevant recommendations for its formation and use. The obtained results of the study are to implement in practice the proposals for improving the methodology of accounting policy formation, its organisation and legal support.

The normative regulation and problems of accounting of intangible assets in scientific institutions are considered. It is noted the introduction of modern accounting regulation in budgetary institutions only in 2015, which led to differences in the accounting of NA in scientific institutions. The practice of accounting for intangible assets (IA) in budgetary institutions indicates the need to improve regulations. The purpose of the article is to consider the example of scientific institutions of the NAS of Ukraine regulatory regulation of accounting for intangible assets and issues of its improvement. It is emphasized that the accounting of NA in scientific institutions is essential for the commercialization of intellectual property rights, while the main difficulties in the introduction of accounting for intangible assets for scientific institutions were associated with the lack of modern budget regulations for accounting. The main stages of implementation of accounting of intangible assets in scientific institutions are given. It is important to amend the Methodological Recommendations on Accounting of NA and NPBO 122 regarding the definition of the concept of «use» of intangible assets, as well as the costs to be taken into account when determining the value of NA created in the institution. The issue of accounting for research and development reports is problematic. The terminology used in the regulations also needs to be clarified. Key words: intangible assets, valuation of IP, research institutions, accounting.

The organization of accounting and settlement banking operations in budgetary institutions plays a crucial role in ensuring the transparency, accountability, and efficiency of public finance management. In the context of the development of the digital economy and ongoing reforms in the public administration sector of Ukraine, the importance of improving these processes is growing significantly. The modern model of public governance requires prompt control over the movement of budgetary funds, the formation of reliable financial reporting, and the ability to make data-driven managerial decisions. Therefore, accounting and settlement operations are no longer limited to the technical sphere but become strategic instruments of financial management in budgetary institutions. However, current practice reveals a range of systemic challenges, including fragmented regulatory support, methodological inconsistency, information decentralization, and insufficient digital integration, which reduce the effectiveness of public finance administration and complicate the creation of a unified information environment. These issues collectively determine the relevance of researching approaches to improving the organization of accounting and settlement operations in the public sector. The aim of the study is to systematize theoretical and methodological approaches to the organization of accounting and settlement banking operations in budgetary institutions, identify the key issues that hinder their effective implementation, and substantiate practical directions for their improvement in line with digital transformation trends. The methodological basis of the study consists of the principles of systematicity, coherence, and multilevel analysis. The accounting process is examined in the unity of its regulatory, organizational, financial, and informational components. The research employs comparative analysis to reveal differences in accounting practices, logical generalization to identify systemic dysfunctions, and content analysis of regulatory frameworks and scholarly publications. The institutional-functional approach is applied to determine the role of the State Treasury Service in ensuring the uniformity of accounting policies across budgetary institutions. The theoretical foundation includes scientific works addressing three interrelated domains: the regulatory-legal dimension, the methodological aspect of accounting policy formation, and the technological direction related to the digitalization of public sector accounting. The study reveals that the existing system of accounting and settlement banking operations in budgetary institutions is characterized by four interdependent dysfunctions. Regulatory fragmentation manifests as inconsistencies and overlaps in legal acts, which leads to ambiguity in applying national accounting standards. Methodological inconsistency in forming accounting policy results in differences in approaches to recording transactions across various budgetary funds, reducing the comparability and analytical value of financial information. Information fragmentation occurs due to the parallel use of several unintegrated accounting platforms, causing data duplication and delays in reporting. Additionally, insufficient digital literacy among accounting personnel hinders the implementation of electronic accounting systems. To address these challenges, the research proposes a set of interconnected improvement strategies: regulatory and methodological unification of accounting rules; development of a unified accounting policy for the public sector; establishment of an integrated digital accounting platform connecting internal institutional systems with the State Treasury Service; and implementation of continuous professional training aimed at enhancing the digital competencies of accounting personnel. The effective organization of accounting and settlement banking operations in budgetary institutions requires a transition from fragmented management practices to a unified and digitally integrated system. The implementation of the proposed measures will contribute to strengthening financial discipline, improving transparency in the use of public funds, and creating a coherent information space that ensures the sustainability and adaptability of the state financial system in a rapidly changing external environment.

