Кримінологічна характеристика неповнолітніх, засуджених без ізоляції від суспільства

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The problems of protecting the rights and legitimate interests in the sphere of labor of convicts sentenced to penalties and other criminal law measures not related to deprivation of liberty are identified. Penal inspectorates and the administration of correctional centers do not sufficiently take into account convicts' qualifications when ensuring that convicts follow the requirements of a court verdict. When enforcing the performance of compulsory and correctional labor, suspended sentence, penal inspectorates ignore the requirements of labor laws regarding the age of a minor, the “feasibility” of labor for minors, women, persons suffering from various types of diseases, the obligatory passage of medical examination of convicts when hiring them and further annual examination. In practice, the time free from studies when serving compulsory labor is incorrectly determined. There are cases of incorrect calculation of the term of correctional labor for convicts; groundlessness of the reasons for the convict's dismissal from the organization; problems with compensation for harm in case of injury to a convict associated with the performance of compulsory labor. In order to bring the convict to serving the sentence in a timely manner, the author proposes to establish in the criminal procedure law a rule providing for a period of time between the presentation of a sentence for execution and its acceptance for execution, and to introduce a rule in the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation providing for administrative responsibility for violations of this period. The author substantiates the necessity of improving the means of ensuring the execution by the convict of the order and conditions of serving correctional labor, and, in the penal legislation, proposes to provide for the possibility of imposing a duty on those convicted to correctional labor upon registration, as it was before, and also of changing this type of punishment to a more severe one for convicts who (a) systematically commit administrative offenses against public order or those similar to crimes for which the person was convicted; (b) evade registration or coming to the penal inspectorate for registration and do not leave their place of residence. Art. 79 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should secure the right of the court to impose obligations on those released on parole from serving sentences during the probation period upon the penal inspectorate's presentation.

Purpose: to determine the effectiveness of the introduction of adaptive tennis as a means of physical and psychosocial rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. Material and methods. Research methods included expert survey, analysis of scientific and methodological literature; socio-psychological questionnaire (quantitative assessment of the emotional state and level of vital activity was carried out using the visual-analog pain scale (VAS) and the SF-36 Health Survey questionnaire, adapted to persons with disabilities. socio-psychological questionnaire (quantitative assessment of the emotional state and level of vital activity was carried out using the visual-analog pain scale (VAS) and the SF-36 Health Survey questionnaire. scales: physical functioning, role functioning, emotional well-being, social activity); SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). The study involved 6 people with disabilities aged 18 to 45 who underwent a course of physical rehabilitation with elements of adaptive tennis. The sample included individuals with musculoskeletal disorders, in particular with the consequences of spinal cord injuries and amputations of the lower extremities. The study was conducted for 8 weeks as part of the program for the introduction of adaptive tennis as a means of physical rehabilitation of persons with disabilities on the basis of the Department of Physical Education of NTU "KhPI" (Kharkiv), on the basis of the physical culture and recreation complex "Mobile" (Pisochyn village, Kharkiv region), on the basis of the Kharkiv Regional Center for Medical and Social Expertise and Rehabilitation of the Disabled. Results. The results of the questionnaire showed that most of the participants assessed their physical well-being at an average level (5.8 points out of 10), and the level of pain according to their own sensations was 6.3 points, which confirms the need for further physical intervention. Motivation to participate in the activity was moderate (4.5 points), while awareness of adaptive tennis was low (3.2 points). At the same time, participants generally expressed positive expectations from the program (6.0 points). As a result of the implementation of the adaptive tennis program for 6 weeks, statistically significant positive changes in the physical and psychosocial state of the participants were recorded. In particular, indicators of physical functioning, social activity and psycho-emotional state according to the SF-36 questionnaire improved, and the level of pain on the VAS scale decreased by an average of 49%. Participants noted an increase in satisfaction with participating in physical activity, and experts noted the high adaptability, safety, and motivational potential of the program. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the organizational model of adaptive tennis as an innovative means of physical rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. Conclusions. In the course of the study, an individualized program of adaptive tennis classes for people with disabilities was developed, implemented and tested, which combined physical, rehabilitation and socio-motivational components. SWOT analysis of organizational and managerial factors revealed a high potential for scaling the program in the presence of proper personnel, material and methodological support, and also confirmed the relevance of adaptive tennis in the system of post-traumatic and social rehabilitation. The results obtained indicate the feasibility of further integration of adaptive tennis into the practice of invasport, physical rehabilitation institutions and rehabilitation programs for veterans, persons with musculoskeletal disorders and other nosologies.

