Задачи развития российской Арктики в новой международной обстановке.

Challenges to the Arctic region abound and intersect. Warming, ice and permafrost melting, and pollution jeopardize health and food security of Indigenous and other Northern communities. Problems related to natural resource extraction and shipping are developing. Because these issues cross sovereign boundaries, they must be addressed multilaterally. The Arctic Council is the principal forum in which Arctic states and Indigenous groups address shared concerns in the region. We co-administered a five-day program on science and diplomacy in the Arctic at Dartmouth College in June 2017 to educate postsecondary students on Arctic challenges and governance, foster skills and confidence related to leadership and diplomacy, and inspire civic action in Arctic and international affairs. The program consisted of lectures, discussions, a teamwork and collaboration exercise, a negotiation workshop, and a Model Arctic Council (MAC)—a simulation of delegates’ work in the Arctic Council. We found that students had strongly positive perceptions of the curriculum and felt that they accrued Arctic-related awareness and skills, while developing enthusiasm for engaging in civic affairs. Students attributed the program’s value to the use of multiple pedagogies, especially simulation, an interdisciplinary environment, and mentorship from and engagement with Arctic Council and other practitioners.

Prediction Of Raw Material Batches For The Production Of Clinker By Means Of Artificial Neural Networks -Analysis Of Behaviour

In the article, the author calculated and analyzed the dynamics of indicators of Ukraine's export potential for the period 2016–2021. The product structure of Ukraine's exports in 2021 was determined and the share of goods exports in Ukraine's GDP was calculated for 2016–2021, which provided an opportunity to summarize existing trends and to present certain practical proposals. It was established that, despite the crisis conditions of 2020–2022, the trends demonstrate the activation of Ukrainian exporters on the world markets, but the structure of trade in itself somewhat inhibits the processes, which is reflected by a negative indicator of trade turnover. It was determined that the possibilities of Ukraine's export potential demonstrate that in 2021, ferrous metals and grain products will account for larger sales volumes on foreign markets. It is noted that Ukraine's exports are growing faster than imports, and the country's high dependence on imports is a negative factor. It was established that Ukraine remains a raw material appendage. Therefore, from a strategic perspective, Ukraine aims to change this trend through the active development of industrial processing, which will change the shares exactly the opposite: to export 75% of finished products and services and only 25% of raw materials. It has been found that the impact on the opportunities of Ukraine's export potential is exerted by a complex of internal and external factors, which are of an acute problematic nature. Based on the results of the calculations, it was established that an urgent issue in order to expand the possibilities of realizing the export potential of Ukraine on world markets is the implementation of a balanced foreign economic policy of the state regarding the support of national producers, the stimulation of export-oriented products and increasing their competitiveness, bringing the legislative framework in the field of foreign economic activity to meet world standards. It was determined and proposed that to optimize the commodity structure of foreign trade, a strategic measure is the transition from a focus on raw material exports to the export of processed, processed or finished products with high added value, as well as supplementing the existing dominant export industries with other promising directions.

Restoration of livestock industries is important both for the functioning of the national food market and for improving Ukraine’s position in the global agri-food market. Because products of animal origin, in contrast to products of plant origin, can be sold on the foreign market only in processed form. That is, it by definition has a relatively higher share of value added, and therefore it is more profitable to trade. First of all, this applies to dairy products. After all, if for export of meat products primary processing for its sale in the form of carcasses for half-carcasses is enough, then for sale for export of dairy products there should be a full technological cycle – from production of agricultural raw materials to production of industrial semi-finished products (milk powder, whey, casein). etc.) and ready-to-eat products (pasteurized milk, fermented milk products, whole milk products, etc.). Thus, such products have a relatively high share of value added, and therefore provides the best price. Therefore, stopping the decline in the domestic dairy subcomplex, increasing production that meets international safety and quality standards, and expanding the presence of Ukrainian dairy products on the world market is an important management task, the solution of which, among other things, requires in-depth scientific study. The purpose of this article is research of the state of dairy production in Ukraine and determination of its place on the world market in the conditions of openness of the national economy. The article examines the state of domestic milk production and processing, and the dynamics of dairy exports. The ongoing decline in dairy production is indicated, which is accompanied by a deterioration in the quality of livestock raw materials. There is a reasonable assumption that the main reasons for the decline in industrial dairy production and the reduction of Ukraine’s share in the relevant world market are: reduction of raw milk production, loss of markets of the Customs Union, problems with entering the EU market due to predominant non-compliance with domestic safety standards and quality. Ukraine reduced its share in the world dairy market: in the butter segment from 7.32% (1992) to 2.08% (2019), in the cheese segment from 5.73% (2005) to 0.23% (2019), in the segment of skimmed milk powder from 1.03% (2005) to 0.17% (2019), in the segment of skimmed milk powder from 5.23% (1995) to 0.84%), in the segment of dry whey from 1.72% (2011) to 1.62% (2019). According to the OECD-FAO forecast, the negative trend will continue at least until 2029. The main reasons for the reduction of the share of Ukrainian dairy producers in the world market were the reduction of milk production, loss of markets in the Customs Union and problems with entering the EU market due to the predominant non-compliance of domestic livestock products with international safety and quality standards.