The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of modeling an enterprise’s accounting policy in the context of developing its production potential and innovative activity. It is established that, in business practice, accounting policy is often perceived primarily as a formal regulation of accounting procedures, while its potential as a strategic management tool remains underutilized. The paper analyzes scientific approaches to the formation of enterprise accounting policy and identifies its role within the system of information support for managing production potential. The results of studies by Ukrainian scholars regarding the use of accounting policy as an instrument for resource management, strengthening the economic security of enterprises, and ensuring the effectiveness of financial results are summarized. During the research, normative and positive approaches to the formation of enterprise accounting policy were analyzed. It was determined that the normative approach focuses on ensuring the reliability and comparability of financial reporting in accordance with established accounting standards, while the positive approach focuses on studying the real determinants that influence management decisions regarding the selection of accounting methods. The relationship between accounting policy, financial reporting, investment processes, and an enterprise’s innovative activity is substantiated. A conceptual approach to modeling the impact of accounting policy on the development of production potential and innovative activity is proposed. It is determined that an enterprise’s production potential is formed by a combination of resources and production capabilities, including fixed assets, technological resources, labor potential, and organizational competencies. The article proposes a step-by-step approach to modeling enterprise accounting policy. This approach includes identifying the components of production potential, determining accounting instruments to reflect them, aligning accounting policy with the enterprise’s investment and innovation strategy, developing a system of analytical indicators to assess resource efficiency, and integrating financial and management accounting. It has been proven that aligning accounting methods with key production efficiency indicators increases the analytical value of financial information and supports more substantiated strategic decision-making. Keywords: accounting policy; production potential of an enterprise; innovative development; financial reporting; management accounting; financial accounting; investment activity; accounting and analytical support; accounting policy modeling.

Анотація. На основі дослідження стану бухгалтерського обліку закладів охорони здоров’я визначено неузгодженості облікових політик підприємств — закладів охорони здоров’я із законодавчими і нормативними вимогами та передумови формування облікової політики медичних закладів у новітніх умовах їх реформування. Розглянуто особливості сплати податку на додану вартість медичними закладами. Обґрунтовано науково-методичні рекомендації щодо вдосконалення облікової політики обліку зобов’язань, у тому числі з податку на додану вартість. Надано сутнісну характеристику дефініції «пов’язана сторона» за стандартами бухгалтерського обліку і податковим законодавством, обліку операцій із пов’язаними особами і сформовано рекомендації щодо обліку з пов’язаними сторонами. Уточнено методичні положення щодо облікової політики доходів, запасів і витрат у частині класифікації та оцінки доходів від надання медичних послуг. Уточнено структуру звіту про управління, який мають складати суб’єкти господарювання, у тому числі медичні заклади; доведено, що на процес складання звіту впливають облікова інформація та судження менеджменту, які реалізуються через облікову політику. На основі аналізу методів побудови звіту про рух грошових коштів від операційної діяльності (прямий, непрямий метод) запропоновано медичним закладам використовувати непрямий метод як більш інформативний для користувачів фінансової звітності. Доведена необхідність формування інформації про доходи, витрати, фінансові результати, активи і зобов’язання звітних сегментів та її розкриття у фінансовій звітності. Розроблено пропозиції щодо організації ефективної системи внутрішнього контролю медичних закладів і визначено основні напрями його організаційного забезпечення в контексті попередження ризикових подій. Розкрито порядок формування інформації для складання звітів з управління, про рух грошових коштів і звітності за сегментами, що в усіх своїх суттєвих аспектах виповідатиме обраній концептуальній основі фінансового звітування. Ключові слова: облікова політика, заклад охорони здоров’я, фінансова звітність. Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 4; бібл.: 18.

The main scientific result of the article consists in distinguishing the concepts of tangible, intangible, monetary assets of enterprises and banking institutions. Assets that are not intangible, monetary, or securities are tangible. A critical assessment of the content of the balance sheet items of enterprises and banks is given in terms of their materiality, and a description of synthetic accounts intended for accounting of tangible assets of banking institutions is given. The common set of tangible assets of enterprises and banking institutions is determined. It is shown that in the balance sheet, the value of tangible assets is included in the residual value as the difference between the balance of active and contracted accounts. For fixed assets, investment real estate, other non-current tangible assets, counter-accounts are represented by depreciation, in banking institutions they are also used to record reserves for the risks of non-confirmation of cash and bank metals. It was determined that cash funds in the balance sheets of enterprises are shown under the item "Cash and their equivalents", while in the balance sheets of banking institutions under the item "Cash funds and their equivalents". It is proposed to rename the relevant article of the balance sheet of banking institutions, taking into account the etymology of the Ukrainian words, to "Funds and their equivalents". It has been established that the differences in the display of tangible assets in the balance sheets are reduced to the following: the principle of increasing liquidity applies to enterprises of the real sector of the economy, while the principle of decreasing liquidity applies to banking institutions. A specific feature of banking institutions is the presence of tangible assets, which are collateral for customer loans and debts, represented by movable property and immovable property (including residential and non-residential). The requirements for the display of tangible assets in the notes to the financial statements of banking institutions have been systematized in terms of: accounting policy principles, funds and their equivalents, customer loans and debts, investment real estate, fixed assets, other assets, non-current assets held for sale, and disposal group assets.

