АНАЛІЗ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ТОВАРАМИ УКРАЇНИ З КРАЇНАМИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

The article discusses and analyzes the volumes of Ukraine’s foreign trade in goods in 2019-2020. A positive trend regarding the foreign trade balance on trade in Ukrainian goods is allocated. It is found that there was a decrease in exports and imports of goods during the researched period. The commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade is analyzed. Changes in the commodity export structure in 2020 compared to 2019 have been identified. The main groups of goods that Ukraine exports and imports the most when trading with foreign countries are allocated. The groups of goods whose export and import volumes have undergone the greatest changes in 2020 and as compared to 2019 are allocated. The geographical structure of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods is analyzed. Changes in the geographical structure of exports in 2020 compared to 2019 are determined. It is specified, which countries are the largest importers of Ukrainian goods and from which countries Ukraine imports the most goods. The countries in terms of the largest changes as to the foreign trade with them in 2020 compared to 2019 are allocated. It is determined that the most important reason for changes in the volume of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods in 2020 compared to 2019 was the COVID-19 pandemic. The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the world economy and human life in general is noted. The main changes in the economy and society, which caused changes in the volume of foreign trade in Ukrainian goods, as well as the main reasons for the change in supply and demand, which are typical for all countries of the world, are allocated. The main directions of the State’s assistance to increase the volume of exports of goods from Ukraine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic are defined. The negative and positive changes in Ukraine’s foreign trade caused by the coronavirus pandemic are characterized.

Methods. The results of the study are obtained by applying the methods of synthesis and generalisation to study the legislative and practical aspects of customs cooperation, as well as to highlight the prospects for cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union in the field of trade. In order to scientifically address the identified issues, the author also used the methods of analysis and comparison to study the dynamics of Ukraine’s foreign trade in goods with certain EU countries; and the abstract and logical method to formulate conclusions. Results. The study analyses Ukraine's foreign trade and customs relations with the European Union. In particular, the dynamics of foreign trade in goods is analysed and the volumes of exports and imports with different EU countries are compared. The study considers both legislative and practical aspects of customs cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. Novelty. As a result of the analysis of Ukraine’s customs relations with its main trading partner countries of the European Union, it is found that the current stage of implementation of Ukraine’s customs policy is marked by a constant increase in international trade and the complexity of trade processes. The advantages and challenges faced by Ukraine in expanding and improving trade relations with the European Union are identified. Practical value. The study is of practical importance for Ukraine’s economic development in the context of European integration. By analysing trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union, the key aspects of Ukraine’s accession to the free trade area with the EU are identified and its results are revealed. The impact of the Russian aggression on foreign trade and customs relations with the EU is studied. The approximation of Ukrainian legislation to EU standards is identified as a key factor that will contribute to the effective implementation of customs policy and create a favourable environment for improving trade processes, taking into account active cooperation with European partners.

The dynamics of Ukraine's foreign trade in recent years was analysed. It has shown that Ukraine is a fairly significant country in the world market for goods and services. In 2020 it had a wide range of trade relations with partners from 234 countries. Ukraine exports nearly USD 50 billion worth of goods and is one of the 50 largest exporters of goods. At the same time, the following problems were identified: a slow and unstable growth in exports, a negative balance of foreign trade in goods, an imperfect structure of exports due to its raw material nature.The principal obstacles to increase exports were identified: the continuation of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the loss of the part of enterprises producing export products. Obstacles for Ukraine in the way of exporting products to some third countries associated with the actions of the Russian Federation; low technological level of economic development of the country, the consequence of which is a low level of competitiveness of Ukrainian goods, a small share of high-tech products and mainly raw materials structure of Ukraine's exports, which reduces export revenues; insufficient experience and knowledge of domestic manufacturers in the sphere of foreign economic activity, inability to conduct effective marketing research of foreign markets, present their products on them and establish partnerships.It was concluded that the Export Strategy of Ukraine for 2017-2021 adopted in 2018, which identified the priority tasks for the development of export potential, as well as the established state institution Office for Export Promotion will contribute to the revitalization of the national enterprises on the way to conquering foreign markets. For active and effective foreign trade, it is also necessary to strengthen activities in the field of advanced training and the formation of competencies of entrepreneurs, particularly, among representatives of SMEs, which is necessary for participation in international trade.

