ОЦЕНКА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ СУБЪЕКТОВ ХОЗЯЙСТВОВАНИЯ АПК СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The topic of state support for the agro-industrial complex is especially relevant in the face of sanctions pressure and destabilization of the domestic economy. The purpose of writing this paper is to identify measures of state support for the agro-industrial complex as part of the implementation of the strategy of import substitution and the development of foreign economic activity of domestic companies. The author analyzes the theoretical foundations of import substitution and foreign economic activity as categories of scientific analysis, reveals the specifics of the concepts under consideration and the current conditions for the implementation of state support for the agro-industrial complex. On the basis of the analysis, the author identified the directions of the state implementation of measures that regulate foreign economic activity. The principles and legal frameworks of administration and control of the foreign economic activity of domestic companies are studied, it is revealed that at the present stage the volume of agricultural products stocks is sufficient to implement the import substitution strategy and ensure the development of foreign economic activity. It is important to note that when considering the dynamics of grain production in the period from 2017 to 2021, the author revealed that Russia in the 2020/21 agricultural year remains the largest exporter of wheat, while experts argue that the upward trend will continue in the medium term. To implement the import substitution strategy and develop the foreign economic activity of domestic companies, it is necessary not only to provide them with support from the state, but also to implement a policy aimed at improving the quality of domestic products — this will not only increase the competitiveness of domestic companies, but also improve their foreign economic activity. In conclusion, the author formulates conclusions regarding the foreign economic activity of domestic companies in the segment of agro-industrial production on the example of the export of fish products.

Very interesting and relevant in today's economic situation is the study of the mutual influence of two essential factors promoting economic development, such as innovation and foreign economic activity, so the study is devoted to developing recommendations for improving the innovative development of the foreign economic activity. The authors investigated the interpretation of the essence of the concept of "foreign economic activity" by different researchers, features of foreign economic activity of enterprises, the main features of the modern system of foreign economic activity and analysed innovations as a factor contributing to foreign economic activity. The study allowed to develop recommendations for improving the innovative development of foreign economic activity of the enterprise, namely the creation of a department of foreign economic activity of the enterprise, which includes a visual representation and structure, as well as a detailed description of the main criteria. The authors proposed a method for determining the quality of planned work of the department of foreign economic activity and an algorithm for selecting areas of innovative development.

The article deals with the current state of the information technology market in Ukraine, the role of human capital and peculiarities of its influence on the country's foreign economic activity. The basic processes and tendencies of Ukrainian IT market functioning, the main prospects of IT sector development were analyzed as well as the main problems of the information technology market and directions of their solution. At present, the internal IT service market in Ukraine meets the following characteristics: minimization of IT service costs; infringement of intellectual property law; satisfactory demand for IT services; shortage supply of qualified IT specialists due to imbalances in the training of technical specialists in higher education institutions; imperfection of IT management in companies leads to the inability to implement the growth strategy. There are two main factors that stimulate the development of the internal IT sector: first, is a human capital situation; second, is a public policy and its priorities in supporting competitive industries. The key success factor of a rapid development of foreign economic activity in Ukraine is to establish balance between the external and internal IT service markets. In order to improve the foreign economic activity of Ukraine, it is necessary for the state and the owners of IT companies to force on the development of the internal IT service market as the low level of the internal market hinders the development of the external IT relationships. The internal sector is not attractive to IT companies usually because of low pay and poor management quality. Therefore, in our work we considered in details the problems related to human capital in the search of any opportunities for the development of foreign economic activity of our country. It was concluded that IT market will remain one of the most prospective sectors of Ukraine that develops its foreign economic activity.

