Соболезнование в немецкой культуре: этимологический и исторический аспекты

The article provides a comparative analysis of written congratulations in the Russian and German languages: their form, occasions for congratulations, the most commonly used rhetorical means, as well as linguocultural specificity – the characteristics of the congratulations as a speech genre in the Russian and German languages are described.

Political science in the German-speaking world is only concerned peripherally with pictures. In the course of the “iconic turn” during the 1990s visual political communication became an issue of more weight, but other disciplines like art history still have more competence when it comes to analysing pictures. Thus, the basic question remains: How can we achieve a sustainable “iconic turn” in political science and civic education? The article proposes an answer in three parts: Its first chapter describes the relationship between political science, civic education, and visual communication in the German-speaking world. The effort to map this scattered research landscape ought to be a contribution to its transnational connectivity. The second part reflects on the special “power of pictures”. It argues that pictures probably have specific persuasive power, but nonetheless are neutral political tools (just like words). Obviously they can be exploited by liars, but quite as well they can serve as helpful information resources (e.g. in civic education). Finally, the third chapter claims that political science should try and learn from visually more competent disciplines like art history or communication science. All in all this leads to the final conclusion that political communication research should turn its attention to pictoriality.

This paper discusses the results of the pilot experimental research dedicated to speech recognition and perception of the semantic content of the utterances in noisy environment. The experiment included perceptual-auditory analysis of words and phrases in Russian and German (in comparison) in the same noisy environment: various (pink and white) types of noise with various levels of signal-to-noise ratio. The statistical analysis showed that intelligibility and perception of the speech in noisy environment are influenced not only by noise type and its signal-to-noise ratio, but also by some linguistic and extralinguistic factors, such as the existing redundancy of a particular language at various levels of linguistic structure, changes in the acoustic characteristics of the speaker while switching from one language to another one, the level of speaker and listener’s proficiency in a specific language, and acoustic characteristics of the speaker’s voice.

This article is an attempt to determine the place of microblogs, posted on Twitter, on the Internet or, more broadly in the multimedia genealogy. First, the service itself is presented and mechanisms of its functioning are described. Then its importance for society is mentioned. Furthermore, some crucial issues related to the theory of genres are presented and they constitute an essential introduction to the re-search methodology. The “guides” on the path of reflection and on the characteristics of microblogs are the “older siblings” of this form of expression: the Internet, journalistic and other genres, whose determinants have already been described. Such an order is matched against another one – the tradition of genres’ description in four aspects: structural, prag-matic, cognitive and stylistic. Key words: microblog, new genres, multimedia genealogy, theory of genres, Twitter Introduction The goal of this article is to establish a preliminary definition of the place of microblogs, published on the Twitter website, in the Internet – or more broadly, multimedia – genealogy. It will be accompanied by reflection on genealogy itself, since–making this goal an especially interesting research challenge–the current state of research on the genres of all linguistic texts does not give any ready answers to the questions concerning them that are asked by linguists and literary critics, as well as by media studies schol-ars and scholars of culture in general. The analysis presented below is not a synthesis of long-term studies on the issues connected with Internet communication and its genealogy, but an “exploratory” record of contact with them. Thus it is also not motivated by the idea of presenting a defini-tive solution, but of showing the points that give rise to further questions. Such an approach allows one to look at a relatively new1 phenomenon with the curiosity of an “explorer”. First of all the service itself and the way it works will be presented, and next its meaning in society. After as brief a presentation as possible of Twitter, I will go on to the core issues tied to the theory of genres, which are an essential introduction to the study's methodology. As “guides” on the path of reflection about the genealogical description of microblogs I have chosen the “older siblings” of this form of expression: Internet genres, press genres and other speech genres whose characteristics have already been described.

