Стабильность развития сельских территорий в условиях обеспечения безопасности государства

Aim. Development of a method for assessing the effectiveness of investment resource provision in environmental management based on a socio-ecological and economic approach. Objectives. To determine the methods for assessing the effectiveness of investment in the field of environmental management; to specify the main parameters for assessing the effectiveness of environmental protection measures and rational environmental management; and to conduct a comparative analysis of the proposed methods for assessing the effectiveness of investments. Methods. The authors used the method of system logical analysis, the ecosystem approach, and the structural-functional approach in their research on methods for evaluating the effectiveness of investments in environmental management. The information base of the study was made up of published articles on the research topic. To structure the result, the author's approach to resource provision of technological investments and innovations was used. Results. Based on a comparative analysis of investment efficiency assessment methods, their advantages and disadvantages have been identified in relation to environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. The essence of the category of efficiency in relation to the sphere of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is determined. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of investments are proposed, taking into account socio-ecological and economic efficiency. The use of a part of the natural resource rent from nature users as the main approach to resource provision of technological investments and innovations is justified by the target method. Conclusions. According to the author's position, the analysis of the effectiveness of investment provision of natural resources using methods of using part of the natural resource rent left by the nature user, as well as the systematic identification and use of reserves at all stages of environmental management, including technological and production processes, demonstrate the priority of these methods in assessing the effectiveness of investments in environmental management.

The study focuses on the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of a legal and economic nature, concerning the legal support for the activities of operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime, in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Methodology. The present study employed both general and special methods of cognition. Utilising the dialectical method, the author evaluated the essence of countering cybercrime by operational police units in terms of its prevention and prevention of these offences in the legal and economic planes, according to a diverse range of parameters. The analysis established the foundations for a multidimensional study of all the characteristic features of cybercrime prevention in the context of economic integration, in terms of economic and legal etymology. The synthesis established the conditions necessary for the generalisation of the distinctive features of the activities of police operational units. The formal legal method enabled the correct interpretation of the content of legal acts defining the general and special legal regimes of preventive activities of operational police units within the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential areas for improvement in the activities of the operational units of the National Police in order to prevent cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. The results of the study demonstrated that the role of the operational units of the National Police in preventing cybercrime in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges encompasses a range of complex measures in various areas of activity of the relevant police unit, primarily in ensuring cybersecurity. It has been determined that there are specific areas in which the operational units of the National Police can enhance their efforts to combat cybercrime. These areas have been identified in the context of economic globalisation and existential challenges. Conclusion. The advent of cybercrime can be attributed to the prevailing technological transformations in the economy, particularly with regard to the dissemination of information as the primary resource and catalyst for societal advancement. The author's position is that the implementation of economic policies aimed at curbing cybercrime should encompass the following measures: the establishment of a fair and balanced tax system, the formulation of a strategic economic development policy, the promotion of production-oriented initiatives, and the allocation of resources towards the enhancement of public services. From the standpoint of a company's economic security, measures to prevent cybercrime are crucial, due to both local and global economic factors. The analysis of cybercrime legislation enabled the identification of measures of general and special competence taken by the operational units of the National Police. Concurrently, within the legislative framework on national security, which encompasses cybersecurity, the National Police is delineated as a subject of counteraction to such crime, signifying a specialised competence. Concomitantly, the general competence in combating and preventing cybercrime is reflected in the primary function of the National Police, namely to ensure public safety and order, protect human rights and freedoms, the interests of society and the state, and combat crime, including in cyberspace. The primary focus of the implementation of the special competence of operational police units is the Cyber Police Department, which is an integral component of the National Police. The Cyber Police Department is responsible for conducting comprehensive operational and investigative activities as a component of the broader strategy to prevent cybercrime. The authors support the view that the following measures, carried out by operational police units, stand out as effective means of countering cybercrime under conditions of existential challenges associated with armed aggression. These measures include counterintelligence, operational and investigative work, and procedural work to counter relevant information threats; the introduction of incentive measures aimed at creating their own information product; the development of their own information and telecommunications infrastructure; and the establishment of communication between civil society and law enforcement agencies in this area.

