ВКЛАД ИННОВАЦИЙ И ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА В РОСТ РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

In this article we will consider the main problems we face in determining the effectiveness of attracting investment in innovation activities of the enterprise. Many researchers have long been developing better mechanisms for evaluating the effectiveness of investment activities. These include simulation techniques and a multi-step approach. As part of this study, we adapt these techniques for the process of evaluating the economic efficiency of innovation, taking into account the identified features. The methods of evaluating the effectiveness of innovation activity in relation to the investment aspect are proposed, the peculiarity of which is the fact that the amount of project money flows and the amount of investment costs, in particular working capital, needed for introducing the assets of an innovative project into for the production with the use of the newest technologies and innovations are taken into consideration. It is proved that the evaluation of the efficiency of investments in the innovation project predetermines processing of expert assessments applying special tools, which involves checking the conditions of consistency and consensus of experts’ ideas. The final stage of the expertise involves making a decision on selection of one or several innovation projects for implementation in the conditions of the enterprise under consideration. It is established that the basis of selection should be the rating of the innovation project, the cost of its implementation and the budget of the enterprise’s innovation development. The final decision on the appropriateness of introduction of the innovation project does not require rigid formalization, but should be taken by senior management board of the enterprise as a result of qualitative assessment of the efficiency of investment in innovation projects. Simulation modeling is proposed, which will allow to make a decision on the effectiveness of attracting investment in an innovative project.

Government regulation is an integral part of the formation of an innovative economy, playing a central role in creating and supporting an innovative environment that promotes sustainable economic growth and increases the country's competitiveness. In the context of globalization and rapid technological progress, government institutions must actively intervene in the development of new technologies, support research and development activities, and stimulate private and public investment in innovative projects. This article discusses key instruments of government regulation, such as tax incentives, subsidies for scientific research and the introduction of innovative technologies, as well as the role of government support for start-ups and small innovative enterprises. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of government agencies with scientific and educational institutions and the private sector, which ensures the effective implementation of innovations in production processes and an improved business climate. The article analyzes the impact of government initiatives on the development of innovative infrastructure, the creation of clusters and technology parks, as well as the formation of human resources necessary for the innovative transformation of the economy. The author concludes that comprehensive and consistent government regulation is the most important factor for the successful transition of the economy to an innovative path of development, which in turn contributes to increasing its global competitiveness and sustainability.

Introduction. The cataclysms of market changes in the industry of Ukraine and its regions require their accelerated neo-industrialization based on Industry 4.0. Of course, the latest industry based on cyber-physical systems and Internet technologies, in principle, can not develop without creating a modern innovation infrastructure. Formulation of the problem. In this context, the role of theoretical generalizations on the innovative development of industry and specific studies of the relationship between the stages of the innovation cycle and subsystems of the innovation infrastructure are increasing. Purpose: to outline the basic theories and concepts of innovative industrial development and features of the development of innovative infrastructure (by stages of the innovation process) in the conditions of neo-industrialization of Ukraine and its regions. The presentation of the material of the article. The article analyzes the theories and concepts of innovative development of industrial production based on the ideas of J. Schumpeter. The theory (model) of the triple helix is considered, which is one of the modern variants of the innovative theory of economic growth, and also its related concepts: entrepreneurial university, innovative ecosystems, open innovation platforms, smart specializations and clusters. It is noted that the formation of innovative ecosystems in Ukraine and its regions is impossible without the creation of such an important component as innovative infrastructure. Accordingly, the problems, features and prospects of its development at all stages of the innovation process are considered, namely: initiation and marketing of innovations; basic and applied research; research and development; transfer and commercialization of innovative products; production of innovative products; sale of innovative products. The specifics of organizational, institutional, financial and human resources for the development of innovative infrastructure are also covered. Results and Discussion. Taking into account foreign experience, in particular the USA and EU countries, the possibilities of practical application of the theories and concepts on which the development of innovative infrastructure is based in Ukraine have been identified. It is shown that the development of innovative infrastructure can accelerate the neo-industrialization of Ukraine and its regions based on Industry 4.0. Conclusions. In the conditions of neo-industrialization of Ukraine and its regions, the theories and concepts of development of innovative infrastructure come to the fore. On this basis, all subsystems of innovation infrastructure can be built in Ukraine and its regions according to the stages of the innovation process. It will not be superfluous to consider foreign experience. Keywords: neo-industrialization (Ukraine and its regions), Industry 4.0, innovation, innovation process, innovation infrastructure, innovative development.

