Теоретико-прикладні аспекти оцінювання рівня демографічної безпеки регіонів

Demographic security is one of the key elements of the national security system and influ-ences all its constituent elements. This article aims to develop a methodological approach to assessing the level of demographic security in a region. The study aims to improve and test the assessment of regional demographic security, considering the specifics of its development and the heterogeneity of socioeconomic relations. The study's hypothesis is that comparing the calculated levels of demographic security of regions with their external statistical ratings (used as reference values) improves existing methods for assessing de-mographic security and increases the reliability of the results obtained. The article employs economic and statistical methods, as well as methods of comparison and analogy. It systematized the existing approaches to assessing demographic security, identified the limitations, and noted the lack of universality of the wide-ly used index method. The author proposes an improved approach to calculating the integral index of a re-gion's demographic security level. The author tested their methodological approach using the Ural Federal District as an example. The author provides general practical recommendations to improve the efficiency of assessing the demographic situation of a particular region while taking into account its specific socioeco-nomic characteristics.

A belief-consistent multilevel secure relational data model

In this paper, a new countermeasure against power and electromagnetic (EM) Side Channel Attacks (SCA) on FPGA implemented cryptographic algorithms is proposed. This structure mainly focuses on a critical vulnerability, Early Evaluation, also known as Early Propagation Effect (EPE), which exists in most conventional SCA-hardened DPL (Dual-rail with Precharge Logic) solutions. The main merit of this proposal is that the EPE can be effectively prevented by using a synchronized non regular precharge network, which maintains identical routing between the original and mirror parts, where costs and design complexity compared with previous EPE-resistant countermeasures are reduced, while security level is not sacrificed. Another advantage for our Precharge Absorbed(PA) - DPL method is that its Dual-Core style (independent architecture for true and false parts) could be generated using partial reconfiguration. This helps to get a dynamic security protection with better energy planning. That means system only keeps the true part which fulfills the normal en/decryption task in low security level, and reconfigures the false parts once high security level is required. A relatively limited clock speed is a compromise, since signal propagation is restricted to a portion of the clock period. In this paper, we explain the principles of PA-DPL and provide the guidelines to design this structure. We experimentally validate our methods in a minimized AES co-processor on Xilinx Virtex-5 board using electromagnetic (EM) attacks.

Data deduplication at the network edge significantly improves communication efficiency in edge-assisted cloud storage systems. With the increasing concern about data privacy, secure deduplication has been proposed to provide data security while supporting deduplication. Since conventional secure deduplication schemes are mainly based on deterministic encryption, they are vulnerable to frequency analysis attacks. Some recent research has focused on this problem, where several works studied the trade-off between deduplication efficiency and resistance to frequency analysis attacks. However, no existing work can provide different deduplication efficiency and protection for different data chunks. In this paper, we propose a security-aware and efficient data deduplication scheme for edge-assisted cloud storage systems. It not only improves the efficiency of deduplication but also reduces information leakage caused by frequency analysis attacks. In particular, we first define the security level for chunks to measure the security needs of users. Then, we develop an encryption scheme with multiple levels of security for deduplication. It provides higher security protection for chunks with higher security levels, while sacrificing security to achieve higher deduplication efficiency for chunks with lower security levels. We also analyze the security of our proposed scheme. Evaluations on the real-world datasets show the efficiency of our design.

In order to clarify regional ecological security status and formation mechanism of regional ecological security barriers in underdeveloped regions of China, we took Yunnan province as a case to evaluate its regional ecological security by using entropy matter-element model, comprehensive index and GIS spatial method, and we diagnosed its obstacle factors through obstacle degree model. We found a low overall level of regional ecological security in Yunnan. Only Kunming fell into the good level, 68% of the regions were below the critical safe level. For the vast majority of regions in Yunnan, their regional ecological security was unstable. The indexes related to per capita resources, geological and topography environment, economic, and technology were at the unsafe or dangerous level. The indexes related to urban expansion, level of income, cultivated land quality were at the level of critical safety. The indexes concerning urban management capacity, air quality and water environment were at the good or ideal level. Yunnan’s regional ecological security was not good due to natural obstructive environment itself, simultaneously lower backward economic and social level restricted the ability of ecological security response to manage ragile ecological environment. The results of the composite index were roughly consistent with those of the entropy weight matter-element model. The mean values of the classification index, from high to low, were: the state index > the response index > the pressure index. The state index and the response index had a significant mutual promotion to each other. The regions with good composite index, state index and response index mainly distributed in the central regions of Yunnan Province. Spatial autocorrelation of regional ecological security level in Yunnan was not obvious. Water resources, economic and social development were main obstacle factors of the regional ecological security. When distinguishing with obstacle type, Kunming belonged to natural ecological environment barrier type, while other regions belonged to economic and social barrier type.

The purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to model a generalized system of indicators of economic security of the regions of the Russian Federation. The topic of the study is relevant, since the prevention of crisis situations, the organization of stable functioning of regional economies, the development of territories and the growth of the standard of living of the population necessitate constant monitoring of the economic security of the regions of Russia, which is based on the modeling of a system of indicators, because socioeconomic development is a complex system of interconnections, various components of the economy.Data and methods. The normative and legal documents of the government bodies of the Russian Federation, official data of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation were used as the information and empirical base of the study. The indicators were selected based on the works of Russian scientists and Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2017 No. 208 “On the Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030”. The method of factor analysis - principal component analysis was used in the formation and modeling of a generalized system of indicators of economic security of regions.Solutions and results. To achieve this goal, at the initial stage of the study, a system of indicators was formed, consisting of 26 indicators characterizing the production, financial, social and other aspects of the life of the regions that determine economic security. The information compression method, the principal component analysis, were applied to the selected indicator system. When choosing the number of principal components (factors), we relied on the eigenvalues of the principal components (Kaiser Criterion) and their contribution to the overall variance of the initial features. Seven principal components were identified. At the same time, their total contribution to the total variance was 78.45%, which is a sufficient condition for the formation of components. The best interpretation of the principal components was achieved without subjecting factor loads to any rotations. Thus, the components were obtained: f_1 (financial security), f_2 (demographic security), f_3 (social security), f_4 (food security), f_5 (scientific and technical security), f_6 (degree of depreciation of fixed assets), f_7 (industrial safety). The information content coefficients for all principal components are in the range from 0.70 to 0.95; therefore, their composition is significant. The constructed regression model in a standardized form made it possible to determine the impact of the selected generalized factors on the level of economic security of the regions of the Russian Federation.Conclusion. Having a high level of economic security is important for the activities of each region, therefore it is necessary to conduct high-quality monitoring of the degree of economic security, which allows you to identify weaknesses and strengths in the economy. The results of the study made it possible to form the main generalized factors of economic security of the regions: financial, demographic, social, food, scientific and technical, industrial safety and the degree of depreciation of fixed assets - the subjects of the Russian Federation can be assessed from the point of view of their economic stability, and, consequently, their competitiveness at the national level.

Mentally Disordered Offenders (MDOs) who have been declared not criminally responsible for their offense due to their mental condition should be admitted to settings with lowest possible level of security to support their social reintegration. In the context of the reorganization of care for MDOs in Belgium, we assessed the predictors and retrospective appropriateness of 3529 MDO admissions in 2017 according to security needs. Although there was a positive association between the security needs of MDOs and the level of security of the settings to which they were admitted, there was a gap between high and lower security levels. Medium-security settings made up 46% of all admissions, covering a variety of security need profiles. Half the sample of MDOs with high security needs was found in low- and medium-security settings, while a significant proportion of MDOs with low security needs was found in medium-security settings. Clinical characteristics predicted admissions more strongly than custodial characteristics. Decision-makers should refine criteria and procedures for MDOs’ care access. Indeed, the mixed results in relation to admission appropriateness in medium-security services may result from the lack of formal guidelines.

