ОКУМУШТУУ М.МУРАТАЛИЕВ ЖАНА КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛ ИЛИМИНИН СИНТАКСИС МАСЕЛЕЛЕРИ

This paper discusses the result of analyzing the ability of undergraduate students to the difficulty of identifying simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. A descriptive quantitative approach and a descriptive qualitative approach were used in this study. Descriptive quantitative was used to see the student score test in analyzing simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. Descriptive qualitative was used to see the result of students’ interviews on their difficulty identifying simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. This study shows that students' ability mean score was 11.84 from 20 points, the median was 12 from 20 points, and the range was 6 (as a lower score) and 17 (the highest score) from 20 points. Most of the students still have difficulty identifying the formation of simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. Mainly because they still don’t understand connectors in the four types of sentences, such as subordinate connectors. Therefore students are required to practice writing in order to make it easier to form a simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences.

The purpose of this study is to examine a native speaker's interaction with young learners in an English class to determine (1) what types of sentences she used in instructing young learners and (2) what tenses she used in giving instruction and asking questions while teaching young learners in the classroom. The researcher used the qualitative descriptive technique in order to perform the investigation. The information was gathered via class observation, including recording three meetings' worth of teaching and learning activities. After that, the tape was transcribed to analyze the data. The participants were a native English speaker and young learners from grade two primary students. The study's results reveal that the native speaker used various phrase types in her instruction, including simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. However, the most type of sentence she used is a simple sentence followed by a compound-complex and complex sentence. A minor type of sentence she used is a compound sentence. She also used three distinct tenses during her teaching. They exist in the present, the past, and the future. The most type of tenses she used was present and future tense. She almost rarely used past tense.

Children with severe cerebral palsy (CP) (i.e. 'non-speaking children with severely limited mobility') are restricted in many domains that are important to the acquisition of language. To investigate comprehension of spoken language on sentence type level in non-speaking children with severe CP. From an original sample of 87 non-speaking children with severe CP, 68 passed the pre-test (i.e. they matched at least five spoken words to the corresponding objects) of a specifically developed computer-based instrument for low motor language testing (C-BiLLT), admitting them to the actual C-BiLLT computer test. As a result, the present study included 68 children with severe CP (35 boys, 33 girls; mean age 6;11 years, SD 3;0 years; age range 1;9-11;11 years) who were investigated with the C-BiLLT for comprehension of different sentence types: phrases, simple active sentences (with one or two arguments) and compound sentences. The C-BiLLT provides norm data of typically developing (TD) children (1;6-6;6 years). Binomial logistic regression analyses were used to compare the percentage correct of each sentence type in children with severe CP with that in TD children (subdivided into age groups) and to compare percentage correct within the CP subtypes. Sentence comprehension in non-speaking children with severe CP followed the developmental trajectory of TD children, but at a much slower rate; nevertheless, they were still developing up to at least age 12 years. Delays in sentence type comprehension increased with sentence complexity and showed a large variability between individual children and between subtypes of CP. Comprehension of simple and syntactically more complex sentences were significantly better in children with dyskinetic CP than in children with spastic CP. Of the children with dyskinetic CP, 10-13% showed comprehension of simple and compound sentences within the percentage correct of TD children, as opposed to none of the children with spastic CP. In non-speaking children with severe CP sentence comprehension is delayed rather than deviant. Results indicate the importance of following comprehension skills across all age groups, even beyond age 12 years. Moreover, the subtype of CP should be considered when establishing an educational programme for sentence comprehension, and augmentative and alternative communication support. In addition, educational programmes for children with severe CP should take into account the linguistic hierarchy of sentence comprehension when focusing on the input and understanding of spoken language comprehension.