Abstract. Introduction. The shadow economy is one of the main threats to the financial security of the state. Strengthening Ukraine’s economy is impossible without reducing the level of shadowing. Official data show that at the beginning of 2020 more than a quarter of GDP is in the shadows, but the real level of shadowing, in our opinion, is much higher. Purpose. The aim of the article is to deepen the theoretical and methodological foundations of substantiation of priority threats to financial security in the conditions of transformation processes in the modern economy, clarification of the optimal method of calculating the shadow economy in Ukraine and monitoring the impact of the shadow sector on financial security of Ukraine. Results. It was found that the system of threats to the financial security of Ukraine includes trends, phenomena and factors that actually or potentially complicate or make it impossible to preserve national values ​​in the financial sphere and the realization of national interests of Ukraine. Threats to security conditions are considered as certain factors or factors that create a danger, namely the existing and objective probability of negative impact on a complex system. Our own view on the classification of factors influencing the level of financial security is presented. It is noted that most often the factors influencing the level of financial security are interrelated, causing cyclical poverty and a permanently low level of financial security. It is analyzed that today the level of the shadow economy is 25-50%. To create the necessary conditions for reducing the level of the shadow sector of Ukraine’s economy, it is necessary to carry out a number of tax reforms, transformations in the banking system (to increase non-cash transactions, create an open database of NBU and MFIs), anti-corruption measures and more. Systematizing the methodological approaches to the assessment of the shadow sector, it was found that the main methods of assessing the level of the shadow sector are: public expenditure – retail trade; electric; unprofitable enterprises; monetary; method of minimal shadow economy. Conclusions. It is proved that the level of financial security of the state decreases with increasing level of shadow economy. This is due to the reduction of the tax base and, consequently, to the reduction of tax revenues to the budgets of all levels. Keywords: financial security; financial security of the state; financial security of households; transformational economy; shadow economy.

The concept of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in today’s conditions is highlighted in the article. The article reveals the features of providing assistance to such persons both during active hostilities and in safe places. Thus, it considers the concept of first aid, which is a necessary step to overcome post-traumatic stress disorders and other disorders, as well as part of the rehabilitation process. The concepts of «social rehabilitation» and «social adaptation» are outlined, namely internally displaced persons. It was determined that social rehabilitation and social adaptation are interdependent and complementary processes that have certain common goals and methods and technologies to achieve these goals. Recommendations for the provision of social services for IDPs that will promote social rehabilitation and social adaptation are described. The stages of the adaptation process underlying J. Gullahorn's theory of assessing the adaptation strategies of IDPs are described. The means of museum activity which can be used during the process of social rehabilitation and social adaptation of IDPs are presented. Among them the author(s) elucidate the project «Cultural-recreational-tourist Cherkasy region: inclusive-social 3D-map» with the support of the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation, which is designed for both offline and online use. The world museums, whose exhibits are available online are also presented. The fact is taken into account that in order to cope with this challenge an interdisciplinary team is needed, able to create a set of measures that will contribute to the psychophysiological state of the individual. That is why this article will be useful for medical professionals, psychotherapists, psychologists, rehabilitation specialists and social workers.