Introduction. Outlining the strategic vision of alternatives regarding the innovation development of industrial enterprises implies a multifunctional load on marketing and controlling support systems aimed at increasing the effectiveness of managerial influence to ensure the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of enterprises. Marketing and controlling support decision-making in developing the innovation potential of industrial enterprises to ensure their competitiveness in recovering and strengthening the national economy. Aim and tasks. This study aims to develop and substantiate approaches to strategic forecasting regarding the innovation development of industrial enterprises in marketing and controlling support to modernise and accelerate national economy recovery. Results. The study uses an economic and mathematical model to forecast industrial competitiveness by adjusting key innovation potential components. The model reveals that innovation potential depends significantly on prior investments in innovation made in the previous period, which requires sound management decisions regarding the choice of strategic alternatives for innovation development based on marketing and controlling support. An analysis of the forecasted competitiveness of industrial enterprises in 2023-2024 shows that innovative potential has the most significant impact on competitiveness, with R3 parameter equal to 0.5472, which exceeds the value of R2 parameter of 0.1180 for the competitiveness in the previous period. The proposed ADL model with fixed effects for panel data confirms the dependence of industrial competitiveness on innovation. In particular, a conditional increase in innovation potential of 10% leads to a 5.4% increase in the competitiveness of industrial enterprises during the forecast period. Conclusions. Creating a marketing support system for the innovation development of industrial enterprises contributes to the adaptation of industrial enterprises to conditions of rapid technological processes within the industrial paradigm and enhances resilience to external challenges. Controlling makes it possible to optimise processes and increase the efficiency of management decisions to achieve innovation development’s strategic goals and accelerate industrial enterprises’ competitiveness. Analysing strategic alternatives for innovation development based on marketing and controlling enabled the formulation of strategies to increase industrial enterprises’ development innovativeness and effectiveness.

В современных условиях достаточно актуальным выступает решение задачи, связанной с выявлением источников финансирования инновационных проектов в региональной электроэнергетике, а также с формированием экономического механизма привлечения инвестиционных вложений в инновационные проекты электроэнергетической отрасли, в особенности в части увеличения территориального потенциала к энергосбережению и энергоэффективности. Цель работы - сформировать экономический механизм привлечения инвестиционных вложений в инновационные проекты электроэнергетической отрасли Краснодарского края. Для достижения данной цели были приведены принципы и инструменты практического осуществления макроэкономической политики в секторе электроэнергетики, понятие экономического механизма привлечения инвестиционных вложений в инновационные проекты электроэнергетической отрасли, базовые экономические характеристики привлечения инвестиционных вложений в инновационные проекты электроэнергетической отрасли региона (на примере реконструкции ТЭС). Relevance and practical significance of the work: In modern conditions, it is quite relevant to solve the problem of identifying sources of financing innovative projects in the regional electric power industry, as well as forming an economic mechanism for attracting investment in innovative projects of the electric power industry, especially in terms of increasing the territorial potential for energy saving and energy efficiency. The purpose of the work is to form an economic mechanism for attracting investment in innovative projects of the electric power industry of Krasnodar Krai. To achieve this goal, the following principles and tools were given for the practical implementation of macroeconomic policy in the electric power sector, the concept of an economic mechanism for attracting investment in innovative projects of the electric power industry, basic economic characteristics of attracting investment in innovative projects of the electric power industry of the region (using the example of the reconstruction of TPP).