This danger can undoubtedly be eliminated using cryptography and steganography. And Combining encryption with steganography can assist in achieving high levels of data security, making this approach superior to using either of these techniques alone to send data across an unreliable route that is open to hacking. Visible steganography is one of the most secure steganography techniques. When the data text is inserted, the image's color frequency may vary slightly, which would be highly evident to anyone. We suggest levels of data security to get around the image's apparent behavior, where the language of the data is first transformed into an unintelligible cipher. An additional degree of protection is added by incorporating the cipher into an encrypted picture file before dividing it into shares. As a result, the ideas of steganography and cryptography are both applied to offer two levels of security and then a visual cryptography system is used to partition the picture into shares so that it may be transferred over a network channel.

An effective strategy for managing the national information security with capabilities to resist information threats significantly impacts its further development. This study aims to assess the level of threat to the information security of countries based on the integral index. It is proposed to use five indicators characterizing individual areas of information security and 37 world development indicators, selected from the World Bank database. Correlation analysis selected 12 out of 37 development indicators relevant to security indicators for which the correlation coefficient exceeded 0.5 or –0.5. The Harrington-Mencher function is proposed to determine the information security threat index. Nonlinear normalization was carried out to bring the initial data to a comparable measurement. Canonical analysis was performed to determine the indicator weights. The data from 159 countries were taken for 2018 to assess the index. The result was presented on the map showing countries’ distribution by the information security threat index, thus forming five groups. The group with a “very well” resistance to threats includes economically developed countries with a high level of information security. The “well” group was formed by new industrial and developing countries with economic potential sufficient to prevent information threats and combat their consequences. The information security level in developing countries, where the results of overcoming information threats will affect the economic sphere, is defined as “acceptable”. Countries with a low level of development and information security formed groups designated as “bad” and “very bad”, which indicates a high level of threats to their information security. AcknowledgmentThis work is carried out with in the tax payer – funded researches: No. 0118U003574 “Cybersecurity in the banking fraud enforcement: protection of financial service consumers and the financial and economic security growth in Ukraine”.

Nowadays every possible transaction is occurring online so for all these transactions required security must be provided. It is not easy to produce such security since there will be a huge amount of data involved here as well as stored data must be kept confidential so to achieve these things we need to perform transactions through the cloud. Since technology has been developed the rate of the cloud being attacked is also increased so to prevent this integration two clouds must be used. The existing system does not apply cloud integration instead of that they use only data encryption for secure transactions. In the Proposed system of the project apart from data encryption cloud integration is also gets implemented here to establish transactions more securely. In this proposed system, we implement three levels of security which are low, medium, and high. Here We use only data encryption for low security level and in medium security level splitting of data occur along with data encryption to establish more secure transaction than low security level. Finally in order to produce a higher security level we use both cloud integration and splitting of data along with data encryption to produce transactions more securely than medium security level.

Secure transmission of data is one of the most challenging goals. Generally, users avoid the use of a secure channel due to its high cost. Various schemes have been proposed to solve this issue. Some of the schemes are based only on encryption or steganography alone, which is not able to provide the desired level of security in a modern scenario. In this work, a security scheme has been proposed to address the challenge of secure communication at a low cost in three phases: vectoring, cryptography, and steganography. The proposed scheme has a flexibility factor that allows for different levels of security and secrecy. Different types of messages require different levels (high/low) of security, considering the circumstantial robustness on demand. A high level of security ensures security against attacks from the attacker for sensitive information. Our proposed security scheme is capable of providing the required level of security with decreased complexity. The proposed scheme is of a dynamic nature, as per the requirement.