Growing numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) as well as controversial discussions on cost, scarcity and the environmental and social sustainability of primary raw materials that are needed for battery production together emphasize the necessity for battery recycling in the future. Nonetheless, the market for battery recycling is not fully understood and captured in data today. The underlying reasons are found in both market size and various parameters such as the battery-technology mix, the resulting material demand and expected battery lifetime. In consequence, the question of when secondary-material availability from battery recycling is sufficient to satisfy the global cobalt demand for EV applications has not yet been clarified. To address this question, this study estimates the global battery raw-material demand together with the expected amount of the recycled materials by 2035, taking into account a number of parameters affecting future battery material flows. While focusing on cobalt, nickel, lithium, and manganese, the results indicate that the global cobalt demand can be satisfied from secondary sources by the early 2030s in three out of four different technology forecast scenarios. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis highlights the amount of waste occurring during battery production and battery lifetime as the main drivers for secondary-material availability by 2035.

PROSPECTS AND EFFICIENCY OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE FROM OILSEED CROPS

Asteroid mining, which was once a concept of science fiction, is now rapidly becoming closer to the reality due to advancements in the fields of space exploration and resource extraction technologies. This article has a motive to examine the potential economic impacts that may happen due to asteroid mining on the global raw material markets. With asteroids composed of vast quantities of valuable metals and minerals, asteroid mining could disrupt the traditional supply chains, alter the resource pricing structures, and shift the geopolitics of resource extraction industries. Asteroid mining could give rise to new sectors of economy like space logistics which will also significantly impact the industries such as electronics, energy, and construction. The increase in supply of some of the rare materials such as gold, cobalt, iron, rhodium, tungsten, platinum, nickel, and ruthenium could reduce the Earth’s reliance on the terrestrial mining, thus reducing the environmental pressures and lowering the cost of resources. However, this transition will also present some certain risks, including the monopolistic practices, market volatility, and geopolitical tensions over the mineral resource ownership. Legal, environmental, and ethical issues related to the asteroid mining will surely need some resolution to ensure a fair and sustainable extraction of the resources. The impact on manpower, mining industry and mineral markets and other resource-dependent economies on Earth could also be profound, as industries will be shifting from terrestrial mining to asteroid mining. This paper explores the economic consequences of asteroid mining, even though viable asteroid mining practices are still on the way for development, this article tries to analyse that once we successfully conduct viable asteroid mining practices, what will be the transformative impact on the raw material economy. It provides a comprehensive look at how asteroid mining could reshape raw material economics on Earth and beyond.