Environmental science and research in China: A snapshot of the current state

One of the main factors that constrains using of venture investment in innovative projects in the field of construction is high risk of this type of investment. Thus, the problem of risk assessment is relevant in the venture investment of innovative projects. First of all, it should be noted that the risks in the construction industry have considerable specificity and heterogeneity. Real options approach is an important tool with venture investment at all stages. It can be widely used in innovative projects in construction for accurate risk assessment.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the prospects for strengthening the positions of European companies in the deep tech market in the context of the modernization of the EU innovation landscape by using the potential of regulatory policy and competition policy. The article is based on a research hypothesis, which stems from the fact that at the present stage there is a rethinking of the role of innovations as a source of socio-economic development of global economic entities. It has been established that even at the supranational level, powers in the field of implementing EU innovation policy are distributed between several departments and directorates; such distribution of powers has determined the specificity and diversity of budget mechanisms for financing innovations, which leads to subadditivity of innovation management. The role of innovation for European society is to transform research results into new, higher-quality goods and services in order to maintain and improve their competitiveness in the global market, as well as to improve the well-being of the population. The EU innovation policy is aimed at creating conditions recognized to facilitate the introduction of innovative ideas to the market, and is also a link between the policy of research and development in the field of technology and innovation and the industrial policy of states. Within the framework of the concept of open innovation, the following forms of international innovation cooperation can be distinguished: obtaining knowledge from the external environment (licensing, obtaining firms-sources of knowledge); knowledge transfer (for example, from a management company to foreign subsidiaries); partnership (equal cooperation between two companies, one of which is a non-resident of the other country); venture investments (infusion of foreign capital into innovative projects, start-ups). International innovation cooperation today is expressed mainly in the commercial activities of states: purchase and sale (export and import) of technologies in materialized form; provision of technological know-how (transfer of experience) on a contractual basis, as well as technical support within the framework of cooperation; sale of patents and licenses; personnel training (advanced training, retraining); creation of joint ventures. Coordination is the development by two states or a group of states of a common policy in the field of innovation and technology development. The methods for implementing this form of international innovation cooperation may be the implementation of various interstate programs in the field of joint scientific and technical activities. DeepTech ("deep" technologies) are fundamentally new technological solutions of innovative companies, including start-ups, developed with the aim of finding answers to global challenges and requiring long-term scientific research and significant investment. The areas of deep-tech most often include: new materials, advanced manufacturing technologies, biotechnology, blockchain, robotics, photonics, microelectronics and quantum computing, life sciences, chemistry, space, green energy and agriculture. "Deep" technologies will be in demand beyond the EU and will generally increase the inflow of investment into the innovation sector of Europe. An even more significant budget (EUR 372 billion for 2021-2027) has been allocated through the InvestEU program. It plans to support successful projects of SMEs entering IPO and implement venture fund programs focused on the late stages of the innovation cycle (scale-up venture capital) and formed from the funds of pension funds and insurance companies. Another program, "European Scale-up Action for Risk Capital" (ESCALAR), with a budget of EUR 1.2 billion until 2027, also includes tools to support innovative businesses. The general logic of the modernization of the EU innovation development program assumes a certain "smoothing" of the pan-European innovation landscape by supporting existing and launching new interregional initiatives. This will help to balance the innovative development of regions and EU countries, including those with low indicators in this area. One of the features of venture capital is its high-risk nature, i.e. the possibility of not receiving the expected profit, or losses as a result of the inefficiency of the financed project. This risk must be justified by the high profitability of commercial activity. But venture capital does not simply strive for risky entrepreneurial projects, it kind of frees the innovative entrepreneur from risk, shifting it to itself through venture funds, where this risk is shared between its numerous partners in proportion to the contribution of each. For this reason, venture capital controls the activities of the innovative entrepreneur, creating all the conditions for him to enter the market.

Introduction. Research on human capital occupies a central place in modern scientific discourse. In the context of unprecedented sanctions pressure on Russia, strengthening and building up human capital is becoming a critically important factor in ensuring economic sustainability. The assessment of the quality of human capital in Russia in recent years has revealed an increase in this indicator, however, the sanctions imposed against Russia necessitate accelerated measures to further strengthen human capital and increase its potential. Goal. Highlighting the problems of development and prospects for increasing the Russian potential of human capital in the context of external sanctions. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of situational and systemic approaches, which allowed us to identify opportunities for the growth of human capital potential in new conditions. Results and discussion. The importance of human capital development for innovative economic growth is substantiated. There is a direct link between the development of human capital and investments in education, science, healthcare and professional development, which allows increasing labor productivity, stimulating innovative processes and increasing human competitiveness in the market. The indicators of the assessment of the innovative component of human capital in the country are presented. The directions of human capital development in the economy under the conditions of sanctions pressure are given. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the programmatic approach to the development of human capital potential involves systematic planning and implementation of measures aimed at its integrated development, taking into account external factors. Using a programmatic approach to the development of human capital, the state and business can create a favorable environment for realizing the opportunities of each person and ensuring the prosperity of the whole country.