The purpose of the article is to establish, based on the analysis, trends in foreign trade and directions for improving the competitiveness of agricultural goods of Ukraine in the EU in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement. Research methods. In the course of the research the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, analytical generalizations - during the analysis of foreign trade in agricultural goods; tabular - for clarity of the image of the received results of research; economic and statistical - to assess trends in foreign trade; abstract-logical - in drawing conclusions. Research results. The article analyzes the volume, dynamics, structure of exports and imports of agricultural goods of Ukraine with EU countries, assesses changes in the foreign trade regime, identifies trends and the impact of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU on Ukraine's foreign trade. The place and importance of the agricultural sector in European markets are studied. The foreign trade turnover of agricultural goods of Ukraine is determined. The algorithm for assessing the level of competitiveness of agricultural goods is generalized. Scientific novelty. The authors found that, on the one hand, the export orientation of raw materials to the EU market of crop products has increased, on the other hand, there is a high import dependence on finished food products, and the structure of imports is more diversified. Practical significance. Adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of agriculture and sanitary and phytosanitary measures is incomplete and lags behind the planned pace. Ways to diversify exports and increase the profitability of foreign trade in agricultural goods from Ukraine in the EU market are proposed. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 19.

Issues of sustainability of economic development of individual countries and the world economy in general are becoming more and more relevant, financial and economic relations reveal the global dependence of the economies of all countries.
 The article lists the measures taken to stabilize the economy after the world economic crisis of 2007-2008, which began in the US, which subsequently initiated a protracted second wave of the euro zone crisis since 2010.
 The key financial and economic indicators of the EU and RF countries are indicated: GDP, Current account balance, External debt stocks, Total reserves (includes gold), Total reserves in months of imports, Net financial account, Net primary income, Net trade in goods and services, Net trade in goods, Exports of goods and services, Import of goods and services.
 Relative indicators were used to analyze and compare the different in the territory and number of the 29 EU countries and Russia, the boundaries and the range of their changes (min, max, max-min) were determined. A gradation is proposed for the changes in the financial and economic performance of countries, depending on the level of risk of a crisis in the financial and economic sphere. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of changes in indicators during the crisis and in 2015-2016. Based on the analysis of financial and economic indicators that characterize the degree of independence of the country from external financial impacts, a rating of the EU and RF countries on the level of risk was composed.

The article researches the development of foreign trade in goods of Georgia in the context of the country's participation in international integration processes from the mid-1990s to the present. The evolution and features of Georgias participation in such integration organizations and projects as the Commonwealth of Independent States, GUAM, the Eastern Partnership of European Union, as well as interaction with the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union are examined. Based on a detailed analysis of the dynamics, commodity and geographical structure of Georgias foreign trade in goods in the long term period, the article substantiates the conclusion that the participation of Georgia in the Free Trade Agreements, as well as trade liberalization carried out in integration blocks, have practically no effect to change the exportimport flows of the country, and do not lead to an increase in foreign trade with the member countries of the integrations. The most significant factors that determine Georgias foreign trade and its trends are the country's geographical location and the level of the transport infrastructure development, the implementation of large-scale transport and logistics projects in the region, external financing provided to the country by international and regional organizations, foreign countries, on a credit and grant basis.