In the second half of 2014, some African countries felt the heavy strike of falling prices of mineral resources on the world market. The international media raised vocalex positions on the negative impact that China’s slow down might bring to the African economy. One headline read: “Chinese investment in Africa has fallen 40 per cent this year – but it’s not all bad news”.1 More recently, the exasperation intensified to “China’s slowdown blights African economies”,2 and managed to shadow the China-African Summit held in December 2015 in Johannesburg. Similarly, on the recent Africa Mining Indaba, the annual biggest African event for the mining sector, the renewed concern was stated as “Gloom hangs over African mining as China growth slows”.3 There is no doubt that China’s presence has had positive effects on Africa’s growth over the past decade. Nonetheless, only a narrow perspective would view Africa’s weak performance solely through the Chinese prism. This article addresses the afore-mentioned concerns regarding the impacts that China has in Africa. A historical approach is applied to reconstruct the economic cooperation since the mid-1990s. This reconstruction emphasizes the sustaining forces of cooperation. Literally, this article goes beyond the resource traction sector, to understand the basis of China-African cooperation, and the position mineral resource has taken in the bilateral cooperation. With a representative country case study, the current dilemma is shown from the structure of bilateral cooperation. Suggestions follow on how to address these challenges. Keywords : China, Africa, mining, resource, investment, development.

Primary commodity markets have offered an opportunity for much economic debate on a number of key issues. First, secularly declining terms of trade of primary commodities are used to explain the widening gap between developing (LDCs) and developed countries (DCs). Second, they are regarded as a contributing factor to the creation of a structural condition of unequal exchange between a "dominating" industrial center and a "dominated" agrarian periphery. And third, they are thought to be a source of instability, often causing financial vulnerability to foreign exchange equilibria and fragility to international market institutions.

Paper is devoted to the study of topinambour's biologically active substances through analytical and physico-chemical analysis methods.
 In the course of experiment, content of inulin and vitamins in topinambour was determined, using methods of analytical chemistry, which was: inulin – 65,43 μg/100 g, vitamin C – 100,12 μg/100 g, beta-carotene – 55,26 μg/100 g.
 Change in inulin mass fraction in topinambour's raw material powder during its storage at different temperatures was investigated. During seven months topinambour tubers storing at different temperature conditions, the mass fraction of inulin was larger in altered into powder and dried raw materials - 60 %, then in freezer – 50 % and the smallest mass fraction was in refrigerator – 20 %.
 Сhange in ascorbic acid mass fraction by means of titrimetric analysis method was investigated. A sharp decrease of ascorbic acid content in tuber's powder was observed, it is due to vitamin inactivation under high temperatures in the process of raw materials drying. Content of ascorbic acid in cooled tubers (4 ± 2) °С to the end of shelf-life decreased by 60 %. The best results were obtained in frozen tubers (–20 ± 2) °C, content of ascorbic acid in them has changed 12–15 % compared to control sample.
 Beta-carotene content was determined by photocolorimetric method according to standard methods. Content of β-carotene decreased to a level 12 % by the end of shelf life in topinambour's tuber powder. In frozen tubers (–20 ± 2) °С content of β-carotene was accompanied by a decrease in the mass fraction of β-carotene throughout whole storage period and amounted to 60 %. The best results were obtained in tubers that overwintered in soil, vitamin's mass fraction in them decreased by only 10 %.
 When storing topinambour's tubers at different temperature conditions, proportion of vitamins is the highest in tubers that have overwintered in soil, then in the freezer and the lowest in the refrigerator.
 Recommendations on the method of topinambour's storage with maximum preservation of biologically active substances content were given. 
 Dried topinambour's tuber powder is most suitable for long-term storage with minimal loss of inulin and beta-carotene, which allows to use this powder in the production of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs. 
 When stored at temperatures (–20 ± 2) °C there is a sharp decrease in nutrients in the first two months and a further decrease is very slow. Such storage is expedient if it is necessary to keep tubers for a long time. For example, in production of topinambour's preparations it is necessary to provide а plant with raw materials for the winter. 
 Storage in refrigerator at a temperature of (4 ± 2) °C is advisable for a short period of time. Decrease of inulin and vitamins content is not rapid, in such conditions it can be stored for two months. In the long period, tubers wither and pathogenic microflora begins to develop on them.
 The best indicators in all biologically active substances were stored in tubers that overwintered in the soil. Because the top layer in topinambour does not protect cells from decay processes, these processes are activated during digging, and tubers, that were left in the soil, continue to functionate, so cell apoptosis is not activated.