Introduction. Currently, rural areas are an important element of the life of any country, where a powerful economic, natural, demographic and cultural potential is concentrated. Its activation and use largely determines the rate of development of a particular region, and also affects the standard of living of rural residents. Therefore, any country should consider the development of rural areas as a promising step to increase production as agricultural products, but also to the growth of the gross product in general. Goal. On the basis of the conducted research, propose an author's approach to understanding the concept of "rural territory" as an object of analysis and management. Method (methodology). To achieve the goal and solve the set tasks, the following research methods were used: abstract and logical (when determining the goal, tasks, formulating conclusions, researching domestic and foreign literary sources, regulatory and legal acts, forming a system of socio-economic development of rural areas). The results. Based on the generalization of the scientists' research, the author's approach to the concept of "rural territory" is proposed as a territory located outside cities, which includes both rural settlements and mainly areas of agricultural production and rural development with its natural resources, socio-cultural living conditions and population, and which performs social, economic and ecological functions.

Abstract. Purpose.The research is directed to justification of formation in the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region of a grain cluster and definition of its borders. Methods. The research was conducted on the basis of statistical data on dynamics of production of grain in agricultural organizations in the Nizhny Novgorod Region in a section of municipal units from 2013 to 2017. For justification of a cluster authors offer the approach consisting in allocation of the producers of grain forming 75 % of gross regional collecting in dynamics, drawing up rating of municipal units on the outputs, determination of frequency of entry into rating, group of municipal units on the frequency of occurrence and the analysis of operational performance in groups. Results. By results of the analysis authors established that the grain cluster of the Nizhny Novgorod region has to include such municipal units as Lyskovskiy, Dal’nekonstantinovskiy, Pochinkovskiy, Ardatovskiy, Spasskiy, Pavlovskiy, Shatkovskiy, Arzamasskiy, Gaginskiy, Bogorodskiy, Sechenovskiy, Sergachskiy, Krasnooktyabr’skiy, Bol’sheboldinskiy, Buturlinskiy, Pil’ninskiy districts which need to be united in three categories on level of production. The scientific novelty consists in author's approach to allocation of an intraregional grain cluster and allocation in it three categories according to their stability in a grain cluster: a cluster kernel (with average rating from 2.2 to 6.8) – Shatkovskiy, Sergachskiy, Krasnooktyabr’skiy, Bol’sheboldinskiy, Buturlinskiy and Pil’ninskiy districts; participants of a cluster with the average level of stability (with average rating from 6.8 to 11.4) – Lyskovskiy, Pochinkovskiy, Arzamasskiy and Sechenovskiy districts; for the poorly steadyof participants of a cluster (with average rating from 11.4 to 11.6 – Dal’nekonstantinovskiy, Ardatovskiy, Spasskiy and Gaginskiy districts.

It is impossible to perceive modern agricultural production without information and communication technologies. The authors analyze the modern state of agriculture in Russia and provide data confirming that agricultural organizations are the main producers of goods. The paper describes the departmental project “Digital Agriculture”, which is designed to increase the efficiency of agricultural production based on the introduction of digital technologies. The digital gap in rural areas is proved based on indicators of the use of information and communication technologies in urban and rural areas. The term “digital maturity” is defined in the aspect of digital transformation of agricultural organizations. The paper proposes the methodology to assess the digital maturity by groups of factors. A survey of the heads of large agricultural organizations was conducted according to the DMPTSC analysis, and measures were proposed to increase the efficiency of digital transformation of agricultural enterprises.

The article examines the main trends in the development of agriculture in Russia, their positive orientation is noted, despite the threats and challenges that arise in the process of its progressive development. From the standpoint of an integrated approach, the problem field of this important sector of the national economy has been formed, which includes such interrelated components as: the retirement of large agricultural areas from business turnover; low rates of updating equipment for the industry; insufficient level of development of small farming forms in rural areas; low level of development of infrastructure organizations; lack of cheap investments for the industry development; low rates of digital transformation of business processes of agricultural production. The necessity of intensifying scientific research in terms of the digital transformation of the agricultural sector of the country is noted and a set of issues that are the most controversial on the analyzed problem is highlighted, including the state of the legislative framework; state support; personnel support for digitalization, the use of foreign experience, methodological support; strategic prospects. For each of the directions, the author's position is proposed, formed considering current state of digitalization in country regions and possibilities of its resource provision

The development of economic activity is carried out in rural areas in two directions. The first and main direction is the functioning of the agricultural economy with the use of land, water, forest and other natural resources. The main task of agricultural activity is the production of agricultural products, raw materials and food. This helps to ensure food security as well as jobs for rural people. Unfortunately, the organizational and legal forms of farming in the countryside have changed in the context of socio-economic transformations caused by modern land and agrarian reforms. In addition, the number of economic entities dropped sharply. Many rural settlements do not have agricultural organizations and an agrarian economy today – for the above reasons. The issue of employment of the rural population and the provision of its well-being is relevant especially in connection with the same reasons. The development of non-agricultural activities in rural areas can be a solution to these problems. The authors consider in the article precisely the second direction of development of economic activity in rural areas – non-agricultural activities. The authors of the article investigate how the legal regulation of various types of activities that are not related to agricultural production affects the well-being of the rural population.