The article is devoted to the formation of strategic directions for the development of foreign economic activity of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises in terms of the European integration, based on the inductive method. As a case study, the domestic vertically integrated agricultural holding Astarta was selected. The company specializes in growing grain and oilseed crops (including organic), sugar production, dairy farming, soybean processing, and bioenergy. It was found the high economic performance of Astarta’s is largely due to its strong integration into the European and international agri-food markets. Approximately half of the company’s foreign currency revenues are generated from the export of agricultural raw materials - grain and oilseeds. One of the key success factors of Astarta in foreign markets is its responsible and consistent compliance with international quality standards for final products. Some of the opportunities and threats for Ukrainian agricultural enterprises in terms of the EU intergration were summarized. Through a SWOT-analysis, the main strengths and weaknesses of Astarta in domestic and foreign markets were identified, along with the systematization of opportunities and threats facing the enterprise under conditions of European integration and martial law. The TOWS-analysis method made it possible to formulate and justify key strategic directions for the development of Astarta’s foreign economic activity. To leverage opportunities through its strengths, the company is advised to focus on scaling up production and entering new markets, particularly in EU member states, with organic food products. To counteract the threats arising from the European integration, several strategic directions were proposed based on the enterprise’s strengths: deepening soybean processing to the stage of soybean protein concentrate production for further export, developing compound feed production and gradually entering export markets using the enterprise’s own raw material base, launching export-oriented bioethanol production, fully aligned with the principles of the EU Green Deal. Moreover, it was established that Astarta’s weaknesses can be mitigated by using available opportunities, such as expanding the production and export of ISCC-certified soybean oil. Finally, reducing exports of raw agricultural materials (grain and oilseeds) and optimizing production chains to enhance flexibility during wartime disruptions was determined to be a justified strategic step to eliminate Astarta’s weaknesses amid external threats. As a result of the study, universal principles were proposed for developing strategic directions for the foreign economic activity of domestic agricultural enterprises in terms of the EU integration – resilience, sustainability, and a focus on deep processing of agricultural raw materials.

The article is aimed at studying the status and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in Ukraine and in the world, and the impact of marketing research on their effi­ciency. The purpose of the study is to analyze the improvement of the efficiency of foreign economic activity of enterprises on the basis of marketing research using economic and statistical methods, to identify problems and prospects for development, and to develop ways for effective foreign eco­nomic activity in conducting marketing research. The article provides data on the volume of the marketing data market worldwide as of 2017-2021, the results of a survey of European companies on the benefits received after investing in sustainable marketing strategies as of July 2022. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set and solved: identifying the characteristic fea­tures of the organization's activities, familiarizing with the principles of accounting and financial reporting, analyzing the marketing and foreign economic activities of organizations. The importance of the development of foreign economic activity and market relations due to increased responsibility and independence of industries and individual entities in the preparation and adoption of management decisions is determined. The relevance of studying the theoretical aspects of improving the efficiency of foreign economic activity of enterprises based on the impact of marketing research on the functioning of these pro­cesses is substantiated. The impact of investing in sustainable marketing strategies on the company's development is characterized. The main obstacles to entering a new market are indicated. The results are summa­rized and ways to improve the functioning of foreign economic activity in Ukraine in the course of marketing research in the company are proposed, through the implementation of certain measures. It is determined that the main areas for further research should be: identifying the most attrac­tive marketing strategies in international markets, how artificial intelligence can become a driving mechanism in the company's marketing, studying pricing strategies and developing financial mar­keting mechanisms in accordance with this data, the impact of e-commerce in international opera­tions and the proper management of these strategies.

The article examines the main stages of the liberalization of foreign economic activity in Uzbekistan, analyzes the features of the formation of a new policy at the present stage of development, characterizing the strengths and weaknesses of each of the stages passed. For this purpose, an overview and generalization of key provisions in the research of leading theoretical schools and directions in the field of foreign economic activity planning, logic and stages of strategic management of this process both at the meso and at the macro level is presented. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the comprehensive study of the theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of foreign economic activity (FEA) in Uzbekistan; theoretical substantiation of the feasibility and identification of specific features of the transition to innovative development of the foreign economic complex in the context of globalization. As a result of the study, the key function of the state in the development of foreign economic activity is revealed, the content side of which is a set of tools that ensure the harmonization of the interaction of methods and regulatory tools, which consists in realizing competitive advantages at the international level, ensuring the country's active participation in the system of world economic relations. In the conclusion, it is concluded that a correctly selected foreign economic policy has created conditions for the growth and development of the economy not only within the framework of the state, but also for the country's entry into world markets.