President has an authority to establish policies in order to run the government, one of which is through Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Presidential Decree). As written documents, the Decrees have language development which can be seen from the writing patterns. Therefore, this study aims to examine the writing patterns of Decrees from time to time to support forensic linguistic study, such as document forgery analysis. We took sixteen Presidential Decrees from 1945 to 2018 as the data then analyzed them by using qualitative method. The data were obtained from the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia and the official website of the Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia (www.sipuu.setkab.go.id). This study indicates that language development in Indonesian Presidential Decrees is found in the structure of the Decrees, diction, and sentence structure. On the Decree structure, 1945 and 1946 Decrees contain one long sentence to explain the intent, whereas in the 1947—2018 Decrees, intents are elaborated in several clauses. Additionally, there are various types of diction used in the consideration sections. On the syntax, various types of sentences can be found in the Decrees. 1940s Decrees contain simple sentences and complex sentences while 1950s—2010s Decrees contain simple sentences, complex sentences, compound sentences, and mixed sentences.

English is considered as one of important languages in human life. Recently, English is a requirement for working people, and one of the working fields which require their employees to master English is tour guide. This research is a descriptive qualitative research which described the English sentences used by Indonesian tour guide in Prambanan temple. This research investigated their competency in producing English sentences. This study focused on the percentage of correct and incorrect sentences produces by Indonesian tour guides in Prambanan Temple. The writer finds that each respondent produced three types of sentences, which are simple sentences, compound sentences and complex sentences. Based on the analysis, each respondent produced more simple sentences than other types of sentences. Keywords: Sentence, Tour Guide

<em>There is an assumption that the writing ability of the forth semester students have been improved because the students have learned about how to develop paragraph in writing I, writing II, and writing III subject, so they are expected able to develop an essay. The purposes of the study are to describe the organization of the essay developed by the students of Widyagama University and to know the grammar problems found in the sentences of the essay developed by the students of Widyagama University. Based on finding and discussion of the research, the researcher concludes that the organization of the essays that developed by the research subjects is poor. Only one essay has a complete organization. The developing paragraph of each essay is also poor. Most of the paragraphs don’t have concluding sentence. Generally, the essays had covered four types of the sentences; simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex sentence. However, the essays are dominated by only one type of sentences, simple sentence. The grammar problems that found are fragment sentence, the errors of subject-verb agreement, and the errors in using coordinating conjunction</em>

Objective. Language disorder is one of the most significant symptom domains that characterizes Schizophrenia Disorder. The aim of the present study carried out considering language deviations is to investigate and compare the schizophrenic patients’ and control group’s speech in terms of sentence structure. Materials and Methods. The sample of the study consists of 50 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4 (DSM-4) and 50 healthy subjects matched with these patients by age, gender and educational level. The narrative skills of the subjects in the study were evaluated with four oral expression tests, which were narrative picture test, story picture sequencing test, semi-structured speech test, and free speech test. Results. As a result of the statistical and linguistic analyses, significant differences were found between sentence types’ of schizophrenic patients’ and control group’s speech. Considering the use of simple sentences, it was revealed that patients with schizophrenia used more simple sentences than the control group in all tests. On the contrary, when complex and compound sentences were examined, patients with schizophrenia used less complex and compound sentences than the control group in all tests. Conclusion. The linguistics deviations found from the study are thought to be due to the schizophrenic thought disorder’s four relatively independent components: delusion; intrinsic thinking disturbance; formal thought disorder; and deficient real-world knowledge – a new concept.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of using syncretic conjunctions in a simple complicated sentence on the basis of works by V. Shevchuk. The specificity of functioning of connective means is studied by means of a file of examples compiled on the basis of the literary texts “Three Leaves Outside the Window”, “The House on the Mountain”, “In the Field of Humility”, “The Eye of the Abyss”, “The Ghost of a Dead House”. The study of the selected groups of subordinating conjunctions was carried out according to the qualification of K. G. Gorodenska. The analyzed types of syncretic connecting means include disjunctive-explanatory, disjunctive-concessive, partitive-concessive, conjunctions of comparison and correspondence. The specifics of the manifestation of formal grammatical relations and semantic and syntactic relations in a simple sentence by the conjunctions are determined. In the V. Shevchuk’s novels, the conjunctions of conjunction-subordination demonstrate different productivity of functioning: explanatory-equating conjunctions are more often used in simple complex sentences, while disjunctive-partitive and partitive-concessive conjunctions are used in complex ones. The conjunctions of comparison and correspondence are not recorded in the material under examination. Within the predicative part of composite sentences or a simple complex sentence explanatory-equating conjunctions emphasize the meaning of a simple verbal or compound nominal predicate. The typical case of using these conjunctions is to separate secondary members of a sentence, in particular, attribute (аpposition), аdverbial мodifier. Within the predicative part of a composite sentence, the conjunction most often connects homogeneous predicates. The active functioning of subordinate-coordinate conjunctions in a simple sentence is confirmed by examples from literary works. Out of the body of illustrative material, only 25 % of the conjunctions express syncretic semantic-syntactic relations. The most frequently used are the explanatory-equating ones тобто – 43%, чи – 11%, або – 13%, the disjunctive-concessive ones але – 13%, проте – 4,2%, the partitive-concessive ones чи…чи – 9,2%. Other conjunctions were not documented.