The article highlights the problem of training future primary school teachers to develop aesthetic competence in primary school children. The main directions of aesthetic education of primary school children, the scientific achievements of teachers, psychologists and modern scientific research are analyzed. The theoretical foundations and features of training future primary school teachers to develop aesthetic competence in primary school children, aesthetic education of primary school children in art lessons and in extracurricular educational work, specific psychological features in this age period are considered, the dynamics of the formation of aesthetic awareness and development of primary school children through the organization of education and leisure, which to a certain extent depends on their ability to emotional and aesthetic experience, are presented. Such concepts as "competences", i.e. a set of requirements, characteristics and skills that can improve the effectiveness of a specialist's work, and "competence" - a set of experience, information and knowledge that a person has in a certain field, are specified; ability that is the result of learning and includes comprehensive knowledge, experience, values and approaches that can be successfully applied in practice. In order to highlight the author's position on the formation of aesthetic competence in the primary education system, its basic categories are briefly considered, such as general art education in the subsystem of school education, which harmoniously combines the training, upbringing and development of children through art, aesthetic education of younger schoolchildren, their preparation for later life, active participation in the socio-cultural process of society, for further artistic and aesthetic self-education. The role of art education is determined, which acts as a mediator between socially significant cultural values and personal values of a person and ensures the acquisition of basic competencies - general cultural, artistic and cognitive, communicative, forms the desire and ability for artistic and creative self-realization and spiritual self-improvement throughout life. The significant role of the primary school teacher in the organization of school art education is considered, as an essential component of the system of artistic and aesthetic education, which is considered as a process of spiritual and aesthetic enrichment of the individual by involving him in the values of art in the socio-cultural space and as a factor in ensuring specially organized pedagogical conditions for the formation of the spiritual world of the individual by means of art in educational and extracurricular institutions. The importance of the role of the teacher in mastering artistic values for primary school students is emphasized, where they learn certain aesthetic knowledge and acquire various skills and abilities in the field of art.

The main factor in the outflow of population from rural areas of the region is their income from employment in agriculture, which is lower than that of the urban population (despite the steady increase in real disposable incomes of the rural population). This problem causes an increasing shortage of personnel in the industry. The indicators of economic participation of the rural population of the region in agricultural organizations in dynamics are studied. Employment rates in agricultural organizations differ significantly by microzones of the region: in the southern right-bank and northern right-bank microzones, there is a decrease in the number of people employed in agricultural organizations, while in the western right-bank microzones their number is increasing. The dynamics of the indicator of the share of profitable agricultural organizations in the districts of the Saratov region is reflected in the dynamics as one of the criteria for the socio-economic development of rural areas. This indicator has increased in the region. The dynamics of other indicators reflecting the state of social and economic development of rural areas is revealed - the index of agricultural production by region of the gross agricultural output per capita of the rural population. There is a relative heterogeneity in trends within the central left-bank and western right-bank districts. The economic participation of small and medium-sized forms of agribusiness (farms) and private farms in the agricultural sector of the region has been revealed. The share of small and medium-sized agribusiness in the structure of gross agricultural output in the Saratov region has increased, which indicates the increasing importance of this form of management in the industry. A statistical grouping of the districts of the Saratov region was carried out based on the predominance of small and medium-sized business forms in the structure of gross agricultural output. In general, a significant role of small and medium–sized in the production of agricultural products has been identified in the Saratov region.

The purpose of the article is to deepen the theoretical and substantiation of methodological provisions for defining the concept of "rural areas". Research methods. It has been used general and unique methods, including theoretical generalization and dialectical methods of cognition of processes and phenomena (specifying the categorical-conceptual apparatus), monographic (analysis of the evolution of scientific achievements to define and interpret the category of "rural areas"), abstract-logical formulation of conclusions), comparative analysis (identified basic approaches to the interpretation of economic concepts from the administrative, resource, systemic, territorial point of view), empirical (for a comprehensive assessment of definitions). Research results. The relevance of theoretical research of rural areas is substantiated. The approaches of different authors to the interpretation of the economic category "rural areas", transformations in economic research, identification of patterns and socio-economic nature of the origin of approaches to their performance, and summarize the research results to determine this definition. Based on the analysis, several scientific and methodological approaches are singled out, particularly territorial, spatial, structural, systemic and multicriteria. Based on these definitions, we formulated the author's definition. Scientific novelty. Theoretical provisions on the definition of "rural area" have been further developed. The author's view of the essence of this concept is formulated, and its components are singled out, according to which their spatial and economic definition can be given. Practical significance. Proposals have been made to interpret the category "rural area". The results of the study can be taken into account in determining the priority areas and prospects for the development of individual regions and will contribute to the development of new effective strategies and programs to ensure the economic potential of the rural regions to develop their infrastructure and create appropriate conditions for rural self-realization.