The article presents the relevance of the completeness of accounting and analytical support for the activities of organizations in the context of the circular economy. In this regard, additions to the "Accounting Policy" (as a tool for the formation of information support) for organizations engaged in the landfillimg of municipal waste and biogas extraction are proposed. The developed additions to the accounting policy include aspects of the accounting process and forms of analytical accounting registers to reflect data on new accounting objects - biomass of municipal waste and reserves of renewable energy resources.

The subject of research is the organization of accounting of public sector institutions of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the features and possible directions for improving the organizational approach to accounting in institutions of the public sector of the economy. The methodological basis of the study is the general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, applied at the empirical and theoretical levels of research: comparative, analytical, selective, dialectical, systematic approach, induction and deduction, generalization. Results of work. The article examines problematic aspects of the accounting system of state institutions of the economy. Difficulties arising in the adaptation of domestic accounting legislation to international requirements are outlined. Consideration of the development trend of the current accounting system in Ukraine. The modern practice of organization of accounting in institutions of the state sector of the economy is highlighted. The tasks and peculiarities of the organization of accounting in institutions of the state sector of the economy are considered. Field of application of results in the process of formation and implementation of budget and tax policy in modern conditions. Conclusions. In connection with the transition of the Ukrainian economy to market principles, there is a growing need for a thorough modernization of not only methods, but also the organization of accounting in accordance with world practice.

Subject. The article investigates the state of presentation of information on depreciation and impairment of non-financial assets by Russian universities, and prospects for its improvement. Objectives. The aim is to summarize and systematize the provisions of the current federal accounting standards for public finance, governing the depreciation and impairment of non-financial assets, study the practice of accounting policy formation by higher education institutions in relation to non-financial assets based on the specifics of these organizations’ activities. Methods. The study employs observation, comparison, generalization, and interpretation, the analysis of the content of federal accounting standards for public finance, accounting policies for depreciation and impairment of non-financial assets of 26 higher education institutions in Russia. Results. Most higher education institutions do not consider the procedure for calculating depreciation of the structural part of fixed assets. Some universities apply the procedure for calculating amortization of intangibles that does not comply with the provisions of the federal accounting standards for public finance in relation to intangible assets with indefinite useful life. No university identifies signs of impairment or reflects non-financial assets less impairment losses in accounting statements, thus preventing their objective evaluation. Conclusions. I offered a unified approach to identifying external and internal signs of possible impairment of assets by higher education institutions, given the specifics of their activities. The paper established a sequence of actions when testing a cash-generating asset for impairment.

The article defined notion of “accounting policy”, its contest, purpose and practical implementation. Described main levels of accounting policy formation, their instruments that contribute and support the idea of harmonizing the accounting and financial reporting system in accordance with national and international regulations (standards). Proved the relevance and importance of research of accounting policy formation at the modern stage of development, in conditions where integrity of the accounting system and continuity of the accounting process are the basis for management strategic decisions making. Determined the peculiarities of formation of accounting policy for government sector entities at the modern stage of accounting system modernization. Considered the method of organization of creation the accounting policy of government sector entities through the system of stage-by-stage actions. Identified the content and elements of accounting policy, main target of which – ensuring the organization of comprehensive accounting process. Introduced number of risks which appear directly under the conditions of adaptation of public sector entities to the modern requirements of the accounting system, which has impact to the quality of accounting process and to the level of implementation of planned actions. Proved importance of accounting policy formation for government sector entities.

In order to increase the efficiency of economic activity of printing companies, the authors of the study have identified the following features and promising directions: reorientation of management tasks for the development of printing companies in order to ensure their competitiveness; determination of strategic directions of development of printing companies; optimisation of the appropriate level of information, resource and organisational support of printing companies for the successful implementation of development strategies; diversification of activities of printing enterprises; corporatisation of printing enterprises; ensuring investment development of printing industry enterprises. The implementation of strategies aimed at optimising processes, reducing costs, using advanced technologies and increasing the efficiency of interaction with consumers is the reorientation of management tasks for the development of printing companies in order to ensure their competitiveness. The strategic directions for the development of printing companies include: European integration, improvement of product quality in accordance with international standards, use of information technology to optimise production processes, innovation, expansion of production links, environmental friendliness and solving the problem of qualified personnel. The successful implementation of development strategies depends on optimising the appropriate level of information, resources and organisational support for the activities of printing companies. Information support is concerned with determining strategic directions through the analysis of internal and external information. The focus of resource support is on the efficient management of resources for the achievement of production efficiency. Organisational support involves creating an effective structure and motivating staff. Diversifying printing businesses in the current environment requires adopting the latest technologies and using information and communication technologies. This makes it possible to expand the range of products, increase the efficiency of production, optimise management and improve customer relations. The corporatisation of printing companies is important for business development, enabling companies to consolidate, implement large projects and expand markets. The integration of ICT contributes to the optimisation of production processes, the improvement of management efficiency and the creation of competitive advantages for printing companies. Using ICT in the printing industry plays a key role in increasing the attractiveness of companies to invest. The integration of ICT enables the optimisation of internal processes. It reduces costs, develops innovation and attracts new investors.