Introduction. The research is devoted to the genesis, determination of definitions, theoretical aspects of the development of foreign economic activity of institutional units and tendencies of its normative and legal regulation. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the works of leading scientists on foreign economic activity, legislative and regulatory documents that regulate the foreign economic activity of institutional units. The following scientific methods were used in the process of research: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis - during theoretical generalizations, formation of relevant conclusions; bibliographic - research of literary sources to obtain necessary information on the topic of research the method of associations and analogies - for the proposed new ideas and suggestions that arise on the basis of comparison with other more or less similar objects. Results. The article explores theoretical and organizational and practical principles of defining the essence of the concepts of “foreign economic activity” and "foreign economic relations” in the current conditions of economic development. The types of such activities are considered and it is concluded that state regulation of foreign economic activity in Ukraine under conditions of liberalization should facilitate the establishment and development of foreign economic relations of the institutional units of the country with foreign counterparties. Discussion. Prospects for further research see the study of international experience in conducting foreign economic activity and foreign economic relations and the mechanism of state regulation of foreign economic activity of institutional units. Keywords: foreign economic activity, economic activity, foreign economic operation, export, import, foreign entities, world market.

The publication analyzes Ukraine’s cooperation with the European, American and Japanese markets, which plays an important role in the current conditions of development of foreign economic activity. Strategic directions of the State-based aid for the development of enterprises in Ukraine are substantiated, namely their managerial and financial aspects. This proves that the sphere of entrepreneurship, like any other social activity, is influenced by the regulatory policy on the part of the State. The relevance of the topic under consideration is that the integration of a naional economy into the world economy, which is currently a priority direction for Ukraine, should be carried out with the help of effective and sometimes innovative means of international cooperation. It should be noted that the substantiated position of managing the foreign economic activity of enterprises should be considered as a significant factor in improving the efficiency of economic activity both at the level of individual economic organizations and at the level of the country. Management of foreign economic relations of any contemporary country, as well as enterprises, is in a certain sense an integral part of both the world economy and the international economic relations. In view of this, the peculiarities, basic principles and methods of managing the foreign economic activity of Ukrainian enterprises are identified. The factors of internal and external environment, influencing the provision of foreign economic activity of enterprises are studied, their peculiarities are defined. The factors that limit business development opportunities in the Ukrainian and international markets are highlighted. Methods of ensuring foreign economic activity are proposed to use favorable opportunities as to maximizing the efficiency of enterprises, as well as to ensure the activation of processes of foreign economic activity.

At the present stage of market relations, competition plays an extremely important role not only as a major factor in the development of individual enterprises, but also entire countries. The rapid processes of globalization make it possible to expand markets, but not every company can compete with other firms in foreign markets. The article examines the concepts of “competition” and “competitiveness of the enterprise” in foreign markets. Since today in the modern world competition is the driving force of any economy, without it the existence and development of the economy in general is impossible. The success of any business depends on the ability to compete in the market of goods or services. In the period of globalization and integration in the international space, the formation of a rational sequence of planning such activities is becoming increasingly important for enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity. This type of management activity contributes to obtaining additional profits through the use of the benefits of international labor and international integration, as well as identifying prospects and possible options for the development of foreign economic activity of organizations. That is why the technology of foreign economic activity planning is becoming especially relevant today. The article considers the factors influencing the planning of foreign economic activity of the enterprise, investigates the theoretical foundations of planning, suggests ways to improve the planning of foreign economic activity of the enterprise to increase competitiveness. The company’s success in the domestic or global market is its competitiveness, and as a result there is stability in the market. Competitiveness is the ability of an enterprise to conduct a fair competition in the chosen market, using all its resources productively, and as a result to make a profit. If the company occupies a leading position in the competitive market, then its product is in demand from consumers and has some advantages over the products of competitors. Managing the competitiveness of the enterprise is partly a function of general management, the purpose of which is to ensure the viability and sustainable operation of the enterprise in the event of any changes in the external environment. International competitiveness is the achievement by an enterprise of competitive advantages in competition on the international market. The study of competitiveness revealed its factors that influence the planning of imports. Internal factors depend on the nature of the enterprise, while external – on the state of the environment. Thus, successful foreign economic activity is determined by the optimal organizational structure of the department of foreign economic activity, coordination of all departments and specialists who provide export-import operations of the enterprise.