Введение. Актуальность обоснована практической необходимостью применения индивидуализации в условиях массового образования. Одним из инструментов повышения эффективности образовательного процесса в высших образовательных организациях является индивидуальный образовательный маршрут (ИОМ). Личностно-ориентированный подход способствует активизации познавательной деятельности студентов. Накопленный опыт в области проектирования ИОМ в масштабах вузов заслуживает внимания, но не является универсальным. Цель исследования — проектирование ИОМ с учетом сложившейся педагогической ситуации в рамках изучения бакалаврами профессиональной дисциплины (проектирование изделий из текстильных материалов). Автор в качестве основной рассматривает задачу обеспечения гибкости модели проектирования ИОМ. Материалы и методы. При изучении начального состояния экспериментального объекта использовались эмпирические методы педагогического исследования: изучение документов, педагогического опыта, наблюдение, тестирование, неформализованная беседа, и, теоретические — обобщение и анализ. Основными методами исследования стали: формализация, моделирование, эксперимент и метод проектов. В педагогический эксперименте были задействованы три группы студентов-бакалавров, одна контрольная и две экспериментальные. Для проверки наличия причинно-следственной связи между реализацией модели проектирования ИОМ и полученными положительными результатами экс-перимента применены методы статистической обработки данных. Результаты. Разработаны взаимосвязанные принципиальная схема подготовки исходных данных и модель процесса проектирования ИОМ студентов вуза при изучении профессиональных дисциплин. В схеме подготовки исходных данных предусмотрен подход к анализу факторов с учетом направленности их влияния на процесс проектирования ИОМ. В соответствии с разработанной моделью проектирование ИОМ студентов вуза предлагается осуществлять в три этапа, уделяется внимание формированию готовности студента осознанно проектировать ИОМ. Обсуждение. Положительный эффект эксперимента заключаетсяв повышении уровня сформированности профессиональных компетенций по дисциплине в экспериментальных группах относительно контрольной. Достоверность результатов проверена методами математической статистики. Заключение. Модель, построенная с учетом анализа исходных данных по предлагаемой схеме и позволяющая реализовывать гибкое проектирование ИОМ на основе осознанного выбора студента, является жизнеспособной. Рассмотренный авторский подход к проектированию индивидуальных образовательных маршрутов универсален и успешно применяется в условиях современного вуза. Ключевые слова: индивидуальный образовательный маршрут студента вуза; разработка модели индивидуального образовательного маршрута; педагогическая ситуация; дифференцированное проектирование индивидуального образовательного маршрута. Основные положения: – охарактеризован авторский подход к проектированию ИОМ студентов вуза в процессе изучения профессиональной дисциплины; – предложено структурирование всех факторов оказывающих влияние для анализа исходных в соответствии с принципиальной схемой; – разработана модель процесса поэтапного проектирования ИОМ. Introduction. The relevance is justified by the practical necessity of individualisation in the conditions of mass education. One of the tools to improve the effectiveness of the educational process in higher educational organisations is an individual educational route (IER). Personality-oriented approach contributes to the activation of students' cognitive activity. The accumulated experience in the field of IER design on the scale of higher education institutions deserves attention, but it is not universal. The aim of the study is to design IER taking into account the current pedagogical situation within the framework of the study of bachelors of professional discipline (design of textile materials products). The author considers the task of ensuring the flexibility of the IER design model as the main one. Materials and methods. When studying the initial state of the experimental object, empirical methods of pedagogical research were used: study of documents, pedagogical experience, observation, testing, non-formalized conversation, and theoretical methods - generalization and analysis. The main methods of research were: formalization, modeling, experiment and project method. The pedagogical experiment involved three groups of undergraduate students, one control group and two experimental groups. To verify the existence of a causal relationship between the implementation of the IER design model and the obtained positive results of the experiment, the methods of statistical data processing were applied. Results. The interrelated basic scheme of initial data preparation and the model of the process of IER design for university students in the study of professional disciplines have been developed. The scheme of initial data preparation provides an approach to the analysis of factors taking into account the direction of their influence on the process of IER design. In accordance with the developed model, it is proposed to design IER of university students in three stages; attention is paid to the formation of student's readiness to consciously design IER. Discussion. The positive effect of the experiment is the increase in the level of formation of professional competencies in the discipline in the experimental groups relative to the control group. The validity of the results was verified by methods of mathematical statistics. Conclusion. The model built taking into account the analysis of initial data according to the proposed scheme and allowing to realise flexible design of IER on the basis of conscious choice of the student is viable. The author's approach to the design of individual educational routes is universal and is successfully applied in the conditions of modern higher education institution. Keywords: Individual educational route of university student; Development of a model of an individual educational route; Pedagogical situation; Differentiated design of individual educational route. Highlights: The author's approach to the design of IER of university students in the process of studying a professional discipline is characterised; Structuring of all influencing factors is proposed to analyse the initial factors in accordance with the principle scheme; The model of the process of stage-by-stage IER design is developed.