Introduction. In the contemporary global economy, innovation-driven development is a key determinant of long-term economic growth, as intellectual capital, technological knowledge, and their commercialization largely shape the competitiveness of national economies. International experience demonstrates that countries which systematically invest in research and development, human capital formation, and institutional support for innovation achieve higher rates of labour productivity growth and socio-economic resilience. For Ukraine, this issue is particularly relevant in the context of post-crisis recovery and integration into the European research and innovation area, given the presence of substantial scientific potential alongside a persistently low level of innovation commercialization. Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to identify and quantitatively assess the impact of key innovation factors on Ukraine’s economic growth in comparison with European Union countries and Central and Eastern European states over the period 2010–2024, using dynamic panel data models. Methods. The study combines theoretical, statistical, and econometric methods. The theoretical framework is based on the endogenous growth theory. The empirical analysis relies on a panel dataset covering 11 countries for the period 2010–2024, incorporating indicators of research and development expenditure, patent activity, human resources in research, high-technology exports, and the Global Innovation Index. Results. The results confirm a statistically significant positive impact of innovation factors on economic growth rates across the sample countries. Research and development expenditure, the Global Innovation Index, and high-technology exports are identified as the most influential growth determinants. The analysis reveals the presence of temporal inertia in innovation effects, whereby investments in science and increases in patent activity affect economic dynamics with a lag of one to two years. The comparative analysis indicates that Ukraine possesses considerable innovation potential but lags behind EU countries in its realization due to limited funding, institutional imbalances, and the outflow of highly qualified human capital. Prospects. The findings may be used to substantiate priorities of Ukraine’s state innovation policy, particularly with regard to long-term stimulation of investment in research and development, increased private sector involvement, and deeper integration of the national innovation system into the European research and innovation area. The proposed methodological approach provides a basis for further research on innovation-driven development and economic growth forecasting. Keywords: innovation-driven development; economic growth; research and development; technological change; econometric modelling; panel data; innovation policy; competitiveness; sustainable development.

Introduction. The Republic of Korea nowadays is a leader of innovative development not only in Southeast Asia, but also at the global level. Since 1950’s thanks to the development of science, technology and innovation, one of the poorest agricultural countries has achieved unprecedented economic growth and became one of the leading advanced industrialised countries, which is popularly known as “Korea’s economic miracle.” One of the most important factors of rapid economic growth was the construction of an effective national innovation system (NIS). The purpose of the article is to analyze the main stages in the formation of the Korean national innovation system (NIS), to identify its strengths and weak points. Methods. The study used system analysis, structural-functional, historical and sociocultural approach. Conclusions. The Republic of Korea managed to construct an effective national innovation system thanks to the deduced state policy in the field of science and technology, competent strategic planning, a systematic and integrated approach to the development of innovation, large-scale and continuous R&D financing and the development of innovation infrastructure.

Introduction. The formation of human capital is a critically important aspect of the successful operation of agricultural enterprises. In the conditions of the modern agricultural market, which is characterized by high competition and rapid development of technologies, enterprises are faced with the need to constantly improve the efficiency of their work. Human capital, which includes the knowledge, skills, experience and motivation of employees, becomes a key factor for achieving sustainable growth and innovative development. In this context, investments in education, professional training, development of leadership qualities and creation of favorable working conditions acquire special importance. Effective management of human capital contributes not only to increasing the productivity and competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, but also ensures the sustainable development of rural communities. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the formation of human capital of agricultural enterprises, taking into account recreational and financial aspects. Results. The presented work analyzes and defines the main components of human capital, taking into account the specifics of the agricultural sphere. The definition of the categorical basis of research on the human capital of agricultural enterprises is presented, which in the future makes it possible to more accurately determine the necessary vectors of the development of enterprises in this field and to calculate the influence of financial and recreational aspects. A methodical approach to the formation of human capital of agricultural enterprises was formed, taking into account financial and recreational aspects. Conclusions. The presented research substantiates that the process of human capital formation in agricultural enterprises is a multifaceted process that includes investment in training, creation of favorable working conditions, implementation of innovations and active social responsibility. This contributes not only to increasing the efficiency of enterprises, but also to the development of rural areas as a whole. The presented research results make it possible to form the next steps to improve the human capital of agricultural enterprises by taking into account financial and recreational aspects. The presented research vector makes it possible to focus research efforts on improving human capital precisely at the expense of the presented components, which will further increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises.

