경제현상과 경제분석, 그리고 통계학적 응용성 - 계량경제학의 발전과 과제를 중심으로 -

The article highlights instability of the socio-economic environment of the national economy as a result of asymmetry of marketing behavior of entities, government and business that arises in the process of growing internal and external motivational and resource contradictions between them. There has been substantiated the problem of generating recessionary processes and phenomena in the economy because of the unbalanced motivations of stakeholders to achieve the consensus. The problems of low economic growth are indicated as a result of ignoring the interests of the lower stratification classes and underestimating the impact of the human factor on positive changes in all spheres of society. The generalized characteristic of crisis processes and phenomena in the national economy has been given. The sources of economic growth potential formation have been shown. The results of analyzing the enlarged factor groups that affect economic growth in the national economy and the development of enterprises have been presented. The law of marketing reflection as an instrument of economic development management has been formulated. Strengthening the competitive position of the business sector in unstable economy is noted to require the greater influence of government intervention into the processes of transformations and changes in society and business on the basis of resolving the conflicts between the entities in terms of strengthening the social vector of development. There has been proposed the marketing and resource approach to crisis management in conditions of a priori instability that provides changing the marketing behavior of entities in terms of resource limits and manifestations of the recessionary trends. The model of economic growth management in the socio-economic system as an element of crisis management in conditions of a priori instability has been presented.

Providing growing economic needs is impossible without economic development. Economic development is associated with qualitative and structural changes in the economy, education, science, and culture. In accordance with the changes in society, the purpose of economic science also changes. There is a transition from observing the economy to influencing economic processes, their management, planning, forecasting, implementation of specific tasks at individual enterprises within certain terms in accordance with the general goals and interests of the national economy. The level of influence on economic phenomena varies from recommendations to specific methods of quantitative calculation, which provide an objective choice of an economic decision. Scientific management of economic processes can be carried out only on the basis of the application of precise mathematical methods in all spheres of the economy – from the distribution of minerals to the demand for consumer goods and household services, labor needs, planning of logistical tasks, etc. Therefore, the subject of the research is conducting mathematical modeling of an economic phenomenon, analysis of economic processes, using the methodology of economic-mathematical modeling and mathematical programming, with the aim of forecasting and studying one or another aspect of its development in the planning and management system, in information provision, in the possibility taking into account the dynamics of economic processes. The study of various economic phenomena with the help of economic-mathematical models, which are a simplified description and take into account the most significant and determining factors of the studied phenomenon, involves the use of mathematics for a formal description of the most significant relationships between economic variables and objects: conclusions can be obtained by the method of deduction, which are adequate for the object under study; methods of mathematics and statistics make it possible to obtain new knowledge about the researched object; the use of mathematical terminology allows you to accurately and compactly express the statements of economic theory, formulate its concepts and conclusions. The analysis of previous studies shows that the problems of organizing the teaching of mathematical disciplines in higher educational institutions, taking into account modern requirements, were taken care of by scientists: I.P. Vasylchenko, L.P. Husak, G.Ya. Dutka, T.V. Krylova, O.V. Levchuk, L.I. Nichugovska, V.A. Petruk et al. The need to build a holistic methodology for the introduction of higher mathematics, the theory of probabilities and mathematical statistics, mathematical modeling and optimization of economic processes is the key task of the article on the use of economic and mathematical models for the development and implementation of optimal projects for the development of the production and services market. Conclusion: to solve effectively a wide class of problems with appropriate solution methods, covering various problems of development and functioning of real economic systems, it is convenient to develop economic and mathematical models, which, in combination with powerful, high-speed computing equipment and modern software products, will make up decision-making support systems in various sectors of the economy.

Correlations and flow of information between the New York Times and stock markets

Resource Depletion Risk for Medical Equipment: Embracing the Circular Economy.

Purpose of the study. The article is devoted to the consideration of the most important tools of economic and statistical analysis - indexes of structural changes by Ryabtsev, Gatev and Salai. The relevance of such work is due to the significant value of using indexes of structural changes that allow making an interconnected analysis of the composition and structure of a phenomenon, taking into account its dynamics. The purpose of the study is to develop a scale for assessing the significance of structural changes for economic phenomena. Materials and methods. Foreign trade statistics were used as the database for the empirical study: exports and imports for the Russian Federation as a whole, exports and imports of food by participating countries, imports of certain types of food by countries. The development of a scale for assessing the indexes of structural changes included: firstly, a comparison of the assessment results using the Ryabtsev, Gatev and Salai indexes based on observation data; secondly, the construction of aligned values (trends) for ranked series according to the Ryabtsev, Gatev, Salai indexes; thirdly, comparison of the alignment results and construction of the required scale for assessing measures of the significance of structural changes. An exponential function was used for alignment. Research results. Based on the results of the study, evaluation scales for the Gatev and Salai indexes were proposed, preserving the verbal characteristics of the Ryabtsev index. The implementation of a methodology based on the alignment of ranked series of values of structural changes indexes made it possible not only to compare different indexes for the same structures of economic phenomena, but also to identify some patterns and features of the use of each of the studied indexes for assessing economic phenomena. With the same range of variation from 0 to 1, the Gatev index is slightly higher than the Ryabtsev index, and the Salai index occupies an intermediate position between the Ryabtsev and Gatev indexes. The author warns against erroneous values of the Salai index, found in some structures. To assess economic structures, which are usually very inertial, the author recommends using the Gatev index, in contrast to the very common Ryabtsev index. With the same components, the Gatev index takes on larger values, the scale “stretches”, and it is more convenient to mark the results of calculations on it. Conclusion. The use of indexes of structural changes by Ryabtsev, Gatev and Salai, supplemented by a developed scale for assessing the significance of these changes, not only complements the traditionally established procedures of economic analysis, but also deepens it, allows us to find changes in the composition and structure of the phenomenon, determine the direction and significance of these changes.

The position of the method of economic duality in economic science is obviously paradoxical. On one side, this method is used by scientists for more than two and a half thousand years (starting from Aristotle): modern economic science has been built at a considerable degree with its help. On the other side, it is not acknowledged in economic science and even is not formally defined. As a specific method used only by economic science it is based on the fact that economic phenomena of market economy have dual structure. All economic phenomena are different expressions of labor inputs of commodity producers. But this labor, as is known, has dual nature and is determined as contradictory unity of concrete and abstract labor. Objective connection between labor structure and structure of economic phenomena appears to be the basic structural regularity of market economy. Usage of the given regularity in economic analysis is the essence of the method of economic duality allowing to reveal complicated and contradictory structure of economic phenomena and processes.

The Paris 2024 Olympic Games have ended successfully, and the "Olympic Economy" has once again become the focus of social attention. The Olympic Economy is an economic phenomenon in which the host city of the Olympics takes advantage of the resources and business opportunities created by the event to carry out a series of economic activities before, during and after the Games. In this way, it stimulates the economic development of the region and brings about a phased acceleration of economic development for the host city. This paper analyses the expenditures and revenues of hosting the Olympic Games, and divides the income into direct and indirect benefits for specific analysis. It also reviews the economic impact of hosting the Olympics based on historical data, and further explores the factors affecting the profit and loss of host cities by analyzing the profitability of the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. The paper concludes that hosting the Olympic Games can enhance national image and promote economic development, and it is recommended to encourage countries to actively host the Olympics.

