СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯ НИЗКОУГЛЕРОДНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ В СРЕДЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ ИНДУСТРИИ

Usage of conventional energy resources has high limitations and constrains now a days. The thermal efficiency of the equipments in the modern thermal based power plant is mandatory for effective power generation with low production cost and pollution. The systems and equipments in the thermal power plant should be operated with optimum efficiency. An assessment of these system performance and comparing it with the design value is necessary for its improvement. This paper presents the findings of the observations and trials carried out on thermal power plant energy equipments. The main objective of this work is to assess the performance of various thermal power plant systems in respect of efficiency and determining the main factors which contribute to the efficacy of the power plant by indirect method. Further, suitable measures are recommended to enhance the energy performance with cost benefits. While making the measurements, care is taken to maintain the accuracy and wherever any discrepancy is found, the readings were again taken to ensure the best possible results.

In the technosphere, ensuring fire safety of hazardous production facilities is a priority task for preserving human health, life, material values, and the environment. Therefore, it is important to predict emergency situations and minimize their risks. The purpose of the study is to assess fire risks and the degree of damage in an emergency situation in the boiler room. The study was based on statistical data on accidents at thermal power plants and regulated methods for determining fire risks and the degree of damage from an accident at coal boiler houses. A predictive assessment of fire risks was based on the example of two accident scenarios, the affected areas and the possible number of injured people are determined. The dimensions of the danger zones are shown – a fatal injury at a distance of 20 m from the epicenter of the explosion with a 97 percent probability of injury. The probability of weak destruction of buildings in a populated area of 17 percent was established. In case of a predicted accident in the form of an explosion of a steam boiler, damaging factors can affect industrial buildings and boiler room personnel

Scrutiny of combustion quality and its equivalent NOx emissions from flame images in thermal and gas turbine power plants is of immense significance in the realm of climate change. A remote monitoring scheme using image processing, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) to efficiently minimize the flue gas emissions can be carried out. The principal goal is in detection, recognition and understanding of combustion conditions in power plants ensuring low green house or flue gas emissions which contribute to climate change. In this work, smart sensors using feed forward neural network with Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are used for estimation of various flue emissions. This scheme uses the information from the colour of the flame images in the combustion chamber at power plants, which is the foundation for obtaining high combustion quality and low flue gas emissions. The initial gait is to describe a facet vector for each flame image including 10 feature elements. Image Enhancement is done to obtain distinctive attributes from the captured images. The perception of object (flame feature) recognition and classification of the flame image is conceded out to measure the combustion quality and flue gas emissions from the flame colour. The samples including some flame images, parts of which are used to train and test the model. Finally, the entire samples are recognized and classified. Experiments prove that flame image classification to be an effective monitoring scheme for reducing the flue gas emissions.  

Power systems are inherently water dependent. Future energy development needs to jointly consider the interaction between power and water systems, especially the stream dynamics related to both water temperature and availability. Such connection is particularly pronounced in thermal and hydro power plants, where once-through cooling systems face disruptions from high intake water temperature and water scarcity, and hydropower generation is affected by drought conditions. Equally important is the impact of power system operations on water temperature and availability. For instance, warm water discharged from thermal power plants can increase water temperature, while cool water released from reservoir bottoms can cause temperature declines. Additionally, hydropower operations can alter water availability through changes in reservoir storage. Despite the importance of those factors, existing electricity capacity expansion models typically do not fully consider such feedbacks between stream dynamics and power system operations, as they lack the capability to accurately represent cascade reservoir operations and cooling processes for thermal power plants at sufficiently high spatial-temporal resolutions. To address this research gap, we develop an integrated model coupling a hydrological model (Community Water Model, CWatM), a stream temperature model (River Basin Model, RBM), and a novel electricity capacity expansion model (Pathways for Renewable Energy Planning coupling Short-term Hydropower OperaTion, PREP-SHOT, https://github.com/PREP-NexT/PREP-SHOT) to better represent the two-way feedback between stream dynamics and power system operations. The coupled model, applied in Mainland Southeast Asia featured by a diverse array of hydropower reservoirs and thermal power plants, supports informed, sustainable, and environmentally friendly planning for future energy development in the region.