Looking for an easy-to-use guide to English grammar? This handy introduction covers all the basics of the subject, using a simple and straightforward style. Students will find the book's step-by-step approach easy to follow and be encouraged by its non-technical language. Requiring no prior knowledge of English grammar, the information is presented in small steps, with objective techniques to help readers apply concepts. With clear explanations and well chosen examples, the book gives students the tools to understand the mysteries of English grammar as well as the perfect foundation from which to move on to more advanced topics.

This study aims to analyze sentence types and syntactic function structures (S–P– O–K: Subject–Predicate–Object–Adverbial) in Indonesian online news texts published by Kompas, Detik, and CNN Indonesia in October 2025. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using documentation techniques. The data consisted of selected sentences taken purposively from online news articles covering economic, educational, social, and cultural topics. Data analysis was conducted through sentence identification, classification of sentence types (simplex, complex, and compound), analysis of syntactic functions, and interpretation based on Indonesian syntactic theories. The findings indicate that complex sentences are the most frequently used sentence type, particularly in Kompas and CNN Indonesia, as they allow journalists to present information in a more detailed and contextual manner through subordinate clauses. Meanwhile, Detik tends to use simplex sentences, reflecting its emphasis on brevity and speed in news delivery. Compound sentences appear less frequently across the three media outlets. In terms of syntactic structure, the dominant pattern found is S–P–O–K, with variations in the expansion of adverbial elements such as time, purpose, and context. Overall, the syntactic patterns found in online news texts demonstrate consistency with standard Indonesian grammatical rules and reflect the editorial styles and communicative strategies of each media outlet.

While considerable research has been conducted on the register analysis of English language tertiary textbooks, relatively little is explored about the register analytical features of secondary textbooks. The purpose of the present pedagogically-driven study is to analyse the register of biology textbooks for secondary students from the point of view of English as a Second Language (ESL) teaching by describing the register of the biology corpus (BIOCOR) that 10th grade students need to process during their studies at a bilingual secondary school. The research reports on the characteristic linguistic features of the BIOCOR with regard to the complexity of the texts syntactic structure. The BIOCOR (consisting of 7,021 words) is compared to a reference corpus (REFCOR) of general English texts at a CEFR B2 level (comprising 7,098 words) by exploring the frequency of ten types of syntactic structures (simple, compound and complex sentences of various number of dependent and independent clauses). The results of the investigation disclose that syntactic simplicity is prevalent in the BIOCOR: simple sentences abound, complex sentences are used in a modest manner, while complex-compound sentences are hardly present in the corpus. The syntactic simplicity of the biology textbook can be regarded as one of the linguistic features revealing the non-academic but popularizing nature of the secondary textbook register.