Juvenile delinquency represents a serious societal issue, and this paper focuses on the emotional aspects associated with it. Juvenile offences are estimated to constitute 7% of total criminal acts worldwide, with significant social consequences. Delinquents often come from dysfunctional families, abuse psychoactive substances, and experience psychiatric disorders, highlighting the complexity of this problem. The paper’s emphasis is on the emotional processes underlying delinquency, starting with emotional intelligence (EI). Research indicates a connection between low EI and juvenile delinquency, highlighting the role of emotion recognition and emotional regulation in this context. Various forms of delinquency may be linked to different aspects of emotional regulation, particularly impulsivity. The paper also considers psychopathy as a prominent personality characteristic closely related to juvenile delinquency, exploring the emotions that describe psychopathy. Factors such as manipulativeness, low empathy, and impulsivity are often present in juveniles with psychopathic traits. Additionally, in this paper, we are interested in Callous-Unemotional (CU) Taits. CU model is applied to describe the psychopathic tendencies of children and adolescents. The connection between emotions and cognition in the context of juvenile delinquency is illustrated through findings that discuss two dimensions of empathy: affective and cognitive, as well as the role of executive functions in delinquent behaviors. Finally, the importance of research seeking to explain the link between emotions and cognition is emphasized, particularly in the context of understanding personality traits responsible for such behaviors, such as psychopathy.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the experience of social and psychological adaptation of combatants. The problems of social adaptation of servicemen in the works of modern domestic and foreign scientists, the results of sociological research are analyzed. The essence and features of social and psychological adaptation and rehabilitation of combatants are considered, the main tasks are defined. The substantiation of the conceptual and categorical apparatus in this sphere of activity is carried out. The existing normative and legal base on social and psychological adaptation of servicemen is analyzed. The directions and mechanisms of social adaptation and psychological rehabilitation of servicemen are revealed. A model of social and psychological adaptation of combatants is proposed. Emphasis is placed on the need to strengthen the scientific development of the problem of socio-psychological adaptation of combatants to civilian life, expanding and improving the categorical base of science in this area. The main directions and ways of improvement at the state and regional levels are identified. The directions of further research on this issue are outlined. Socio-psychological adaptation of servicemen who took part in military conflicts and the search for effective ways to implement it should occupy an important place in the social policy of the state. An analysis of the experience of social adaptation of discharged servicemen shows that this problem should be an important component of the socio-economic policy of the Ukrainian government, for the solution of which significant funds are provided in NATO and the European Union. Legislation has been established in these countries and mechanisms are in place to guarantee veterans training, employment and appropriate social guarantees.

BACKGROUND: The relevance of the study is determined by the high number of crimes committed by minors. including serious and especially serious, the need for timely medical, social and psychological rehabilitation of children with deviant behavior. The purpose of the study: to form the main directions of the comprehensive rehabilitation of adolescents who find themselves in a difficult life situation and are in the Center for the temporary detention of juvenile offenders based on the study and analysis of the medical and social parameters of their life.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials and methods of the study included a statistical analysis of the results of medical and social indicators of 204 adolescents who were in the Temporary Detention Center for Juvenile Offenders in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region at the age of 14 to 18 years.
 RESULTS: Among juvenile offenders, males prevailed (76.0%), aged 16 to 18 years (58.0%) and 14 to 15 years (42.0%), brought up in relatives, complete (45.7%) or incomplete (39.2%) families. The majority (72.0%) of adolescents presented neurological complaints in the form of: sleep and wakefulness disorders (22.2%); abdominal and headaches (14.8% and 11.1%, respectively), tremor (14.8%) people, periodic palpitations (4.7%), seizures (11.1%), back pain (3.7%). Acute injuries were stated in 88.9% of cases, poisoning in 55.6%, panic attacks in 33.3%, episodes of uncontrolled aggression occurred in 18.5%, suicides in 7.4% of adolescents, syncope in 3.7%.
 CONCLUSION: Based on the analysis, a comprehensive program for the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders has been drawn up and is being implemented, including medical, psychological and pedagogical measures, socio-cultural and environmental rehabilitation. This methodological approach made it possible to form groups of adolescents with their active involvement in the rehabilitation process and increasing motivation for social adaptation.