Abstract. Introduction. The shadow economy is one of the main threats to the financial security of the state. Strengthening Ukraine’s economy is impossible without reducing the level of shadowing. Official data show that at the beginning of 2020 more than a quarter of GDP is in the shadows, but the real level of shadowing, in our opinion, is much higher. Purpose. The aim of the article is to deepen the theoretical and methodological foundations of substantiation of priority threats to financial security in the conditions of transformation processes in the modern economy, clarification of the optimal method of calculating the shadow economy in Ukraine and monitoring the impact of the shadow sector on financial security of Ukraine. Results. It was found that the system of threats to the financial security of Ukraine includes trends, phenomena and factors that actually or potentially complicate or make it impossible to preserve national values ​​in the financial sphere and the realization of national interests of Ukraine. Threats to security conditions are considered as certain factors or factors that create a danger, namely the existing and objective probability of negative impact on a complex system. Our own view on the classification of factors influencing the level of financial security is presented. It is noted that most often the factors influencing the level of financial security are interrelated, causing cyclical poverty and a permanently low level of financial security. It is analyzed that today the level of the shadow economy is 25-50%. To create the necessary conditions for reducing the level of the shadow sector of Ukraine’s economy, it is necessary to carry out a number of tax reforms, transformations in the banking system (to increase non-cash transactions, create an open database of NBU and MFIs), anti-corruption measures and more. Systematizing the methodological approaches to the assessment of the shadow sector, it was found that the main methods of assessing the level of the shadow sector are: public expenditure – retail trade; electric; unprofitable enterprises; monetary; method of minimal shadow economy. Conclusions. It is proved that the level of financial security of the state decreases with increasing level of shadow economy. This is due to the reduction of the tax base and, consequently, to the reduction of tax revenues to the budgets of all levels. Keywords: financial security; financial security of the state; financial security of households; transformational economy; shadow economy.

This paper presents an extension to a Multi-Level Secure (MLS) data model that requires the classification of data and users into multiple security levels. In MLS systems, cover stories allow information provided to users at lower security levels to differ from information provided to users at higher security levels. Previous versions of the MLS model did not permit cover stories for key attributes, because the key is used to relate the various cover stories for a particular entity. We have extended the MLS model to include non-key related cover stories so that key attributes can also have different values at different security levels. In this paper we describe the necessary model changes and modifications to the relational algebra, which are required to implement non-key related cover stories. We demonstrate the improvements made by these changes and discuss the implementation and performance of a system based on the described concepts.

The present study was carried out in Karnataka state to assess the relative agricultural sustainability status ofKarnataka during the year 2021–22 using Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI). Three indicators, viz.Ecological Security, Economic Efficiency and Social Equity Index were used. The results of the study show that inKarnataka better conditions for sustainable agriculture exist in majority of the Southern districts. However, few Northern districts, viz. Belagavi, Raichur, Bagalkote and Ballari have better level of ecological security and some Southern districts Bengaluru (U), Bengaluru (R), Chikkaballapur, Kolar and Ramanagara have low level of ecological security. In economic efficiency and social equity indicator also, majority of the Northern districts lagged behind compared to southern districts while Belagavi and Kalburgi districts have shown better performance compared to rest of the districts in the state. Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices such as judicial use of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, efficient water use techniques (drip and sprinkler irrigation), use of organic manures and diversification of farm activities would help in sustainable agricultural development. To achieve ecological sustainability, steps need to be taken to enhance forest cover through afforestation especially in the districts which have poor ecological security. Further, there is a need to enhance the crop yield, encourage dairy farming and improve work force participation through training and skill development in the districts with poor economic efficiency.

Blockchain (BC) technology has been established in 2009 by Nakamoto, using the Proof-of-Work (PoW) to reach consensus in public permissionless networks (Praveen et al., 2020). Since then, several consensus algorithms were proposed to provide equal (or higher) levels of security, democracy, and scalability, yet with lower levels of energy consumption. However, Nakamoto’s model (a.k.a. Bitcoin) still dominates as the most trusted model in the described sittings since alternative solutions might provide lower energy consumption and higher scalability, but they would always require deviating the system towards unrecommended centralization or lower levels of security. That is, Nakamoto’s model claims to tolerate (up to) < 50% of the network being controlled by a dishonest party (minority), which cannot be realized in alternative solutions without sacrificing the full decentralization property. In this paper, we investigate this tolerance claim, and we review several approaches that can be used to undermine/overpower PoW-based BCs, even with minority. We discuss those BCs taking Bitcoin as a representative application, where needed. However, the presented approaches can be applied in any PoW-based BC. Specifically, we technically discuss how a dishonest miner in minority, can take over the network using improved Brute-forcing, AI-assisted mining, Quantum Computing, Sharding, Partial Pre-imaging, Selfish mining, among other approaches. Our review serves as a needed collective technical reference (concluding more than 100 references), for practitioners and researchers, who either seek a reliable security implementation of PoW-based BC applications, or seek a comparison of PoW-based, against other BCs, in terms of adversary tolerance.