Introduction. The digital transformation of international trade reduces trade costs and increases the efficiency of foreign trade operations, facilitates the coordination of global value chains, improves access to markets for small and medium-sized enterprises, develops links between producers and consumers, contributes to the expansion of innovation and the creation of new markets for high-tech products. The purpose of this article is to assess the process of digital transformation of Ukraine's foreign trade in comparison with developed countries of the world, and, in particular, with EU countries. Materials and methods. The study uses the work of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of digital economy, analytical reports of international organizations, official statistical data and expert assessments. The methodology and database of the "UN Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation", created by the UN Regional Commissions and UNCTAD, were used. Results and discussion. An analysis of the implementation of digital trade facilitation measures in Ukraine shows that Ukraine is not lagging behind developed countries in the implementation of an automated customs system, providing access to the Internet and e-submission of customs declarations. However, unlike developed countries, including EU countries, Ukraine is lagging behind in the implementation of e-submission and issuance of import/export permits, e-submission of sea cargo manifests, and e-payment of customs duties. Ukraine has not implemented a e-application/issuance of preferential certificates of origin, which is important for trade in goods under preferential trade agreements. Ukraine is also lagging behind EU countries in the implementation of digital technologies in cross-border trade procedures. Digital transformation contributes to the emergence of new high-tech markets in Ukraine, despite the challenges associated with the war: IT, with AI, analytics, and cybersecurity at the top of its technologies; 3D printing, which is widely used in the manufacture of customized orthopedic products such as corsets, prostheses and orthoses; fintech; the precision agriculture market; the military equipment market, in particular drones and cyber defense. Conclusions. Ukraine's trade policy should balance the benefits and risks of trade digitalization and be aimed at overcoming barriers to the digital transformation of trade, including the implementation of trade facilitation measures.

Inflation is a well-known and at the same time still insufficiently explained phenomenon of the socio-economic life of any country. This fact is related to the complexity and uncertain of the problem of inflation processes, as well as the fact that the essence of inflation evolves in time and changes in space, depending on the specific economic and political conditions in which the state finds itself. The investigation implemented a model of inflationary processes of Ukraine based on longitudinal data. Average wage index, industrial production index, regional volumes of foreign trade in goods and unemployment rate were used as factor variables for the model. Input information on the factor variables and the consumer price index as the resulting variable was collected across the regions of Ukraine for the period 2000–2020. After conducting a series of tests (Durbin-Wu-Hausman test and Wald test), the model was specified as a longitudinal data model with cross-sectional fixed effects. For such a model, it was necessary to apply the panel estimated generalized least squares method (panel EGLS), which is based on the assumed inequality of variance and therefore provides the opportunity to obtain the best linear estimates. After evaluating the unknown parameters of the model, namely the scalar coefficients, industrial production index, unemployment rate, average wage index, regional volumes of foreign trade in goods, we obtained the following values, respectively: 113.1856, 0.017839, -0.083791, -0.017515, -0.007895. In general, the quality assessment of the model gives good results. We can definitely state that the relationship between the consumer price index is close to, because the determination ratio is close to 1. Based on this, it is obvious that on average in the regions of Ukraine, 99.39% of changes in the consumer price index are explained by changes in the values of the average wage index wages, the index of industrial production, the size of regional volumes of foreign trade in goods and the level of unemployment. And the calculated value of the F-statistic exceeds the empirical value so the model adequately describes such a dependence. In general, the proposed panel model of inflationary processes of Ukraine has good quality indicators and is suitable and can be used for forecasting inflation at the regional level.

The article is devoted to the statistical analysis of the trends of foreign economic activity of Ukraine, in particular, the ICT sector. The study identifies and analyzes the most complete and reliable source of world trade statistics – the database of UN Comtrade Database, on the basis of which the foreign trade of the most developed countries of the world and Ukraine in the groups of products and services of the ICT sector is investigated. According to the results of the study, the main changes of the data elements and functions of the UN Comtrade Database have been identified and described. The analysis of the state of the information society was started from the formation of the information base of the Ukrainian trade in services of the ICT services on the basis of Extended Balance of Payments Services (EBOPS), which are related to the specified sector. The collected data analyzed the trade balance of Ukraine in the main types of ICT services exported from Ukraine and imported into Ukraine, as well as the dynamics of export and import of ICT services in Ukraine for 2000-2017, and the corresponding diagrams for visual analysis were constructed. Using the UN Comtrade Database, the annual data on the cost of foreign trade in goods of ICT in Ukraine in 2010-2017 by the codes of the HS 2012 Harmonized Goods Description and Coding System and EBIT 2002 services by ICT were obtained and analyzed. According to the results of the survey, it was found that during the entire period under investigation the trend of increasing the volumes of both export and import of ICT products was noted, although in both cases this tendency was not stable. The negative factors influencing on the development of foreign trade in goods and services of ICT were: unfavorable conditions of external risks for domestic producers, insufficient level of competitiveness of their products, low activity of regions in the foreign market, imperfection of the commodity structure of expo rts and imports. In further research for the main components of export and import of ICT products, it is expedient to analyze monthly information and build appropriate forecasts.