The question of grammatical nature, varieties, meaning of compound syntax constructions remains the most relevant due to insufficient study. Hence, the study analyzes various opinions on the problem of compound sentences in foreign, domestic and Ossetian linguistics, which currently have no unambiguous solution in the works of linguists despite quite a few attempts to syntax in Russian and foreign linguistics in the 17th–18th centuries, in Ossetian – since the 19th century. The analysis of all considered classifications made it possible to determine that the structural-semantic classification of compound sentences is the most correct. This classification takes into account all structural features of considered structures: the relations of a subordinate clause with a single word in the main part or with the whole main part, the nature of conjunctional means, the nature and functions of correlates (correlation words), the position of a subordinate clause, the paradigm of a compound sentence. Based on the above, we analyzed the grammatical linkage of compound sentences in Ossetian and Russian languages from the point of view of structural-semantic approach. This currently leading approach takes into account the whole set of structural characteristics typical for compound sentences as particularly syntactic units, and grammatical meanings, which are directly related to the specified characteristics, which allows defining and consistently considering a variety of types of compound sentences with regard to their structural and semantic peculiarities, describing the specifics of a compound sentence, its linkage to a phrase and a simple sentence.

This study aimed at examining the syntactic devices in the inaugural speech of Donald Trump. The study adopted a quantitative and qualitative method. The study used frequencies and statistics to examine the frequency of occurrence of the syntactic devices used in the speech. The study also focused on how the devices helped in the interpretation of the speech. The speech was critically read. The syntactic devices (sentence types, modality, conjunctions, adverbials and pronouns) used in the speech were identified, categorised, interpreted and discussed according to the ideas presented in the speech. The findings revealed that the types of sentences employed were simple, complex, and compound sentences. He used more of simple sentences to achieve succinctness in his speech. He also used syntactic devices such as modal verbs, conjunctions, personal pronouns and adverbial phrases to accomplish conciseness, logicality, accuracy and effectiveness in his speech. The study concluded that the use of syntactic devices helped the speaker to achieve cohesion in the speech, thereby enabling him to express his motives, plans, feelings, and expectations from the Americans.

The importance of peer review practice in writing courses has been strongly supported by pedagogical research due to its value in facilitating students’ writing progress. This study investigated college students’ experiences with different peer review modes in an academic writing course. We investigated three peer review modes: (i) face-to-face peer review (F2F), (ii) anonymous computer-mediated peer review (CMPR), where students provided feedback anonymously on an online platform, and (iii) blended peer review, where students conducted both F2F and CMPR. This study was guided by the question: What are students’ perceptions of and experiences with the three peer review methods? Three classes ( n = 66) enrolled in an academic writing course at a Singaporean university participated in this study. The three classes were assigned to the three peer review modes respectively over a semester. Surveys and interviews were administered to investigate students’ perceived usefulness of the feedback and their interactions with the reviewers. The findings show that students in all three groups were generally satisfied with the mode they were assigned to, but with a preference for the blended mode. The blended mode accommodates different learning needs by addressing the limitations of both F2F and CMPR and leveraging the merits of both modes. Several psychological and contextual factors were found to impact the effectiveness of peer review practices, including the closeness among peers, the presence of incentives, the functionality and affordances of an online peer-review platform, time constraint, and the instructions.

In many languages, various language processing tools have been developed. The work of the Bengali NLP is getting richer day by day. Sentence pattern recognition in Bangla is a subject of attention. Additionally, our motivation was to work on implementing this pattern recognition concept into user-friendly applications. So, we generated an approach where a sentence (sorol, jotil and jougik) can be correctly identified. Our model accepts a Bangla sentence as input, determines the sentence construction type, and outputs the sentence type. The most popular and well-known six supervised machine learning algorithms were used to classify three types of sentence formation: Sorol Bakko (simple sentence), Jotil Bakko (complex sentence) and Jougik Bakko(compound sentence). We trained and tested our dataset, which contains 2727 numbers of data from various sources. We analyzed our dataset and got accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score and confusion matrix. We get the highest accuracy with the decision tree classifier, which is 93.72%.