One of the main objectives of foreign languages departments of higher educational establishments is to form a sufficient level of future teachers’ communicative competence in both a first and a second foreign language. Its indispensable constituent is phonetic competence which should be paid special attention to in the process of professionally oriented teaching of a foreign language. The article aims to describe the process of preparing, organizing and conducting an experiment on forming future teachers’ phonetic competence in English as a second foreign language after German, as well as to present its results. The experimental teaching was preceded by a pre-experimental test serving to define the students’ interiorized level of those second foreign language professional phonetic competence components that are identical to the ones defined in the structure of future teachers’ first foreign language phonetic competence. The received results become clear evidence of the fact that the future teachers’ level of interiorized professional phonetic competence at the beginning of studying English at university is not sufficient, thus, it requires further systematic development. Considering the German language a possible means of enhancing students’ English pronunciation acquisition, the author uses two variants of methods. Variant A takes into account their phonetic knowledge and subskills in their native and first foreign languages, which becomes the base for forming and developing their professional phonetic competence in English. This presupposes the use of activities which along with English speech units include those of the native and German languages. The students identify the features which are identical to their English equivalents and are encouraged to transfer the subskills of their pronunciation from German or a native language into English. Variant B involves future teachers’ experience of acquiring only their native language. The experimental teaching is followed by a post-experimental test, whose results in contrast with the ones received at the beginning of the experiment show the effectiveness of the both variants of methods. However, the comparison of the average increase indices in the level of professional phonetic competence components proves the expediency of applying Variant A of methods in the process of teaching the pronunciation of English after German.

The article reveals the mechanisms allowing the author’s intention to destruct the structural-content organization of speech genres and influence the formation and perception of an artistic narrative. The research gives ground to outline a set of devices to make the communicative sense of artistic narratives odd, which is explained by the author’s creation of „unnatural” ontology of the narrated world; to outline various ways of semantic destruction of speech acts, and intentional breaches of the pragmatic conditions of the effective speech-genre structures creation and functioning. The result of these devices use is the formation of the ontological, perceptional, behavioural, mental and some other types of textual (discursive, narrative) absurd. Mechanisms of creating intentional and/or nonintentional „unnatural” speech acts as constituents of artistic narratives are active sources of forming unusual communicative senses of aesthetic nature.

The influence of scientific terminology on the formation of the national language is manifested in the expansion of the terminological vocabulary of the Ukrainian language at the expense of words associated with new types of mental and practical activity, in interaction with the lexical system of living, spoken language, in categorical differentiation of lexemes (belonging to different categories – names processes, objects, phenomena, individuals, institutions), in the formation of the first system formations on the disparate terms basis. Tax terminology belongs to the ancient layers of the lexical system, its formation depends on many linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and ordering were the least studied of Ukrainian Linguistic issues. The least studied in linguistic-Ukrainian studies were the questions of the functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and organization. The analysis of the historical background of economic activity in the Ukrainian language aspect, is closely linked to the Ukrainian political history. In addition, we take into account the geopolitical situation that arose as a result of the distribution of Ukrainian lands for several centuries between different states, where Ukrainians followed to legislations of these countries, where the rights and status of the Ukrainian language manifested itself in different ways. Different linguistic and political orientations of the regions of Ukraine had influenced on the formation of the tax terminology on the Dnieper and Dniester territories. As follows, there were extralinguistic factors of analyzed terms borrowing which had the main influence on the process, such as: Integration processes in science, the high level of development of this science-applied discipline in the countries of Western Europe. The long existence of Ukraine in conditions of economic, socio-political and cultural dependence on neighbouring states. As a result of the historical and political factors, the stages of free, natural development of terminology, dominance in all spheres of special language, specifically Ukrainian vocabulary, as alternating with the stages of artificial Russification, polonization or Germanization of the economic vocabulary of the Ukrainian language with parallel withdrawal from the circulation of terms created on its own linguistic basis. The sources of the Ukrainian tax terminology were such languages as Latin, Greek, French, German, Lithuanian, Italian, English, Turkish, Arabic, Polish. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity of approaches that has developed in Ukraine in the field of scientific language (scientific style in general) requires serious linguistic analysis and developing of specific recommendations for the creation and use of terms due to their solidity in science and the language, convenience, and the correspondence of the Ukrainian language system. That is why particular importance is the question of the correlation of the national language and foreign languages terms, the role of borrowing in the system of development modern Ukrainian terminology. The best option is to use national terms if they correspond to the optimal aesthetic, linguistic and cultural characteristics, psychological characteristics. The situation of uncertainty ambiguity of approaches which has developed in Ukraine in the field of the scientific language, (the scientific style in general),needs serious linguistic analysis and making specific recommendations as for creating and using terms, considering on their solidity in science and language, convenience, compliance with the Ukrainian language system.