The aim of the article is to study the current state of foreign economic activity of Ukraine, to determine the prospects for development, taking into account the political and economic situation in the country. The article characterizes the current state of foreign trade. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the general indicators of foreign trade in goods in 2018–2024 are analyzed as follows: the total value of imported and exported goods, the volume of export-import operations, the commodity structure of foreign trade, and the geographical structure of foreign trade in goods. The main problems inherent in the economy of Ukraine are allocated, including: the continuation of the general slowdown in the growth rate of the world economy and the establishment of restrictive measures on Ukrainian exports of agricultural products used by the countries of the European Union. The main features and prospects for the development of the international trade market are defined, namely: improvement of the regulatory framework, updating the Association Agreement with the EU; ensuring predictable and stable terms of international trade; ensuring the possibility of transporting goods by railway; ensuring the competence of the economic entities engaged in foreign economic activity; increasing the procurement of licenses for the latest technologies; increasing the competitiveness of domestic manufacturing enterprises; improving the quality of Ukrainian goods and services; simplification of customs control. The most promising directions of foreign trade for Ukraine have been allocated, such as: the agricultural sector; IT sector; light industry and fashion; transport and logistics. It is emphasized that there is a general trend of prevalence of imports over exports throughout the study period, which justifies the expediency of establishing relations with existing partner countries and expanding and strengthening foreign cooperation in the field of trade.

The paper defines the essence and role of the external sector in the development of the national economy. It has been studied that the main endogenous and exogenous factors affecting the state and structure of the external sector of the national economy are globalization, technological progress, foreign economic policy and economic integration. The impact of the war on the development of the external sector of Ukraine's economy is substantiated. In particular, the main consequences of the impact of the war on the external sector of Ukraine's economy are the disruption of trade, the insecurity of investments, and the instability of the national currency. It was analyzed that during the period 2020-2022, the deficit of foreign trade in goods and services of Ukraine increased significantly, by more than two times. This negative trend was due to a significant reduction in the export of Ukrainian goods caused by military actions, which led to a decrease in production and complications with logistics. On the other hand, the import of goods to Ukraine decreased slightly. An important aspect is that the share of raw materials in the export structure is constantly growing. Only in the period of 2021-2022, the share of raw products in the export structure increased by as much as 13.3%, which is of a threatening nature in general for the national security of Ukraine. The structure of imports almost did not change, but the volume of imports also decreased, although significantly less than exports. Such a reduction in imports, especially in 2022, is dictated by the contraction of Ukraine's economy, primarily the level of consumption. Since at least 3 million people left Ukraine during the war, inflation and devaluation of the national currency increased, and the economy was partially transferred to military lines. It has been established that a chronic deficit in the balance of goods and services can lead to the accumulation of external imbalances and negatively affect the stability of the country's economy. The analysis of the external debt structure of the Ukrainian economy reveals both challenges and opportunities. While the high level of external debt poses risks to economic stability, it also highlights the need for prudent fiscal management, structural reforms and investment in key sectors. By solving these challenges and using its strengths, Ukraine will be able to manage the dynamics of external debt and build a sustainable and growing economy.