The present study was aimed at determining the family factors related to juvenile delinquency and identifying the effect of family violence, family functioning, parental partner dynamics, and adolescents' personality on delinquent behavior among Korean adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed using an anonymous, self-reporting questionnaire. The subjects for this study consisted of 1,943 Korean adolescents, including 1,236 students and 707 juvenile delinquents, using a proportional stratified random sampling method. Compared to student adolescents, delinquent adolescents perceived their parents as having a higher level of dysfunctional parental partner dynamics, poorer family functioning, and a higher level of family violence. Furthermore, delinquent adolescents were more likely to report a greater incidence of antisocial personality tendencies, a higher level of psychosomatic symptoms and frustration, and higher frequencies of delinquent behavior compared to student adolescents. Antisocial personality tendency and gender had the largest significant total effects on delinquent behavior, followed by family violence, psychosomatic symptoms, family functioning, parental partner dynamics and need frustration. On the other hand, family functioning and parental partner dynamics had the largest indirect effect on delinquent behavior. Gender, antisocial personality tendency, and family violence, in that order, had the largest direct effects on delinquent behavior. In conclusion, it is apparent from the results of the present study that delinquent Korean adolescents perceived and experienced significantly more family dysfunction, family violence, and poor parental partner dynamics than did non-delinquents.

Numerous theoretical and empirical studies have demonstrated that parenting styles significantly influence the social adaptation of left-behind children. Previous research typically categorized parenting styles into distinct types before investigating the relationship between these types and the overall social adaptation levels of left-behind children. However, this approach did not allow for an exploration of the specific dimensions of parenting styles and social adaptation that may be directly related to one another. This study use network analysis to conceptualize parenting styles and social adaptation as a network of interrelated dimensions. The objective is to identify key dimensions and to examine the correlations among these dimensions. A total of 2,452 children were included in this study (nleft-behind=713, nnon-left-behind =1739;Mage = 12.13, SD = 2.95). The results indicated that interpersonal adaptation and learning adaptation are core dimensions within the social adaptation(SA) networks of both left-behind and non-left-behind children. interpersonal adaptation, learning adaptation, father refused, and mother refused constitute the core dimensions of the parenting styles and social adaptation (PS-SA) network for left-behind children, while interpersonal adaptation, learning adaptation, mother refused', and mother's emotional warmth form the core dimensions of the PS-SA network for non-left-behind children. The network comparisons indicate that the connection strengths between father refused and interpersonal adaptation, father refused and learning adaptation, as well as father's emotional warmth and learning adaptation are more robust in the PS-SA network of left-behind children; the connection strengths between mother's emotional warmth and positive emotional adaptation, as well as interpersonal adaptation and learning adaptation, are stronger in the PS-SA network of non-left-behind children. This study contributed to the conceptualization and visualization of the relationship between parenting styles and social adaptation. The findings can assist parents and schools in implementing more targeted adaptation education for left-behind children.

Purpose: to evaluate the impact of classes using adaptive games on the psychological rehabilitation of military personnel in a health care facility. Material and methods. The study involved 34 male military personnel who were undergoing rehabilitation in a health care facility after being wounded. The study involved determining the psychological state (using the standard TRANS test) and the speed of sensorimotor reactions (using the Visuomotor Choice Reaction and Reaction RMO Pro computer programs) of the military personnel undergoing rehabilitation at the beginning and end of the study. The study lasted three weeks, during which classes were held using adaptive games (Cornhole, Jacollo, Elastik, Kulbutto, Boccia, Paka laka). Classes were held three times a week, lasting 90 minutes each. Results. It has been established that classes using adaptive games have a positive effect on the level of psychological state and the manifestation of a simple sensorimotor reaction of military personnel undergoing rehabilitation in a health care facility. According to the results of the study, it has been established that anxiety indicators have decreased, and indicators of performance, activity, mood and health have increased. In the course of determining the manifestation of a simple reaction of military personnel undergoing rehabilitation, it has been established that the use of adaptive games has a positive effect on the speed and accuracy of the sensorimotor reaction. Conclusions. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the implementation of the project "Ukrainian Center for Occupational Therapy with Adaptive Games" under the program "RITA - Region in Transition" of the Foundation "Education for Democracy". Thanks to the activities carried out using adaptive games aimed at motor activity, fine motor skills and attention, the psycho-emotional state and sensorimotor reaction of military personnel undergoing rehabilitation have changed positively. The presented results indicate the positive impact of adaptive games on the psycho-emotional state and the general process of rehabilitation of military personnel. Therefore, it can be argued that adaptive games are a powerful means of psychological rehabilitation, as well as psycho-emotional and social adaptation.