PurposeRecent developments in the electricity generation sector of Nigeria necessitated the re-assessment of its contribution to air emission level in the country as information provided by previous inventory is nearly out-of-date. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated from existing thermal power plants in the country.Design/methodology/approachThermal power plants in Nigeria and their installed capacities were identified, and estimation of CO2 emission from each of the plants was carried out using the emission factor method. In addition to the direct emissions generated through the combustion operation of the power plants, indirect emissions resulting from upstream activities such as extraction, production, and transportation of fuels consumed by the thermal power plant was determined using the same method.FindingsIn total, 40 thermal power plants are currently operational in Nigeria. Additional 18 thermal plants are at different stages of completion. The operational thermal plants have average generation output of 40 percent of their installed capacity and produce 87.3 million metric tonne (mmt)/annum CO2 emissions. In total, 66.9 percent of the estimated emissions are direct emissions, i.e. fuel combustion emissions; the rest are indirect emissions. Additional 67.9 mmt was estimated as expected overall emissions from the thermal power plants under construction. Considering the global warming potential of CO2, proactive measures must be taken to regulate its emissions from the country’s thermal power plants.Originality/valueThis paper bridged the information gap existing in the emission inventory from the Nigeria electricity sector by providing up-to-date data on the contribution of the sector to greenhouse gas emission level in the country.

Due to the growing world population and its increasing energy demand, the construction of new power plants is inevitable. At the same time, it is necessary to keep the rise of the global average temperature well below 2 °C compared to pre-industrial level in order to significantly reduce the impacts and risks of climate change. Therefore, an environmental friendly energy infrastructure is required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Solar thermal power plants are a promising technology, as they provide the possibility to buffer solar energy in a thermal storage. Thus, it can produce electricity according to the demand and is independent of meteorological fluctuations. A life cycle assessment is necessary to assess the environmental impact of a solar thermal power plant and its individual components. This work analyses the extent of the environmental effects of solar thermal tower power plants in the following selected impact categories according to the CML-method: Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years), Abiotic Depletion potential (ADP elements), Eutrophication potential (EP) and Acidification Potential (AP). The most ecologically relevant components are identified and modelled with different specifications in order to compare the influence of different building types. Furthermore, the life cycle assessment model is applied to different geographical locations in order to enable site-specific considerations. The selected locations are Upington in South Africa, Evora in Portugal and Calama in Chile. The life cycle inventory is generated based on an extensive literature research and forms the foundation for the modelling of solar thermal tower power plants in the LCA software GaBi ts. As a result, the most ecologically relevant components are determined. A comparison of the different locations allows statements on the ecological potential of solar thermal tower power plants at a specific site. The heliostats and the molten salt (MS) as heat transfer fluid and storage medium dominate the impact on the GWP 100 years. The heliostats consist mainly of steel and glass and are needed in large numbers. The molten salt is used in a high amount and consists of a mixture from sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate which both have a high impact on GWP. Moreover, the transport and the construction on site have relevant contributions to GWP. The impact of the transport results from the large mass of all shipped components. The impact of the construction on site has copper cables as the main contributor. The end-of-life scenarios have a significant effect on the total impact. Depending on the recovery of the metals and especially the further use of the molten salt, the environmental impact is decisively influenced.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of Thermal power plant emissions upon two species of plant Alhagi mourorum and Suaeda vermiculata which growth in the region close to Thermal power plant. triplicater samples were collected seasonllys from autumn 2016 up to summer 2017 one time from each season. three station were selected in the study area to execute this study meters. The first station distances 400 meters from the thermal power station, The second station is located 800 meters from the thermal power plant . While, the third station distances 1200 meters from the thermal power plant . Three stations were with prevailing wind direction (north wind) , while control station situated far from the thermal power plant about 12 km. the concentratios of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were estimate in root and shoot systems for both plants, their concentration in root system more higher than their concentrations in shoot system. its concluded from the present study that thermal electric power station emissions affected upon the plants which growth in the surrounding region with thermal power plant.