Towards socio-digital rural territories to drive digital transformation: General conceptualisation and application to the olive areas of Andalusia, Spain

The spread of digital technologies is changing modern society and production. Workers with special knowledge are becoming in demand, new jobs are emerging, and the production infrastructure is changing. Rural areas, in comparison with urban areas, use IT to a lesser extent. On the one hand, this hinders the spread of innovations, and on the other, it is due to the specifics of the village. There are factors that hold back the spread of digital technologies in rural areas. Such factors include a lack of specialists, a decrease in agricultural production, and so on. About 15% of rural residents do not want to use means of communication, because “there is no need”. Agricultural organizations are very little provided with digital communication facilities. Restrictions due to the COVID virus have shown that it is necessary to diversify production in order to maintain market positions. Digitalization of production allows to reduce risks, as well as production costs. New technologies allow solving issues faster and are limited to the region. Therefore, the expansion of digital technologies contributes to the development of rural areas.KeywordsDigitalizationRural areasTrends in digitalizationSocial sphereOverview of the social sphereThe process of informatization

The study of the issues of assessing performance indicators and intensification of finance in the activities of corporations operating in modern economic conditions is necessary and relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify a group of indicators of financial and economic activity to assess the effectiveness of the corporation (corporate finance). In the course of the research, a toolkit has been developed, which is a group of indicators that allow corporations to analyze indicators of financial and economic activity in generalized and detailed forms. When choosing the resulting and factor indicators of efficiency and intensification, the author's position was based on taking into account the current economic environment, namely, the multidisciplinary activity of corporations (on the scale of state borders and beyond) and a high share of borrowed capital for the implementation of business processes in the field of core and non-core types of entrepreneurship. The research indicators in generalized and detailed forms were direct and indirect profitability. These indicators refer to the resulting performance indicators, calculated by comparing profit and consumed capital (its factor indicators). Changes in profit and capital are the resulting indicators of intensification, under the influence of the effectiveness and cost (factor indicators affecting it) of entrepreneurial national and international projects of corporations. The generated indicators fully correspond to the current economic environment and the economic nature of the categories “efficiency” and “intensification”. With their use, it is possible to calculate the dependence not only between the resulting and factor indicators, but also to analyze the interactions of the factor indicators themselves. These indicators meet all economic postulates and are fully adapted to generally recognized economic requirements, in particular, of a financial-economic and financial-management nature. The proposed approach will help maximize financial benefits through an objective analysis of the efficiency and intensification of business operations

The study of the issues of assessing the indicators of efficiency and intensification of finance in the activities of corporations operating in modern economic conditions is necessary and relevant. The research was conducted in order to identify a group of financial and economic indicators for assessing the financial efficiency of the corporation. In the course of the research a toolkit was developed, which is a group of indicators that allow corporations to analyze financial and economic activity in generalized and detailed forms. When selecting the resulting and factor indicators of efficiency and intensification, the author's position was based on taking into account the current economic situation, namely, the multiprofile activities of corporations (within and outside the state borders) and the high proportion of borrowed capital for business processes in the core and non-core types of entrepreneurship. The objects of the study in generalized and detailed forms were direct and indirect profitability. They refer to the resulting indicators of efficiency, calculated by comparing the profit and consumed capital. The formed indicators fully correspond to the modern economic situation and the economic nature of the categories of «efficiency» and «intensification». With their use it is possible to calculate the dependence not only between the resultant and factor indicators, but also to analyze the interaction of the factor indicators themselves. These factor indicators meet all the economic postulates and are fully adapted to the generally recognized economic requirements, in particular, financial and economic and financial management. The proposed approach will help to maximize the financial benefits through an objective analysis of the effectiveness and intensification of economic operations.