Behavioral economics is developing very fast in the Western countries nowadays. Initially behavioral economics tried to answer the question of whether human behavior in decision-making corresponds to the neoclassical model, which emphasizes the consistency and logic of human behavior. As a result of numerous experiments in this direction, the limitation of the neoclassical model of human behavior was proved. And the conclusions drawn by supporters of behavioral economics have made it possible to look differently at some provisions of market radicalism (fundamentalism). Behavioral economics contributes to neoclassical theory in this direction, but tries to add more realistic psychological foundations to the analysis. For example, one of the most famous behavioral economists, K. Camarer, wrote in his study: “Behavioral economics is based on the belief that increasing the reality of psychological foundations in economic analysis will improve economic theory on its own, providing an opportunity to penetrate essence (processes), make better predictions about real phenomena and propose better policies” [1, с. 3]. Thus, behavioral economics aims to supplement existing knowledge about economic phenomena, applying the achievements of modern psychology, sociology, neurophysiology. One of the first stages in the formation of behavioral economics can be considered the concept of G. Simon, who suggested that man in making decisions can not be completely rational, at least because he can not always make the necessary calculations. A person makes a decision by choosing the option that seems most acceptable, but this option is not always optimal. But long before Herbert Simon, many economists studied human subjectivity in economic decision-making. Such studies can be found in the works of Adam Smith, William Stanley Jevons, David Ricardo, Carl Menger, Leon Walras and others. Many of the ideas of these authors, which they came to by reasoning, eventually received logical psychological evidence. Considering all of the above, we can say that the role of behavioral economics in economic theory and the analysis of the ways of its development are very relevant.

This paper has two objectives. Firstly, it compares the concept of time in two economic paradigms, the neoclassical and the Austrian school. Secondly, this paper traces the development of the concept of subjective time in the Austrian School of Economics from Carl Menger to the contemporary Austrian economists. The neoclassical school uses a Newtonian time concept in which time is homogeneous, mathematically discontinuous and causal inertia, while most Austrian economists adopt Henri Bergson’s concept of time, where time is subjective and continuous, meaning that events are linked with each other. This implies that an individual’s decision will affect on the future, an effect which is unpredictable. Illustrations on the usefulness of the subjective time in understanding human action and economic phenomena are given. This paper concludes that it is more fruitful to use Bergsonian time than Newtonian time in economic research.

The problem of significant shadow economy in Ukraine has been very important since Ukraine independence. But due to its peculiarities as an economic phenomenon, it is difficult to assess completely the degree of its influence on the development of the national economy. Besides, the influence of external and internal destabilization factors of economic and political environment in Ukraine (military aggression in the East, annexation of the Crimea, the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, high levels of corruption, etc.) distract attention from equally important problems of the development of the national economy. In the context of the impact of shadow economy on the national one, the volume of lost GDP and decrease in tax revenues are more considered more often, but the impact caused by shadow level of the national economy is reflected not only in the above-mentioned indicators of the Ukrainian economy development, but also in many others. This particularly concerns the level of inflationary processes as an essential indicator that, combining the economic and social aspects of the country's development, reflects the state of the national economy and its future development prospects. The existing relationship between inflation and the level of shadow economy is reflected in the direct correlation between these indicators and is characterized as direct. At the same time, like the strengthening of inflation processes results in the increase in the level of shadow economy, the increase in the level of shadow economy results in the inflation growth. That is, the identified connection is bilateral, but not equivalent. Available statistics data do not confirm a significant decrease in the level of shadow economy with the decrease of inflation, which is due to the need of carrying out significant and thorough work on its development, which is not limited by the level of inflation decrease. The decrease in the level of shadow economy in Ukraine by 1% will potentially reduce the inflation rate by 2%. The existence of such connection creates the possibility of regulating inflation level due to the level of the shadow economy decrease, expanding the existing tools for regulating inflationary processes, as well as the additional opportunities for further development of the Ukrainian economy.

This study was conducted to compare the evolution process of air transport networks (ATNs) under different airline business models, and empirically analyzed the causes of evolution differences combining with airline market behaviors. Three representative Chinese airlines (China Southern Airlines, Spring Airlines, and Lucky Air) that belong to three business models (full-service, low-cost, and regional) were examined. Based on mathematical statistics and complex network theory, from spatial pattern, topological feature and central city, the result showed that the airlines have their own unique evolution characteristics of ATNs driven by different business models. China southern airlines as state-owned full-service network carrier, its ATN is easily affected by national policy. Spring Airlines has more flexible and diverse choice in choosing target markets and the ATN had a transformation from a mono-centric divergence network to a two-centric regional one. Lucky Air as a regional feeder carrier, whether navigable airports or navigable routes increasingly concentrated within the southwest of China. This information is important for government to improve the national ATN by developing targeted airlines.