Foreign trade in goods is one of the most important tools for the development of the Russian economy. On the one hand, foreign trade meets the country’s needs for various goods, the production of which is absent or does not fully satisfy domestic demand. On the other hand, foreign trade allows Russian goods to gain access to international markets, diversifying sales channels. It is important to note that foreign trade activities are impossible without a developed international settlement mechanism, which provides buyers of goods with the opportunity to pay sellers, and sellers with the opportunity to receive foreign exchange earnings for goods supplied. According to established practice in world trade, most international payments are carried out using two reserve currencies: the US dollar and the euro. At the same time, in relation to Russian foreign trade, the use of the US dollar and euro in international payments has become extremely difficult due to the introduction by Western countries of a large number of anti-Russian sanctions, which also affected the sphere of international fi nance. The article analyzes the problems of implementing international payments, based on the results of which specifi c proposals were developed that will contribute to the development of Russian foreign trade. The problems of international payments caused by the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions by Western countries in the fi eld of international fi nance can be solved through an active transition to the national currencies of counterparty countries when concluding international purchase and sale transactions. When trading with countries with which Russia applies a free trade regime, it is advisable to use the Russian ruble as the currency of international settlements. In addition, in order to speed up international payments, it is proposed to switch to electronic document management, which implies the signing of international sales and purchase agreements and the exchange of transaction documents in electronic form using an electronic signature.

This study examines the influence of trade in environmental goods on environmental sustainability, with a particular emphasis on the impact of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Utilising annual data from 59 European countries over the period 1994–2024, the research incorporates environmental sustainability indicators sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI, 2022) and trade data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2024). The analysis employs second-generation econometric techniques to address cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity, including Pesaran’s (2004, 2015) tests, Westerlund’s (2007) cointegration approach, and the Augmented Anderson-Hsiao (AAH) estimator as proposed by Chudik and Pesaran (2022). Empirical findings indicate a significant long-term cointegration between trade in environmental goods and greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, exports of environmental goods and total trade in these goods contribute to the reduction of emissions, whereas energy consumption continues to be a primary driver of environmental degradation. Additionally, the import of environmental goods shows a weak but negative relationship with greenhouse emissions, suggesting that imported environmental technologies may enhance production efficiency. The study further concludes that trade in environmental goods is pivotal in achieving environmental sustainability across European economies by fostering cleaner production and innovation-driven growth. Consequently, policies that promote the expansion of green trade, reduce trade barriers on environmental goods, and encourage the use of renewable energy are essential to bolstering Europe’s environmental resilience. Moreover, advancing research and development in clean technologies, harmonising regional carbon standards, and incentivizing sustainable production practices will facilitate Europe’s transition toward a low-carbon economy.

У статті розглядаються цифрові інструменти для здійснення статистичного аналізу зовнішньоторговельних операцій України із країнами світу. На прикладі використання бази даних «Зовнішня торгівля» Головного управління статистики у Львівській області окреслено цифрові можливості її застосування в економічних цілях. Охарактеризовано важливість торгівлі товарами для економічного розвитку країни та регіонів. Обравши конкретну товарну групу «Мило та мийні засоби» здійснено статистичний аналіз динаміки та структури експорту та імпорту України. За отриманими даними визначено економічні тренди як у експорті, так і в імпорті зазначених товарів. Досліджено усі країни-експортери та імпортери за обраною товарною групою. Доведено конкурентоспроможність обраної товарної групи та зростаючий попит на них на міжнародному ринку.

Modern governments intervene in their economies in countless ways. This is true even of such countries as the United States, with its strong commitment to an economic system of ‘free enterprise.’ The concept is relative, for enterprise today is anything but free, if by that is meant free from government regulation or influence. A few of the US government’s actions, such as import tariffs, the cabotage rules on coastal shipping or the oil import quotas (now in abeyance), are aimed specifically at foreign trade in goods or services. Most actions are not, but they have an influence on international trade — via the competitiveness of the firms subject to regulation or influence, and through them indirectly to all firms — that varies from negligible to substantial.KeywordsInternational TradeMinimum WageIndustrial PolicyAdjustment CostExport SubsidyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.