В статье рассмотрены подходы к формированию стратегии развития внешнеэкономической деятельности предприятия. Установлено, что использование стратегии во внешнеэкономической деятельности не только ускорит выход из кризиса за счет увеличения объемов сбыта на внешних рынках, но и позволит усилить конкурентные позиции за пределами государства и повысить имидж Российской Федерации среди мирового экономического сообщества. The article discusses approaches to the formation of a strategy for the development of foreign economic activity of the enterprise. It is established that the use of the strategy in foreign economic activity will not only accelerate the recovery from the crisis by increasing sales volumes in foreign markets, but will also strengthen competitive positions outside the state and enhance the image of the Russian Federation among the world economic community.

The article deals with the issues that arise in the organization of foreign economic activity and the implementation of foreign economic operations of entrepreneurs. These questions arise due to the fact that the vast majority of entrepreneurs, entering into commercial relations with their foreign partners and having no practical experience in concluding and executing foreign trade transactions, make mistakes, and sometimes serious mistakes when concluding and executing export-import contracts with foreign firms. The purpose of this article is to identify the main obstacles and difficulties in the development of foreign economic activity of entrepreneurs, as well as ways and systematization of methods for their elimination.

Studies on personal dust and endotoxin concentrations among animal farmers have been either small or limited to a few sectors in their investigations. The present study aimed to provide comparable information on the levels and variability of exposure to personal dust and endotoxin in different types of animal farmers. 507 personal inhalable dust samples were collected from 327 farmers employed in 54 pig, 26 dairy, 3 poultry, and 3 mink farms in Denmark. Measurements in pig and dairy farmers were full-shift and performed during summer and winter, while poultry and mink farmers were monitored during 4 well-defined production stages. The collected samples were measured for dust gravimetrically and analyzed for endotoxin by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Simple statistics and random-effect analysis were used to describe the levels and the variability in measured dust and endotoxin exposure concentrations. Measured inhalable dust levels had an overall geometric mean of 2.5 mg m(-3) (range <LOD to 47.8) and endotoxin of 988 EU m(-3) (range <LOD to 374,000). The highest dust and endotoxin concentrations were measured among pig and poultry farmers, and were the lowest among dairy and mink farmers, respectively. Exposure among pig and cattle farmers was characterised by a substantial day-to-day variability that increased from the indoor to outdoor working environment. Only mink farmers complied with the Danish occupational exposure limit for total dust (3 mg m(-3)). More than 93% of our measurements exceeded the recently proposed Dutch exposure-limit for endotoxin (90 EU m(-3)). These findings suggest animal farmers to be exposed to high levels of dust and endotoxin consistent with an increased risk of developing respiratory symptoms and diseases. The development of preventive strategies to reduce exposure will require in-depth identification of factors that affect day-to-day variability in exposure.

Anhui Province is located in the eastern China, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and contains three major basins, i.e., the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, and Xin’an River basins. Based on the statistical data of livestock and poultry quantity and farmland area in Anhui Province in 2019, ArcGIS was used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the livestock and poultry excreta (LPE) pollutants in Anhui Province in order to explore the potential pollution risk posed by livestock and poultry farming to the farmland and the water environment in Anhui Province. The equivalent pollution load method was adopted to compare and assess the release of LPE pollutants in various cities and to analyze the causes. Through the calculation of the farmland carrying capacity load and early warning value of LPE and the water load of livestock and poultry pollutant release based on the equivalent pollution index method, a comprehensive assessment of the potential pollution risk posed by livestock and poultry farming on farmland and the water environment in Anhui Province was carried out. In this study, the spatial distribution of the livestock and poultry pollution in Anhui Province was analyzed, the effect of the pollution load of the livestock and poultry on the cultivated land and water environment was evaluated, and suggestions for environmental protection measures are provided. The results of this study revealed that the total pig equivalent of the livestock and poultry farming in Anhui Province was 55,068,400 and the LPE output was 47,778,600 t in 2019. The LPE pollutant output was 1,707,700 t, and the total release was 510,400 t. The release of pollutant chemical oxygen demand (COD) accounted for 71.67% of the total release. The average farmland load of the pig manure equivalent was 8.09 t/hm2 in the province. The average pollutant diffusion concentration of in the water was 31.63 mg/L. The average equivalent pollution index of LPE was 5.23, indicating a mild pollution impact on the water environment. Overall, the spatial distribution of the LPE pollutant output and pig manure equivalent farmland load in Anhui Province increased from south to north. Fuyang and Suzhou cities had a high risk of water environment pollution and should be the key regions for livestock and poultry pollution prevention and control measures. The optimization of the layout of livestock and poultry farming areas, smoothing the cycles of crop and livestock farming, and the vigorous promotion of the resource utilization of the LPE are proposed.