The monograph "Energy systems and resources: optimisation and rational use" is devoted to topical issues in the field of energy, materials science and sustainable development, including the study of magnetic field effect on silicon microstructure, development of innovative designs of solar concentrators, use of solid domestic waste in the energy balance of Ukraine, as well as the prospects and technologies of co-combustion of coal and biomass at thermal power plants. In 1 Section "Magnetic treatment of semiconductor silicon", within the framework of research on the influence of magnetic field on the microstructure of silicon grown by the Czochralsky method (Cz-Si), doped with elements Al, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zr, Hf, the influence of these impurities on the interaction energy of silicon atoms in the crystal lattice is considered for the first time. It is found that doping with elements reducing the interaction energy leads to an increase in defects during magnetic treatment for 240 hours, while 720 hours of treatment reduces their number. In 2 Section "Support frame of solar concentrator with flat triangular mirrors" of the monograph is devoted to the development of improved designs of solar concentrators used in the field of green energy. The research is aimed at reducing production costs and increasing efficiency by reducing the number of metal elements and introducing automated assembly processes. The developed new design with fewer elements contributes to cheaper production and faster assembly process. The prototypes can find wide application in agriculture, organic waste recycling and energy supply of residential buildings within the concept of "green" buildings. In 3 Section "Technological aspects of producing refuse derived fuel" special attention is paid to the issues of involvement of solid domestic waste in the energy balance of Ukraine by creating alternative solid fuel (RDF - refuse derived fuel). The kinetics of convective drying of RDF of different compositions depending on temperature and speed of the heat carrier is investigated. Drying coefficients, rates of thermal decomposition of organic and mineral substances, as well as calorific value of RDF are determined. The results obtained are the basis for the development of energy-efficient RDF production technologies to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The 4 Section "Choice optimization of the type of energy resource for the region" considers the current state and prospects of the energy complex of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of available energy resources, the methodology of selection and justification of priority fuels for regional energy supply is proposed. Environmental aspects of utilisation of traditional resources such as coal, oil, gas and nuclear fuel are considered, as well as the possibilities of transition to alternative energy sources. The 5 Section "Scientific and technical solutions for implementing biomass combustion at coal-fired TPP in Ukraine" is devoted to the development of technologies for co-combustion of coal and biomass, which is a promising direction for reducing emissions of harmful substances, diversifying fuel sources and improving combustion conditions at thermal power plants. The technologies of biomass combustion and gasification are considered, experimental studies of co-combustion of gas coal and biomass are carried out, thermal calculations of boiler plants using ANSYS FLUENT are performed. Recommendations for implementation of these technologies at Ukrainian TPPs were developed. Thus, the results presented in the monograph are an important contribution to the solution of urgent problems in the field of sustainable energy, material science and environmental safety. The monograph will be useful for engineers, researchers, designers and specialists working in the field of energy, waste processing and development of "green" technologies.

Rational planning of thermal power capacity is one of the main measures to reduce emissions.According to air pollution control plan, different environmental capacity regions provide different constraints to the scale of thermal power plants.With the development of electric market, unified relationship among thermal power plants has been changed to gambling one.To solve the above new problems emerged in the area of thermal power capacity planning, this paper presents a game model for thermal power capacity planning considering the constraint of environmental capacity.In this game-theory-based model, the thermal environmental adaptability factor, that reflecting the adaptability of environmental capacity to thermal power in different regions, is brought into the traditional profit function.Consequently, proper thermal power planning capacity adapting to environmental capacity could be obtained to provide support and basis for government regulation and enterprise decision.The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated by a series test results of different scale power planning examples.

Power generation in Saudi Arabia is mostly from thermal power plants. This paper involves the minimization of the total cost of power generation from thermal plants in the Western Operating Area of Saudi Electricity Company, incorporating the environmental constraints and the transmission line losses. Economic Dispatch is one of the most important function that is performed in a power system control center so as to minimize the oil consumption in thermal power plants and thus decrease the power generation cost. As the power generation process in thermal power plants causes the emission of significant amount of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and oxide of nitrogen (NO x ), it is important to minimize the emission of these gases by appropriate allocation of the total power demand among the various power plants in the system on a continuous basis. Hence this paper focusses on the minimization of the fuel cost of the thermal power plants subjected to these emission constraints. The gradient descent technique based on Lagrange multiplier method is utilized in this environmental economic dispatch of the thermal power plants. Investigations are carried out with the daily hourly load curve corresponding to three days, each one covering three different seasons: summer, winter and Hajj. The investigations reveal that a considerable reduction in the emission of gases can be achieved with the implementation of the environmental economic dispatch function in the area load dispatch center