This article identifies the features of such a linguocultural phenomenon as pidginisation and creolisation on the example of African linguoculture. The scientific problem is caused by the influence of globalisation on the state of languages and cultures within the framework of intercultural and interlanguage interaction, on the one hand, and the need to preserve native languages and cultures, on the other hand. The purpose of the article is to identify the key properties of such hybrid languages as Pidgin English and Creole English which operate in the largest country in West Africa – Nigeria. The research work is based on a combination of linguistic and cultural analysis method, which revealed the peculiarities of language and culture in the process of historical development, and comparative analysis method, which is the key to distinguish similar and distinctive features of Nigerian Pidgin English in relation to British English. The research work systematised the key historical, linguistic and cultural factors that influenced the formation and Pidgin English and Creole English development in Africa, and identified its key characteristics. It was proved that English is a universal means of interethnic communication for all social groups, but Pidgin English has simple structure at all language levels – phonetic, grammatical, lexical ones – and suits for everyday communication perfectly. Adapting to local realities, Nigerian Pidgin English at the phonetic level is the subject to assimilation and dissimilation of consonants, quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowels. The grammatical structure of Nigerian Pidgin English is the subject to maximum simplification, this level is characterised by the omission of articles; the use of abstract nouns in the plural form; the formation of adjectives’ comparison degrees and adverbs on the principle of a monosyllabic adjective; the use of simple tense forms of verb. The lexical structure of Nigerian Pidgin English is characterised by the functioning of high-frequency lexemes of autochthonous languages, which is due to the desire to follow the norms of native culture. All deviations from British English are explained by the need to create an accessible form of communication for all social groups using minimal linguistic means.

Book Review| January 01 1988 Pride and Prejudice in the History of Physics: The German Speaking World, 1740-1945 The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as Spokesman for German ScienceJ. L. HeilbronIntellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to EinsteinChrista JungnickelRussell McCormmachCultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas, 1900-1930Lewis PyensonZur Entstehung des Modernen Systems Wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen: Physik in Deutschland, 1740-1890Rudolf Stichweh David Cahan David Cahan Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences (1988) 19 (1): 173–191. https://doi.org/10.2307/27757620 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation David Cahan; Pride and Prejudice in the History of Physics: The German Speaking World, 1740-1945. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 1 January 1988; 19 (1): 173–191. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/27757620 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentHistorical Studies in the Natural Sciences Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1988 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The German language in Poland has a very long tradition dating back to the 18th century. Over the centuries, under the influence of historical, political, economic and social factors, the image of Germany and Germans in Poland as well as the attitude of Poles towards the German language have been subject to continual evolution. The aim of this article is to discuss the position of the German language in Poland, mainly in the 21st century. Particular attention is paid to the discussion of the importance of this language in the Polish educational system in the past two decades, and the changing number of people learning, predominantly in primary and secondary education. Moreover, the reasons for the relatively high level of dislike of the German language among Poles (including learners of German) are presented and analysed. The discussion of the current status of German in our country is preceded by a brief historical outline showing the significance of the German language in Poland as well as the attitude of Poles towards this language over the centuries, beginning with the Old-Polish period