The article highlights the conditions that determine the need to develop a mechanism for managing export-import operations and its importance in ensuring the economic security of enterprises. A number of scientific works have been characterized, in which the aspects of managing export-import operations and the tools for ensuring the economic security of enterprises have been investigated, in particular based on the interests of the development of foreign economic activity. Carrying out export and import operations of enterprises is a complex process of interaction and mutual influence of multidirectional factors, which requires the implementation of mechanisms as a result of which it is possible to achieve coordination of material, financial, labour, information and other resources at a certain time and in a certain space and ensure sufficient security and safety. The complex of tasks that must be solved in the development of export-import activity and the implementation of the management mechanism, which provides for its provision and the economic security of the enterprise in general, is emphasized. The components of the mechanism for managing export-import operations in the system of ensuring the economic security of enterprises are determined. It has been proven that the formation of a mechanism for managing export-import operations requires the implementation of a wide range of measures and compliance with a number of principles, conditions, etc. in order for enterprises to achieve a sufficient level of management efficiency and economic security. There are a significant number of forms and types of management, and therefore mechanisms for their adjustment and improvement, and this allows for the formation of separate mechanisms that will take into account the peculiarities of economic activity, market conditions, the state of the country's economy, and the influence of globalization factors or world economic trends. The elements of the formation of the mechanism for managing export-import operations in the system of ensuring the economic security of enterprises have been determined. It was concluded that the mechanism of managing export-import operations should be considered as a system characteristic of interrelated actions through which it is possible to solve a number of tasks that allow to ensure a sufficient level of competitiveness and economic security of the enterprise.

The agricultural sector, particularly citronella oil production, is pivotal to Indonesia's economic growth and export potential. The marketing efficiency of citronella oil in Rokan Hulu Regency, Riau Province was analysed to optimise the contribution of the sector to the economy. A descriptive method alongside qualitative and quantitative approaches, based on statistically analysed primary and secondary data, were used. Five marketing channel strategies were examined, revealing variations in production costs, income generation, and profitability across different channels. The market structure for citronella oil in Rokan Hulu Regency was characterised as oligopsony on both the seller's and buyer's sides, indicating a concentrated market with limited buyers and sellers. Marketing channel I demonstrated the best performance, with the lowest production cost of IDR 477,479.17 per kg, the highest farmer's share of 95.24%, and the best profit-to-cost ratio of 9.35. This channel also had the smallest margin of IDR 8,000 per kg and generated the highest income of IDR 2,400,000 per harvest. In contrast, marketing channel III incurred the highest costs at IDR 1,105,451.26 per kg. Overall, the marketing of citronella oil in Rokan Hulu Regency was found to be efficient, with selling prices remaining relatively profitable for farmers, especially through shorter marketing channels. The efficiency of marketing channels was assessed based on price, with more efficient pricing indicating a better market structure. The study also analysed the marketing functions performed by various institutions, including exchange, physical, and facility functions, which contribute to the overall efficiency of the marketing system. These findings can be utilised by policymakers, agricultural extension services, and farmers to improve marketing strategies and increase the efficiency of citronella oil production in the region, ultimately contributing to the development of Indonesia's agricultural export sector and enhancing the economic well-being of citronella farmers in Rokan Hulu Regency