This book presents the theory of probability and mathematical statistics at a level suitable for researchers at the frontiers of applied disciplines. Examples and exercises make essential concepts in measure theory and analysis accessible to those with preparation limited to vector calculus. Complete, detailed solutions to all the exercises demonstrate techniques of problem solving and provide immediate feedback. Part I, The Theory of Probability, starts with elementary set theory and proceeds through basic measure and probability, random variables, integration and mathematical expectation. It concludes with an extensive survey of models for distributions of random variables. Part II, The Theory of Statistics, begins with sampling theory and distribution theory for statistics from normal populations, proceeds to asymptotic (large-sample) theory, and on to point and interval estimation and tests of parametric hypotheses. The last three chapters cover tests of nonparametric hypotheses, Bayesian methods, and linear and nonlinear regression. Researchers and graduate students in applied fields such as actuarial science, biostatistics, economics, finance, mathematical psychology, and systems engineering will find this book to be a valuable learning tool and an essential reference. Contents: The Theory of Probability: Probability on Abstract Sets Probability on Sets of Real Numbers Mathematical Expectation Models for Distributions The Theory of Statistics: Sampling Distributions Asymptotic Distribution Theory Estimation Tests of Parametric Hypotheses Tests of Nonparametric Hypotheses A Survey of Bayesian Methods Regression Analysis Readership: Researchers and graduate students in applied fields such as actuarial science, biostatistics, economics, finance, mathematical psychology, and systems engineering. Key Features: Present basic concepts in real and complex analysis and measure theory along with the applications to probability Difficult theoretical points are followed directly by examples and exercises with detailed solutions Provide a survey of Bayesian methods and an extensive treatment of goodness-of-fit tests Suitable learning tool for students and researchers in applied fields for whom a rigorous foundation in probability and statistical inference is essential

Many scholars researched social informatization from different perspectives, including profession, economy and technology. In this thesis, the author will studied on social informatization from the perspective of basic characteristics of information. Firstly, the author will describe other scholars’ social informationization theories. Secondly, the definition of information and basic characteristics of information will be given. Then, the production mode informatization and life-style informatization from the perspective of basic characteristics of information will be studied on in this paper. Lastly, the conclusion will be drawn.

The article states theoretical and practical aspects 1of enterprise budgeting in the current conditions of a volatile economic situation and crisis phenomena. The role of budgeting as a strategic financial management tool is analyzed, which ensures planning, coordination, control, analysis, and adaptation of the enterprise to external and internal changes. Different budgeting models – static and flexible – are considered, along with their advantages and disadvantages depending on the economic environment. Practical approaches to crisis budgeting are also discussed, including scenario planning, zero-based budgeting, rolling budgets, and prioritization of expenditures. The article also contains an analysis of the use of digital tools and analytical platforms for automating the budgeting process, controlling cash flows, managing risks, and enhancing the financial stability of the enterprise. A graphical illustration of changes in the structure of expenditures during stable and crisis periods is provided.

Why did the traditional Japanese monitoring system become less efficient? In the context of the institutional approach (see section 2.4), the question can be rephrased to ask why the transaction cost in the system was getting higher. Section 4.2 aims to overview the changes in economic environment and the associated changes in the relative cost of monitoring, which made the traditional financial and monitoring system gradually ineffective. The main points in our discussion are summarized below (see also Figure 4.1): (A) Changes in the relative cost of monitoring (see section 4.2.1) 1 Changes in industrial structure/paradigm shift from the ‘catching-up’ economy to the ‘frontier’ economy → Borrowers who still relied on bank loans are exposed to fundamental uncertainty to a greater extent → increasing cost of monitoring 2 Internationalization of Japanese economy → increasing cost of monitoring 3 Financial deregulation → reduced bank rent opportunities (see Figure 4.2) which had given banks incentives for playing a role as a long-term monitoring agent and financial intermediary (B) Changes in the relative cost of supervising by the Japanese regulatory authorities (see section 4.2.2 and 4.2.3) 1 Technological changes/Innovations in financial engineering and products → increasing cost of supervision. 2 Internationalization/globalization → increasing cost of monitoring. 3 Foreign pressure accelerating financial deregulation.