Approximately 7 million tons of fly ash and slag are produced in thermal power plants in Serbia every year, only 3% of which is used in the cement industry. About 300 million tons of the ash-slag mixture are disposed in landfills, occupying an area of approximately 1600 hectares and generating environmental issues. Fly ash from Serbian power plants has pozzolanic properties and due to low concentration of calcium compounds (less than 10% CaO), they do not have self-cementing properties. According to the ASTM C618-15, this ash is from class F. According to the European Standard EN 197-1:2011, this ash is siliceous (type V) ash. From April 2014 to May 2015, an investigation of engineering properties of fly ash and mixtures of fly ash and slag from landfill (without or with binders of cement/lime) was conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the University of Belgrade (Serbia) and at the Institute for Testing of Materials – IMS Institute in Belgrade. The laboratory test results were showed in the study ‘Utilization of fly ash and slag produced in the TPP JP EPS thermal power plants for construction of railways’. Four kinds of waste materials from Serbian power plants were laboratory tested: (a) an ash-slag mixture from landfills at the ‘Nikola Tesla A’ thermal power plant; (b) fly ash from silos in the ‘Nikola Tesla B’ thermal power plant; (c) an ash-slag mixture from landfills at the ‘Kostolac A’ and ‘Kostolac B’ thermal power plants and ‘Srednje kostolačko ostrvo’ landfill; (d) fly ash from the ‘Kostolac’ thermal power plant. The following physical and mechanical properties of ash and mixtures were investigated: grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, moisture-density relationship, shear strength parameters in terms of effective stresses, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and deformation parameters. The paper presents the results of laboratory tests of the materials with and without binders, and based on the laboratory results and previous research, the paper presents possibilities of using fly ash and slag for the construction of railway substructure in the planned construction and reconstruction of railway network in Serbia. The obtained results indicate that tested fly ash and ash-slag mixture have met the technical requirements and that they have the potential to be used in railway substructure.

Dynamic Thermal Deformation Measurement of Large-Scale, High-Temperature Piping in Thermal Power Plants Utilizing the Sampling Moiré Method and Grating Magnets

<span lang="EN-US">Thermal power plants are the widely conventional generation unit technology used to produce electricity being controllable and dispatchable. The location of thermal power plants depends on the energy availability conditions of the areas and the capacity to fuels access. Their location and geographical distribution define a high level of concentration in areas defined as thermal districts and its location define reliability, security, availability, and flexibility indices to avoid critical scenario or support system from contingencies. However, in many cases the electrical configuration does not correspond to requirements. This paper links the concentration by political distribution in Colombia and the configuration used in the generating substations to guarantee requirements. <span>The Hirschman-Herfindahl index as a market tool is used to evaluate energy concentration facing representative participation in certain departments of Colombia. Results evidenced configurations and concentration in a study case, results and analysis could be used for planner to promote participation, reliability and promote. The paper’s contribution and conclusions are linked to guide planners towards market and technical tool to evaluate installed capacities, avoid market concentration, and reduce risky scenarios.</span></span>

Fast and accurate deformation measuring techniques have promising potential for monitoring of high-temperature piping in the energy sector, such as thermal, stream, or nuclear power plant. In this study, a dynamic thermal deformation measurement technique utilizing the sampling moire method is developed for large-scale high temperature piping in the thermal power plant. To endure the high temperature nearly 300℃ of the piping, several ferrite magnets with 100×100 mm is used to attach to the interwsted locations of the piping. In each ferrite magnet, a regularly two-dimensional binary grating patterrn with 15 mm pitch was sprayed onto the surface, and the magnetic grating was used as the reference grating to analyze the displacement distribution the sampling moire method. Experimental results showed that our measurement technique is possible for structural evaluation of high temperature large-scale infrastructures.

With the view to minimize the energy crisis due to the ever depleting non-renewable energy resources, this research aimed to apply nanotechnology to enhance the efficacy of solar energy power plant – a renewable energy resource. According to literature Concentrated Solar Power Plant system requires heat transfer fluid (HTF) for proficient working. This research reports the synthesis of novel, efficient heat transfer fluid doped with nano sized particle including carbon nanotubes and metal oxide i-e copper oxide. This nano heat transfer fluid (NHTF) has very low melting point in comparison to conventionally prepared molten salt mixture for heat transfer purpose which typically have high melting point characteristically 140°C or higher. Most prominently this NHTF has enhanced thermo-physical properties including high thermal stability and high specific heat capacity. These properties ensures effective increase in thermal energy storage (TES) which is a key factor in solar thermal power plant and make it broad range operating heat transfer fluid.