LITH. skelti, skelia ‘TO SPLIT’ AND skelėti, skeli ‘TO OWE’ – SIMILARITY OR RELATIONSHIP? Summary The article discusses the question of the connection between Lith. skelti ‘to split, etc.’ and Lith. skelėti ‘to owe’. Many linguists thought that there was no relation between them or it was dubious. They used to relate Lith. skelėti with kaltas ‘guilty’. Although the latter relation can’t be direct, it can be seen only in Indo-European parent language level. After the analysis of related words in Lithuanian, Latvian, Old Prussian and other Indo-European languages and after typological analysis the authors of the article make conclusion that there is not any morphological or semantic obstacles to relate verbs Lith. skelti, skelia, skėlė tr. ‘to split, etc.’ and skelėti, skeli (-a, -ia) intr. ‘to owe’. These verbs could originate from verbal paradigm (* skilti, *skela, *skilė ), which had split into several of verbs: a) Lith. skelti, skelia, skėlė tr. ‘to split, etc.’ (Latv. sķelt, sķeļu, sķēļu „to split, to cleave, to chop, to strike‘); b) Lith. sk i lti, ‑ia, sk y lė tr. ‘to break, to strike for making fire’ (la. sķilt, -ļu, sķ i ļu ‘idem’); c) Lith. skilti, sk y la intr. 1. ‘to split, to fracture’ 2. ‘to get into debt’; d) Lith. skelėti, skeli (-a, -ia) intr. ‘to owe’. The original meaning ‘tr., intr. to split, to fracture’ of the root * skel - is better preserved in Eastern Baltic languages (Lith. tr. skelti, skelia, skėlė, Latv. tr. sķe l t, sķeļu, sķēļu : Lith. intr. sk i lti, sk y la ). This meaning can be also reconstructed from Old Prussian derivatives scolwo „chip, shingle“, scalus „chin“. The embranchment of verbal root * skilti, *skela, *skilė continued in Lithuanian even after the split of eastern Baltic languages. Therefore the more verbs of this root have been formed in Lithuanian than in Latvian. On the other hand the meaning of status and variety of present forms may also indicate that the verb skelėti ‘to owe’ could be a derivative, but not the result of the word-transformation. There is not any structural equivalent of the verb skelėti in Latvian. The verb skelėti has been formed in Western Lithuania. It is corresponded by the verbs of various structures in Old Prussian ( *skel-ē-twei, *skal-ī-twei, *pa-skāl- ī-twei ). As the result of influence of German language the new meaning ‘to ought, to suppose to’ was added in Old Prussian. The meanings ‘to owe’, ‘debt’ should be considered as formed from the older one. The possible ways of this formation are these: 1) ‘to split’ → ‘to mark the debt by splitting, cutting (the debt stick)’ → ‘to owe’; 2) ‘to split’ → ‘to give by splitting off / to have what is splitted off’ → ‘to owe’; 3) ‘to split’ → ‘lack, crack, split, gap’ → ‘debt’. These meanings has been formed in Lithuanian ir Old Prussian. The most popular derivatives in Lithuanian is the noun skola ‘debt’ (which can be derived directly from the verb skelti , or from the verb. skelėti) and its derivative adj. skolingas ‘ owing’; the dialects also use adj. skalnas ‘idem’. The formation of several lexemes with different semantics from the root praes. * skel -, praet. * skol - / * skl- is also characteristic to Germanic languages (OGH skiljan, OISL skilja ‘to separate. to divide, to decide’ / go. skal, skulun, skulda ‘to ought, to owe’). The meanings ‘debt’ and ‘duty’ (: ‘to ought’) are tightly connected. However the meaning ‘guilt’ appears only in German languages and in the languages that have definite contacts with Germans. Because of the influence of Germans this meaning also slightly touches the Baltic languages. Nevertheless it should be considered as a new one. So, the attempts to cognate the verb skelėti ‘to owe’ with the adj. kaltas ‘guilty’ have neither structural nor semantic reason.

Afrikaans, the only Germanic language which has originated outside of Europe, came into being indigenously, but with strong international links. Over a period of about 200 years it has developed into a full-fledged spoken, cultural and scientific language. Nearly five million people, comprising 20% of the country's population, regard Afrikaans as their first home language. The purpose of this study is to throw light on the spatial dimension of Afrikaans in the context of the country's complex language diversity and furthermore to identify the historical and socio-economic factors underlying the distribution patterns. The analysis is performed on the 1970 and 1980 population census data using distribution indexes and cartographic techniques. The results indicate that the core area of the language remains in the southwest of the country, adjacent to its historic point of origin around Cape Town. The metropoles are the prominent growth points of the Afrikaans speaking population, as apposed to decli...