In contemporary criminal law, a prison sentence is the basic and most important type of criminal sanction imposed on criminal offenders in order to prevent and combat crime. In addition to the unconditional prison sentence, all criminal legislations also recognize different modalities of its imposition or execution. Different forms of substitute or alternative measures are awarded in cases where unconditional detention is not necessary. Thus, we can distinguish full or partial suspension of the prison sentence or some other kind of punishment. In the first case, it involves the suspended sentence. This is a complete exemption from the execution of a court-awarded prison sentences (and/or other types and forms of punishment), or determined for a specified time (probation period) and under certain conditions. In case the conditionally convicted person does not meet the set of general and special, mandatory or optional requirements, criminal law provides for mandatory or optional revocation of the suspended sentence. However, in addition to the suspended sentence as a form or modality of executing the imposed prison sentences, some modern criminal laws also recognize the suspended sentence as a special kind of criminal penalty - as a measure of warning. A prerequisite for the implementation of these measures is the fulfillment of the formal requirements, pertaining to the type of offence and prison sentence duration, or material conditions - the court assessment that the application of penalties in the particular case is not necessary because the goals (purpose) of punishment can be achieved without effective enforcement of prison sentences in whole or in part. This paper discusses the concept, characteristics, conditions and methods of implementation of these forms of prison sentence suspension, with various systems of probation supervision in the European criminal law.

Any professional working in the field of juvenile corrections can attest to the impact of family dynamics in contributing to and maintaining delinquent behavior, and studies have for years linked family dysfunction with the problem of juvenile delinquency. While most research has been done by professionals in other fields, social workers frequently provide intervention with these families. This article offers an overview of the aspects of family dysfunction which increase the risk of juvenile delinquency and offers suggestions for social work intervention in four areas: identification of families at risk, early intervention, service delivery, and preventive education. All may be considered preventive methods if used effectively.

Juvenile delinquency is a complex issue driven by interactions between individual, social, and structural factors. This systematic literature review uses the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to analyze empirical evidence on risk and protective factors for adolescent delinquency published between 2000 and 2024. From an initial search of 832 records in Scopus, we selected 15 peer-reviewed studies for narrative synthesis. The results indicate that delinquency stems from problems across multiple ecological levels. The most consistent risk factors identified were family dysfunction, specifically maltreatment, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and parental incarceration, and association with delinquent peers. Conversely, protective factors function as active buffers rather than just the absence of risk. Key elements that significantly reduce delinquency include positive parenting, secure parent–child attachment, school connectedness, self-regulation, empathy, and future academic aspirations. The review highlights early to mid-adolescence as a critical window for intervention and suggests that prevention strategies should focus on building resilience through family and school support.

This study examines the relationship between screen addiction and infantile behavior patterns in individuals aged 12 to 29. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) and physiological markers (HRV, SCL, T, Resp.) were utilized to assess the cognitive and neurophysiological effects of screen addiction. Findings reveal that screen addiction is linked to significant alterations in brain activity, including increased theta and/or alpha activity and reduced beta1 and/or increased beta2 and/or beta3 activity in the frontal and prefrontal cortex, leading to attention deficits, cognitive regression, and impaired executive functioning. Additionally, deficits in emotional regulation were observed, evidenced by low heart rate variability—an indicator of chronic stress and heightened susceptibility to anxiety and depression. On a social level, screen addiction was associated with increased dependence on external validation, reduced competitiveness, and difficulties in developing autonomy. The results support the hypothesis that infantile behavior patterns reinforced by excessive screen use contribute to regression in social adaptation and self-regulation. Based on these findings, targeted interventions are recommended, including screen time reduction, biofeedback neurotherapy, and structured programs aimed at fostering critical thinking and self-regulation to mitigate the adverse effects of screen addiction on cognitive, emotional, and social development. Keywords: screen addiction, youth, infantilization, prolonged adolescence, qEEG, HRV, external validation, biofeedback, social adaptation