PurposeThis study analyzes the role of cooperative behavior in facing the risk of encouraging innovative agricultural production projects by small-scale farmers in the context of farmers in developing countries.Design/methodology/approachA within-subjects field experiment was conducted with small-scale Colombian panela cane farmers. The authors used the collected data to run the regression analyses.FindingsThe results suggest that when small farmers can follow cooperative behavior by joining a group and pooling resources to face risk, they are more willing to invest in a novel and profitable alternative, albeit riskier. However, the possibility of cooperating with a group to invest in a novel production project depends on its expected risk level.Research limitations/implicationsThese results will help develop agricultural policies for sustainable development. Establishing informal networks for small-scale farmers to deal with unpredictable risks may aid in developing innovative systems.Social implicationsAgriculture is highly vulnerable to climatic impacts, which, combined with the inherent risk of innovation, may reduce small farmers' willingness to adopt innovation. Cooperation appears to be a mechanism for pooling resources and facing risk.Originality/valueResearch has focused on experimentally testing the effect of cooperative behavior when facing risk. The authors contribute to the literature by demonstrating the impact of the ability of small-scale farmers in rural areas to collectively manage risk on investment in innovative projects.

Research universities are critical contributors to our national research enterprise. They are the principal source of a world-class labor force and fundamental discoveries that enhance our lives and the lives of others around the world. These institutions help to create an educated citizenry capable of making informed and crucial choices as participants in a democratic society. However many are concerned that the unintended cumulative effect of federal regulations undercuts the productivity of the research enterprise and diminishes the return on the federal investment in research. Optimizing the Nation's Investment in Academic Research reviews the regulatory framework as it currently exists, considers specific regulations that have placed undue and often unanticipated burdens on the research enterprise, and reassesses the process by which these regulations are created, reviewed, and retired. This review is critical to strengthen the partnership between the federal government and research institutions, to maximize the creation of new knowledge and products, to provide for the effective training and education of the next generation of scholars and workers, and to optimize the return on the federal investment in research for the benefit of the American people.

The relevance of the study is due to the growing need of the Ukrainian economy for highly qualified specialists capable of working effectively in conditions of rapid technological and market changes. Strategic partnership between business and education in the developed world today is becoming one of key tools for ensuring the quality of personnel training and harmonising educational programmes with real needs of employers. In the period of transformation of the higher education system and increasing global competition, it is important to identify models of cooperation that have proven their effectiveness in practice. Special attention is required to analyse the experience of the country's leading universities, whose educational programmes have received exemplary accreditation, since they demonstrate the highest standards of quality of education and interaction with stakeholders. Such research makes it possible to identify effective mechanisms for forming human resources potential and contributes to increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian universities and enterprises, which is extremely important for the restoration of the country's economy in the post-war period. The purpose of the study was to systematise and evaluate the best practices of strategic partnership between universities and businesses in Ukraine based on the analysis of self-assessment data of educational programmes that have received exemplary accreditation, in order to identify effective models of interaction in order to gain opportunities for scaling these practices in the national educational space. The system of strategic partnership between higher education institutions and business structures in Ukraine focused on the mechanisms, forms and tools of their interaction in the process of training specialists and ensuring the quality of education is the object of the study. The task of the study is to identify, systematise and evaluate the best practices of strategic interaction between businesses and higher education institutions in Ukraine based on the analysis of self-assessment data and the results of exemplary accreditation of educational programmes. Systemic and institutional approaches, which allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the interaction between business and education, as well as methods of comparative analysis, content analysis of self-assessment reports and benchmarking elements aimed at identifying and generalising the best practices of strategic partnership were the methodological basis of the study. Based on the results of the study, generalised conclusions have been formulated regarding the implementation of effective models of strategic partnership between business and higher education institutions. The scope of application of the study results is the development and improvement of mechanisms of interaction between business and higher education institutions, in particular during the formation of educational programmes, implementation of joint projects, organisation of dual education, internship system, personnel training and increasing the competitiveness of regional economies. The results of the study will make it possible to improve the practices of strategic partnership between business and educational institutions, improve the quality of educational programmes, strengthen the human resources potential of enterprises, optimise the mechanisms for attracting applicants to real projects and contribute to the formation of an effective cooperation infrastructure focused on innovative development and increasing the competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy