ГОСУДАРСТВО И СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ПОСРЕДНИЧЕСТВО (МЕДИАЦИЯ) В ТРАДИЦИОННОМ КИТАЕ

Practices of intergenerational support are regulated by familial normative imperatives. Ancestor worship has been serving as such a normative force that sustains household eldercare in traditional China. Against the background of the concerted population ageing and reviving ancestor worship practices and beliefs in contemporary China, this study investigates whether or not the positive link between ancestor worship and household eldercare persists in the post-Reform Era. Drawing on data from the 2010 China Family Panel Studies, this study finds that, on average, both practices and beliefs of ancestor worship at the household level have a significant and positive correlation with the likelihood of older family members to be financially supported by family members, but no significant association is detected for the reception of household chore assistance. Moreover, familial ancestor worship beliefs show a stronger association with the reception of monetary support among rural older adults than the urban counterpart. These results suggest that the intergenerational relation in contemporary China still relates to the norms of ancestor worship. As such, this study extends the scholarship on eldercare that mostly focuses on resource transaction and exchange by highlighting the normative aspect of caregiving.

Reviewed by: Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s Guanzhong James Wen (bio) Lillian M. Li . Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007. xix, 520 pp. Hardcover $75.00, ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3. There is a compelling reason for Li to choose North China as the focus of her book. Unlike South China both geographically and climatically, North China is much more vulnerable to possible flood and drought. This plain, being vast and fertile enough to support a large population under normal weather conditions, frequently faces the resultant built-up enormous population pressure. The survival of this large population depends, to a great extent, on the balance of often precarious climate changes. When too much rain during the summer triggers flooding of the Yellow River, or too little rain during the growing season results in lasting drought, harvest failure often follows. How to provide a stable and sufficient supply of food to the local population to prevent possible social riots was, and still is, a challenge to the government at all levels, and particularly to the emperors in traditional China and to the top leaders in contemporary China. To a great extent, feeding the people was "the most important sign of imperial legitimacy and claim to the Mandate of Heaven" (p. 342). This is still true in contemporary China. Li's work deserves the serious attention of those who are interested in understanding how emperors, leaders, and civil societies in China, especially in North China, have dealt with natural catastrophes and famines in the last three hundred years. Using historical data and materials, especially grain price data, from the archives of the Qing dynasty and other sources and applying a quantitative method to the case of Hebei (North Zhili) province, the book provides a comprehensive examination on factors that might have contributed to food shortage or famine during the long period from the 1690s to the 1990s. The factors discussed in this book include changes in local climate and environment, population size and growth, land utilization and farming modes, government policies and behavior toward water conservancy, famine relief, markets, and official grain storage methods that were based on fundamentally different ideologies and political institutions during different regimes. However, the book's significance is far beyond the scope of famine research per se. Li does not shy from the recent debate over when and how China, perceived by many seventeenth-century European scholars as a land of prosperity and progress, became a land of famine and poverty. The conventional view is that China first lost its lead in technology as early as the sixteenth century. It then lost its edge in economic development, gradually and mainly as a result of its own internal problems. The debate was triggered by a challenge to this conventional view from the so-called California school. For example, this school dismisses the [End Page 233] view that the famine-caused mortality had risen significantly as early as the beginning of the nineteenth century (pp. 9-10), before the first Opium War when the Western powers started to have opportunities to exert major influence on China's internal affairs for the first time. The California school also claims that the divergence between Europe and China emerged much later than many scholars had thought. This reinterpretation of China's premodern and modern history makes the studies of China more interesting and exciting. The publication of Li's book should be welcomed for its depth and width, its good timing, and its implications for this continuing debate. The book has convincingly established or confirmed at least the following points. First, "famines in particular, and hunger and poverty in general, have been fundamentally important in the history of China—particularly during the last two centuries" (p. 9). Thus, this work rejects the idea that famines were only "random disturbances" (p. 9) during this period. On the contrary, poverty and famines increasingly assaulted China at least since the beginning of the nineteenth century, several decades before China was defeated in the first Opium War and was forced by Western powers to open its...

This study aims to explore the influence of gotong royong culture on social harmony and community economic development in Teluk Pambang Pesisir village. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews and observation. The results show that gotong royong culture has a significant influence in strengthening social relationships among community members, building a sense of togetherness, and increasing trust among community members. Through gotong royong activities, communities can build infrastructure and facilities needed to develop the local economy. However, there are still challenges in developing gotong royong culture. Therefore, efforts are needed to strengthen and maintain gotong royong culture so that it can continue to have a positive impact on social harmony and community economic development in Teluk Pambang Pesisir village

The article is devoted to the current organizational and functional model of state and municipal financial control. The author analyzes the powers of external and internal state and municipal financial control bodies and concludes that they are similar. He also summarizes the results of the analysis of the execution of budgetary powers by state and municipal financial control bodies, which are executive bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation or local administrations, for the period from 2018 to 2023, conducted annually by the Federal Treasury. This allows to identify systemic problems that require improvement of the organizational and functional model of state and municipal financial control. The article contains proposals for the transformation of the existing control model.

The article is devoted to the study of certain issues of the development of the legal consciousness of the Crimean Tatar people as one of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine. It is emphasized that legal consciousness shapes the legally significant behavior of people, that is, their actions and activities in the law sphere, including the degree of trust in the legislation and law institutions operating in society, as well as their will and willingness to comply with legal norms, and if necessary, to fight for their adoption, change or abolition. It is noted that legal consciousness, regardless of the specific variety, is significantly influenced by a significant number of objective and subjective factors. At the same time, certain historical and cultural factors play a decisive role in the legal consciousness of a certain society or people. The latter is due to the fact that law does not exist outside the context of a certain culture, history and traditions of the people in which it functions and is implemented; it is closely interconnected with the collective memory, religion, worldview characteristics of the people, etc. At the same time, the cultural factors of the formation and development of the legal consciousness of the Crimean Tatar people are directly interconnected with the rights of this indigenous people of Ukraine, which are enshrined and guaranteed at the legislative level and include the fundamental, cultural, educational, linguistic and informational rights of the Crimean Tatars, as well as their right to sustainable development. The author substantiates the opinion that the rights of the Crimean Tatars are directly interconnected with the legal consciousness of this people, because the norms of the Law of Ukraine «On the Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine» provide the Crimean Tatars with the opportunity to know and realize their rights, as well as the opportunities that this Law guarantees them for their practical implementation. After all, if the state guarantees the relevant rights to indigenous peoples at the legislative level, they will more actively carry out activities aimed at developing their cultural, including law traditions. As a result of research the following conclusions are made: 1. The legal consciousness of the Crimean Tatar people includes a system of ideas, knowledge, beliefs, feelings and other intellectual and psychological characteristics of the Crimean Tatars, which determine their attitude to law and related phenomena and processes, as well as their own place in Ukrainian society and the national legal system of Ukraine. At the same time, historically, the legal consciousness of the Crimean Tatar people was formed and developed under the influence of certain cultural and historical factors, some of which negatively affected its level, causing corresponding deformations of its condition. 2. There is a fundamental relationship between the legal consciousness of the Crimean Tatars and their rights as one of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine, because the effective implementation of the rights guaranteed to them is a guarantee of increasing the level of their legal consciousness and overcoming its corresponding deformations, caused primarily by well-known tragic historical events. That is why, the Crimean Tatar people in the modern realities of the development of the legal system of Ukraine, on the one hand, must receive more information and knowledge about their rights and mechanisms for their implementation, and on the other hand, effectively implement them in practice. 3. Promising directions for the development of the legal consciousness of Crimean Tatars should be recognized, first of all, the development and implementation of educational, cultural, environmental and other programs for their development in Ukraine, as well as strengthening their representation in state and local government bodies, which will give them the opportunity not only to protect their rights, but also to actively influence the formation of the political and legal environment in Ukraine. Key words: legal consciousness, indigenous peoples of Ukraine, rights of indigenous peoples, cultural factors of legal consciousness, historical factors of legal consciousness.

The article raise the question of the need to strengthen the supremacy of state power in criminal proceedings. The analysis of law enforcement practice is given and attention is drawn to the fact that trust in state bodies and officials conducting criminal proceedings is falling. It is proved that the supremacy of state power in criminal proceedings is within the legal norms of the Constitution, criminal and criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that the arbitrariness of state bodies and officials, going beyond these norms is a violation of the rule of law both at the legislative and law enforcement levels, undermines confidence in state bodies conducting criminal proceedings, in state power as a whole, and, accordingly, weakens the internal sovereignty of the state. It is argued that the basis for strengthening the supremacy of State power in the field of criminal justice is to strengthen social justice, ensure social solidarity, the legality of production and increase public confidence in state power. It is substantiated that a new version of the CPC is needed, which will be aimed at improving the effectiveness of criminal proceedings, including by simplifying it while maintaining the existing procedural guarantees for the protection of the subjective rights and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings.

This article analyzes the fairly recent phenomenon of citizens and organizations requesting disclosure of environmental information in China. Chinese citizens and organizations are invoking the new open government information regulations to push government agencies, particularly environmental protection agencies, to fulfill their legal obligation of information disclosure. By requesting that government agencies disclose environmental information, citizens and organizations have turned themselves into active agents pushing forward the implementation of the new regulations. The findings of this article suggest that a bottom-up legal mobilization in the field of environmental information disclosure, though still with a limited scope, has been happening and endeavoring to make social and political changes in China. Furthermore, this legal mobilization can be seen as an important part of emerging civil society activities in contemporary China.

Most public opinion research in China uses direct questions to measure support for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and government policies. These direct question surveys routinely find that over 90 per cent of Chinese citizens support the government. From this, scholars conclude that the CCP enjoys genuine legitimacy. In this paper, we present results from two survey experiments in contemporary China that make clear that citizens conceal their opposition to the CCP for fear of repression. When respondents are asked directly, we find, like other scholars, approval ratings for the CCP that exceed 90 per cent. When respondents are asked in the form of list experiments, which confer a greater sense of anonymity, CCP support hovers between 50 per cent and 70 per cent. This represents an upper bound, however, since list experiments may not fully mitigate incentives for preference falsification. The list experiments also suggest that fear of government repression discourages some 40 per cent of Chinese citizens from participating in anti-regime protests. Most broadly, this paper suggests that scholars should stop using direct question surveys to measure political opinions in China.

The article is devoted to one of the areas of comprehensive research on information and analytical support of legal work in the bodies of the state tax service. The article provides an analysis of the achievements of scientists whose research was the organization of legal work in state bodies in general, and tax bodies in particular, as well as studies of scientists whose activities are related to the formation of information law. The work also focuses on the project approach effectiveness in terms of providing information to the legal units of the state tax service through the creation of automated information systems and automated lawyer workplaces. In addition to ascertaining the fact, the information system of the state tax service bodies is characterized by multi-source, multisegmentation and an excessive number of documents with varying degrees of access, importance and complexity. The need is substantiated for a quick response by the tax authority to any changes in all economic and legal processes of the state. In particular, it needs for regarding the fast acquiring of information from various sources, its generalization and processing. The proposed article mentions the beginning of the creation, development and use of databases and automated information systems in the tax authority police units as an example of removing obstacles that prevent the effective exchange of information with other law enforcement and state control and management bodies. As a result of the analysis, a number of factors that negatively affect the information support of the tax service's legal work, its cooperation with other law enforcement agencies, were revealed. The work also presents the factors that determined the automation of the legal work of the state tax service bodies, highlighting three levels of concentric presentation of the methodology model with the corresponding conclusions. The result of the study is the identification of factors that influence the improvement of legal regulation of managerial relations.

The article examines regulatory legal acts and other documents and literary sources regarding state control of food safety and quality in Great Britain, Germany, France, the USA and Japan. The health of every nation largely depends on the quality and safety of food products. In any country, at the state level, requirements for product safety and quality are regulated and their compliance is ensured. One of the methods of such provision is state control. The article analyzes the practices of controlling the quality and safety of food products in the USA, Germany, France, Great Britain and Japan. It was revealed that there are both common and special rules in the practice of controlling the quality and safety of food products in the studied countries. In all countries, control over the quality and safety of food products is carried out by state bodies. In all countries, during control, special attention is paid to the reliability of product labeling. Improper labeling entails banning the sale of products, removal from circulation or destruction of particularly dangerous products, and even criminal liability in France and the USA. The main responsibility for dangerous food products in all countries is borne by the manufacturers or suppliers of the products who put them into circulation. In the USA and Japan, information about the presence of allergens in a food product must be included in the labeling. In the USA, in order for the manufacturer's products to be able to be supplied for a government order, the enterprise must implement a quality management system in accordance with the requirements of ISO 9001, and in Japan, in order to obtain a permit for the manufacture of food products, it is necessary to prove that proper sanitary and hygienic control is ensured by implementing HACCP system. In Germany, Great Britain, and Japan, quality and safety control is entrusted to local self-government bodies. In Germany, there is a product safety monitoring program throughout the territory, which makes it possible to monitor the appearance of dangerous products on the market, as well as to check the effectiveness of the established MPC of dangerous substances. The presence of "passports" for ready-made food products is checked only in France, although such a document is mandatory in EU countries. In France and Japan, exceptional importance is attached to the education of schoolchildren on food safety issues.

Amendments to the Russian take effect on 4 July2020. In Chapter 3, Structure, of the of the Russian Federation there is a provision for a set of amendments specifying the status of constitutional law in the Russian Federation regarding domestic and international/interstate relations as well as relating to questions of Russian national/state identity and guarantees of its preservation and protection. On 15 January 2020 in the Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly a number of constitutional amendments were proposed for discussion, including the introduction of certain changes to the of the Russian Federation. These changes will be guaranteed priority in Russia's legal framework. President Vladimir Putin noted that, requirements of international law and treaties as well as decisions of international bodies can be valid on Russian territory only to the point that they do not restrict the rights and freedoms of our people and citizens and do not contradict our Constitution The topicality of considering the relationship between national and international court jurisdictions is predetermined by the fact that Russia has ratified Protocol No. 15. On 1 May 2017 a federal law-ratifying protocol establishing a subsidiary role of the European Court of Human Rights was signed. Such a role, in addition to the national mechanism of the judicial protection of human rights, is necessary to implement judicial protection, primarily in Russian courts including the Supreme Court (which is the highest court for civil, economic, criminal and administrative cases and which also protects human rights and freedoms by considering cassation and supervisory complaints against final and binding court rulings) and the Constitutional Court (which, as the highest court body of constitutional control, considers cases of citizens' complaints about the violation of constitutional rights and freedoms by a law applied by state bodies). At the current level of legal development, there are both a necessity and practical possibility of altering approaches to the implementation of international rules. This paper considers the correlation of national and international law. On the basis of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the so-called request for the applicability of decisions of the European Court of Human Righ ts, legal views are given on the applicability of international rules by Russian courts, including their interpretation by international court institutions. The revised version of Article 101 of the Federal Constitutional Law on the Constitutional Court, which makes it possible to apply to the Constitutional Court contrary to an official ECHR decision, has been in effect since 2014.

The language policy in IOK (Indian occupied Kashmir, i.e. Jammu and Kashmir) has been changed recently and a new “five official languages” policy has been established. This paper untangles the three steps of the language policy change: modifying the Constitution, enacting The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 and passing The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 and reveals the root causes of the change by collecting data from the media and historical documents. Results show that the language policy change in this area has been affected by many factors such as Hindu Chauvinism, the nation-state ideology, local identity, and issues of minorities’ language right. This paper then makes a further analysis of the possible influences of the new policy: exacerbating religious disputes, aggravating separatism, and undermining social justice and complicating the regional situation. The implication can be made from the language policy change in IOK is that language policy should be made based on the language-as-resource orientation and a comprehensive analysis of the specific historical and social conditions of a country or an area so that it can promote social harmony.

The purpose of this study is to explore the potentiality of community-driven development through case study. The case selected in this study is Lenok Village in Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do, which is alienated from public services due to its geographical isolation and is regulated for regional development by environment-related laws. Community-driven development in Lenok Village began from resolving the inconvenience caused by the absence of village common facilities. Along with obtaining public funding projects from government ministries, consensus among members about the identity of the community, as suggested by Merchant (2010), has appeared. Through these efforts, Lenok Village has improved the core elements of social capital and has continuously improved economic, cultural and social services.
 The implications from the case of Lenok Village are suggested as follows. First, the formation and agreement of community identity in community development allows a community to adhere to clear goals and directions, thus leading to consistent and voluntary participation. Second, the composition of village organizations, such as closed network proposed by Coleman(1988), becomes the basis for opinions and participation among various organizations in decision-making and participation, thereby resulting in securing transparency, openness, mutual monitoring and expectations, and easing conflicts in advance. Third, social harmony and solidarity among community members can be strengthened only when not only economic but also social and cultural aspects are secured in community-driven development.

Education is a unique socio-cultural phenomenon specific to humanity, influencing the entire human world. With societal advancement and transformation, the responsibilities of arts and humanities education are increasingly significant. Following the rapid economic development of China, art education has entered a favorable development period after the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Comprehensively Strengthening and Improving Aesthetic Education in Schools in the New Era" on October 15, 2020. As one of the essential cultural educational activities, art education plays a crucial role in guiding the public towards healthy values and aesthetic concepts. This compels us to reflect on the true purpose of art education. This article will focus on the status and objectives of art education in contemporary China from six perspectives: The Essential Role of Art Education, Innovation and Economic Advancement, Technology and Art Education, Cultural Soft Power, International Communication and Cooperation, and Social Stability and Harmony Aesthetic education has a long history in human society and holds a unique tradition in China. Therefore, I hope that through art education, the public can better acquire the ability to appreciate, enjoy, and create beauty, thereby promoting harmonious and sustainable social development.

With the developing of economic globalization and the expansion of China's opening to the outside world, Chinese enterprises are becoming more active in cross-border transactions, and the number of disputes is increasing at the same time. In 2022, China released Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning Jurisdiction over Foreign-related Civil and Commercial Cases and Minutes of the National Symposium on the Foreign-related Commercial and Maritime Trial Work of Courts, making new Provisions over Foreign-related civil and commercial jurisdiction. Building on a case analysis and a systematic overview of the two newly issued documents, this article focuses on issues existing in the jurisdiction concerned with civil and commercial foreign-related cases. By referring to foreign legislative experiences and practices in the jurisdiction concerned with civil and commercial foreign-related cases, the author proposes suggestions to improve China's jurisdiction procedures for civil and commercial foreign-related cases, rooted in China's national conditions and realistic needs, for the purpose of strengthening China's existing judicial practice of the application of foreign-related civil laws, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens and enterprises in participating in economic globalization, and achieving the coordinated development for both domestic and foreign rule of law.