The US Higher Education Reform is due to certain processes of competitiveness, market orientation, the tendency to form a single space for education. The American system of Higher Education has integrated the best in the education of other countries and thus helped the country overcome crises, to some extent solve the problems of racial discrimination, unemployment, poverty, improved the situation of women, people with disabilities, national minorities. The historical events, socio-economic transformations, aspiration to be a leader in the world market respectively have influenced the development of Higher Education. Due to reforms in American society, education has become more open, various, versatile. The Americans highly value the Higher Education and believe that education is necessary for a conscious political life, the functioning of a democratic government, the development of economic and political international relations. The American education serving the dynamic and global economy is effective and capable of developing in the conditions of limited public resources. This article focuses on the measurement of education quality and accreditation of Higher Learning Institutions in the USA; the analysis of educational activities of American universities; the coverage of accreditation and education performance of Higher Learning Institutions in the United States; these indicators usage in the process of education quality assessing in American universities; the essence disclosure of measurement the education quality with helping "added value" on the basis by American scientists research; the borrowing American experience into the Higher Learning Institutions in Ukraine.

In terms of markets for both primary commodities and manufactured goods, a structural surplus in the world market — or one that has resulted from the faster expansion rate of productive capacity and production compared to consumption — is reflected through depressed price levels. Governments in developed countries use a series mechanisms of supply management for supporting producing incomes above the minimum in temperate-zone agriculture, steel, shipbuilding, and textile industries. Surpluses in primary commodity markets of export are generally found to reflect a part of a longer economic cycle, specifically for tree crops and their long gestation period. This chapter looks into a supply management approach for beverage crops that aims to benefit not only the producing countries through foreign exchange earnings, but also developed consuming countries as well through reducing price fluctuations.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract During 1969, a stratigraphic test hole program was conducted on Melville Island in program was conducted on Melville Island in the Canadian Arctic. The purpose of the program was to explore for sulphur bearing program was to explore for sulphur bearing limestone caprock associated with salt domes. Two track-mounted seismic style drilling rigs were used to drill thirty-six holes to a maximum depth of 1000 feet. In such a remote location and difficult environment, many transportation and support services were necessary that would not normally be required. Hercules type freighter aircraft were found to be the most efficient means of transporting exploration equipment into the Islands. Conventional tracked vehicles were quite suitable for surface transportation of the drilling equipment. Both a helicopter and a mixed wing aircraft were needed for personnel movements on and between the Islands. Drilling in a permafrost environment presented unique problems which have not been presented unique problems which have not been extensively covered in the literature. The selection of the proper drilling fluid appears to be the most important consideration in planning a drilling program in permafrost areas. planning a drilling program in permafrost areas. Contrary to many widely publicized opinions, it does not appear that human or industrial activity has a serious or lasting effect on the ecology of the area. Introduction In July of 1968, King Resources Company secured sulphur exploration permits covering approximately 880,000 acres in the Arctic Islands from the Canadian Federal Government. These permits were obtained after geological studies indicated an abundance of salt domes in the Sverdrup Basin which is centered in the Canadian Arctic. This basin bears a marked resemblance to the Gulf Coast Basin in that both contain large thicknesses of Mesozoic sediments and both have intrusive salt domes. The target in this venture was to find sulphur in limestone caprock associated with these domes. Preliminary economic studies were conducted which indicated that if sulphur reserves of the order of 20 million tons could be discovered at depths suitable for normal Frasch mining, the sulphur would be competitive on the world market. Early in 1969, planning began for an exploration program.

In this article, we analyse the factors underpinning the shift towards hybrid security governance in Africa. Extant scholarship largely attributes this shift to broader global processes, such as histories of colonialism, neoliberalism and transformations in global governance, which have served to legitimize the role of private authority in security provision around sites of resource extraction. Our analysis seeks to understand the relative and relational influence of power and rules in international politics by offering empirical insights about what hybrid security arrangements look like ‘on the ground’. Drawing upon recently conducted fieldwork in Kenya, Uganda and Ghana, we examine how hybrid security arrangements affect the lives of those living near sites of natural resource extraction. Our analyses suggest that although hybrid security has emerged as the leading approach to security governance, this approach to security does not uniformly involve or serve the interests of all stakeholders. Rather, we find that hybrid security arrangements aid the security of extractive operations—securing investments in both physical and human capital—while sometimes undermining the security of nearby communities.

Articulation and Concordance: A Dialogue on Civil–Military Relations in Fiji