The article formulates the main directions and aspects of the topical and unexplored problem of genre implementation of PR communication and its variability in the cultural and artistic sphere in the Ukrainian humanities. Based on the texts of the National Art Museum of Ukraine, the Museum of the History of the City of Kyiv, the Kyiv National Academic Young Theater, the Kyiv Academic Drama Theater on Podil, the National Cultural, Art and Museum Complex "Mystetsky Arsenal", the Kyiv International Film Festival "Molodist", published on their official websites, pages on Instagram, Facebook, and the video hosting Youtube, an analysis of existing genres, their invariants and varieties that implement PR functions and proposals in accordance with the main goals and objectives in the most appropriate ways using verbal and non-verbal means, taking into account the object (art, culture), the heterogeneity of recipients, and the requirements of the modern digital environment is carried out. It was found that since the cultural and artistic product is highly emotional and socially significant, the genres of PR texts should reflect informativeness (press release, post-release, reportage, etc.), analyticalness (article, review, comment, etc.) and emotionality (stories, reels, etc.), influentialness / manipulativeness (advertising genres), aesthetics (the studied sphere of social activity largely meets these needs of recipients). It was found that the genre system of PR in the cultural and artistic sphere is open and dynamic, consisting of three main groups that function simultaneously, ensuring integrated communication: traditional PR genres, media genres and Internet genres. The transformation of traditional genres, the emergence of new ones and their combination are due to "economy of attention and language resources", dialogicity and interactivity, creolization. Research into the effectiveness of individual genres at different language levels and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for generating PR texts in this area have been identified as perspective.

During German colonialism in the Pacific, language contact between German and the local languages took place in different areas and in varying intensity. The numbers of native speakers of German were low, and in many cases German was not the means of communication, so that comparatively little language contact occurred naturally. Despite this situation, several native languages in the German colonial area integrated loanwords from German and preserved them up until today. Quantitative differences in borrowing between the affected languages are arguably due to extralinguistic factors influencing contact duration and intensity as well as local language attitudes. There is one area where the use of German was explicitly supported by the government: These are schools. The present paper investigates the numbers of students who came into contact with instruction of or in German. Many schools were mission-run, and in particular non-German missions had problems finding qualified teachers for their German instruction. Following an overview of population proportions regarding speakers of German and school attendance, this paper compares quantitative loanword data to contact opportunities with German in schools, drawing a tentative conclusion on whether instruction in German, as one extralinguistic factor influencing language contact, had a measurable effect on lexical borrowing from German.

Toponyms are a complex system, the semantic and structural features of which reflect the cultural and historical peculiarities of the nation. The toponyms of Norfolk Island stand out from other toponyms of the English language due to the isolated geographical location of the island and its violent history. This article discusses in detail the extralinguistic factors that determine the semantic features of geographical names of Norfolk Island. The historical factors that influenced the creation of a significant number of place names include the fact that the settlement of Norfolk Island was founded as a British penal colony. Other factors include political and economic dependence on the UK, and later on Australia. It is noted that the most important among such factors is the motivation of the residents who inhabited Norfolk Island after its discovery by Captain J. Cook. The historical factors we are considering influence the formation of certain connotations of the toponyms of Norfolk Island and Australia. The article proposes a structural and semantic classification of toponyms of Australia and Oceania. The criteria that served as the basis for describing the classification include the presence of positive or negative stylistic coloring. It is noted that some names change their stylistic coloring. This phenomenon is an example of historical rehabilitation. Among the most common anthropogenic factors affecting the structure of toponyms, we have identified the influence of historical figures on the development of the island and the difficult living conditions of the first settlers. Such factors determine the choice of a toponym and are reflected in the presence or absence of its stylistic coloring.