The publication discusses the debatable issues of scientists and practitioners regarding the formation of integrated reporting by enterprises in Ukraine, which gave the authors the opportunity to identify a number of methodological problems: lack of methodological support in the part of forming non-financial indicators; the formal nature of the accounting policy and the lack of clear regulatory and methodological support for its construction; weakness of methodical structuring of accounting policy depending on types of accounting; the imperfection of methodical structuring of the accounting policy depending on the types of accounting; inconsistency of the actual accounting methods with the chosen accounting policy. To solve these problems, the article proposes a three-level model of methodological support for the formation of integrated reporting. At the first level, an integrated methodological framework for generating financial and non-financial information has been developed; at the second level the development of a complex integrated accounting policy is proposed; at the third one, the method of forming integrated reporting was improved. The authors have developed an integrated accounting system for which it is proposed to use global accounting accounts: control, digraphic and unigraphic. The purpose of integrated accounting is defined, determined by management requests and the structure of integrated reporting, and may change according to the management's needs. The content of such an integrated accounting system of any enterprise will reflect the movement of its property, intellectual and labour potential, environmental and socio-economic factors influencing its activity and development strategy in financial and non-financial indicators. Methodical tools for creating a single information database of financial and non-financial indicators are proposed. The studied factors of influence on the accounting policy of the enterprise made it possible to understand that such a situation causes a negative impact on the information component of the enterprise and prompts the development of an accounting policy for methodical and organizational support of the preparation of integrated reporting. The article presents the structure of a complex integrated accounting policy in the methodically supported formation of financial and non-financial indicators, which corresponds to modern management principles.

Subject. This article discusses the processes of forming and presenting information about non-financial assets in the accounting (financial) statements of public sector organizations and the areas for their improvement. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the areas of concern and develop ways to optimize the structure and content of accounting (financial) reporting, focusing on enhancing the informativeness regarding non-financial assets. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of comparison, systematization, and generalization of data. Results. Based on the analysis of the regulatory legal framework governing accounting in the public sector and the results of a study on user needs for informative and substantive reporting data, the article presents an author-developed detailed form of the balance sheet for State (municipal) institutions, as well as proposals for improving the structure and content of this balance sheet. Conclusions and Relevance. The proposals for improving the structure and content of the balance sheet of a State (municipal) institution are aimed at improving the informativeness and transparency of reporting. The results of the study can be applied both in theory and practice to develop processes of forming and presenting information about non-financial assets in public sector organizations.

Summary. The relevance of the research topic is proven. The work has achieved the goal of the research on the formation of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the modeling and study of complex cadastral systems of real estate to ensure territorial development. The following tasks have been solved: substantiation of theoretical provisions on the determination of territorial development of land use; identification of factors influencing the provision of territorial development; determination of the features of the formation of cadastral information in the territorial development system; modeling and research of complex cadastral systems to ensure territorial development, taking into account international experience. It has been established that for modeling the parameters of complex cadastral systems, cadastral information is formed and used, which is based on the information support of 3-D and 4-D cadastres. Modeling and research of complex cadastral systems is aimed at the formation of multi-purpose information support with the possibility of developing a multi-purpose cadastre. The features of ensuring territorial development, which are characterized by the directions of formation and application of land and cadastral information, have been determined. At the same time, a decrease in the efficiency of using this information has been established due to the significant number of cadastres and registers and the regulation of the relevant process by various state institutions. The development and application of directions for ensuring territorial development is based on relevant regulatory and legal documents.Along with this, they require improvement and application of a systemic approach, which will take into account leading practices of land use. It is determined that in the territorial development system, geoinformation systems and geoinformation data are used to model relevant processes and make relevant decisions. The features of the implementation of land relations in international practices are highlighted, which are characterized by balanced land use, market aspects, the use of 3-D and 4-D cadastres, functional areas of land use, stakeholder relations, and the use of a land administration system. To ensure territorial development, it is necessary to form a quantitative basis for making informed decisions and developing appropriate recommendations. It is based on a multi-level system of indicators and the results of the development and implementation of a method for assessing the level of provision of territorial development. At the same time, information and analytical support is formed, which is formed by applying the results of modeling and research of complex cadastral systems of real estate. Keywords: modeling and research of complex systems, modern cadastral systems, territorial development, geospatial support, geographic information systems, multi-purpose cadastre, 3-D and 4-D cadastres.