Метод прогнозирования даты родов у собак брахицефалических пород

Pectus excavatum, thoracic spine deformities, tracheal hypoplasia and lateral heart displacement are frequently described in brachycephalic dog breeds. Pectus carinatum is described sporadically, although the authors' observations demonstrate that it may occur in certain brachycephalic dog breeds. It was hypothesised that dogs of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds carry a greater risk of these anomalies than normal-tailed brachycephalic breeds, and that there could a relation between the presence of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum and thoracic spine deformities, tracheal hypoplasia and lateral heart displacement. During retrospective studies, these anomalies were identified in lateral and dorso-ventral radiographs of the thorax in brachycephalic dog breeds. A statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of pectus excavatum occurrence in screw-tailed and normal-tailed brachycephalic dog breeds is similar. The greatest risk of pectus excavatum occurrence is carried by two breeds: Maltese (60%) and English Bulldog (58%), while for pectus carinatum: Pug (41%) and French Bulldog (18%). Dogs of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds carry a greater risk of kyphosis (p < 0.0001), tracheal hypoplasia occurrence (p < 0.0001), compared to "normal-tailed" breeds. The hypothesis concerning a relation between the presence of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum and the other anomalies studied was not confirmed (p > 0.05). It was demonstrated that in dogs of brachycephalic breeds there was a greater risk of co-incidence between kyphosis of the thoracic spine and lateral heart displacement (p = 0.038), as well as kyphosis of the thoracic spine and tracheal hypoplasia (p = 0.003).

BackgroundLimited current information exists regarding discospondylitis within breeds commonly affected by congenital vertebral body malformations.Hypothesis/ObjectivesReport the prevalence of discospondylitis in English and French bulldogs and investigate for possible associations of discospondylitis with congenital vertebral body malformations.Animals108 client‐owned dogs.MethodsRetrospective multi‐institutional study between June 2010 and 2020. Cases with a diagnosis of discospondylitis on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and complete medical records included. Signalment, discospondylitis location, presence of congenital vertebral body malformations, and the site of maximal kyphosis were recorded.ResultsThe prevalence of discospondylitis was 3.4 (1.6‐6.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]) times higher in French bulldogs (P < .001) and 4.3 (1.7‐9.8, 95% CI) times higher in English bulldogs (<.001), compared with the overall hospital cohort. One or more vertebral malformations were present in 12 French bulldogs (92.3%), 6 English bulldogs (75.0%), and 1 “other” breed dog (1.1%). Discospondylitis was diagnosed adjacent to congenital vertebral body malformations in 12 (80%) intervertebral discs in French bulldogs and 5 (50%) intervertebral discs in English bulldogs. The median age at presentation was significantly younger in French bulldogs (1.1 years; range, 0.5‐9.2 years) and English bulldogs (1.0 years; range, 0.4‐7.0 years), compared with “other” breed dogs (7.3 years; range, 0.3‐14.0 years; both P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCongenital vertebral body malformations were frequently associated with discospondylitis in French and English bulldogs, with clinical signs commonly encountered at a significantly younger age.

How and why dog owners select a specific breed may impact upon the health of the dog they acquire, and upon the wider health of the breed they select. Brachycephalic breeds are rapidly increasing in popularity despite increasing evidence linking brachycephalism with chronic and severe health conditions. This study used a questionnaire to explore pre-, during and post-purchase behaviours and attitudes of dog-owners who own popular brachycephalic dog breeds (n = 3 breeds) compared to popular non-brachycephalic dog breeds (n = 7 breeds). The survey received 1,427 valid responses. Brachycephalic breed owners were younger, more likely to live with children, and to be buying their chosen breed for the first time. The factor that most highly influenced brachycephalic owners’ decisions to buy their breed was appearance, followed by breed size suited to lifestyle, good dog breed for children and good companion breed. Perceived health of the breed was less influential in decision-making for brachycephalic owners compared to non-brachycephalic owners. The way in which owners acquired their dog differed by breed type, with brachycephalic owners more likely to use puppyselling websites to find their dog, less likely to see either parent of their puppy, and less likely to ask to see any health records. Despite many brachycephalic breed health issues being directly related to conformation, appearance remains the most significant determinant in why people desire these breeds. More targeted educational interventions are needed to change buyer attitudes and, if ineffective, other more direct mechanisms (eg legislation) may be required to protect canine welfare.

The anatomical structures forming the eyeball differ among dog breeds, both morphologically and morphometrically. This study was aimed at determining the morphometric values of the eyeball layers of different dog breeds and the morphological structures of these layers using scanning electron microscopy. Thirty-two eyeballs of 17 dogs belonging to 9 different breeds that died from traffic accidents, falling from a height, and naturally were used. These dog breeds were grouped according to their brachycephalic and mesocephalic skull structures, and morphometric measurements of the eyeballs of each group were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphological structure of the eyeball layers. The studied dogs' eyeballs comprised three layers: outer, middle, and inner. Thickness measurements obtained from three different regions of the eyeball indicated that the equatorial region was the thinnest among all dog breeds. Moreover, the cornea, which is covered by the sclera along its edges, was thicker at the corneal limbus than at the corneal vertex. A positive correlation was observed between lens thickness and the number of ciliary processes, which varied according to the dogs' head structures. Notably, depression was observed in the posterior surface of the lens in brachycephalic dogs. The morphometric values of the eyeball layers in the brachycephalic and mesocephalic dog breeds were also determined. These values will help researchers study this subject, and the determined morphometric and morphological values will contribute to the anatomy literature. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This comprehensive study investigates the morphometric and morphological variations in the eyeball layers of different dog breeds, utilizing scanning electron microscopy to analyze eyeballs. It reveals significant breed-specific differences, particularly between brachycephalic and mesocephalic dogs, regarding eyeball layer thickness, corneal structure, lens thickness, and the number of ciliary processes.

Assisted breeding techniques, such as artificial insemination and caesarean section, are becoming more common in dogs. This increased demand has been associated with the increased popularity of some brachycephalic dog breeds. Reliance on assisted breeding raises welfare and ethical issues for some brachycephalic breeds. Some brachycephalic dog breeds are predisposed to increased true or perceived dystocia risk, with caesarean section rates reported in excess of 80% for some breeds. Elective pre-parturient caesarean section is now common in many brachycephalic dog breeds. Optimal timing of this intervention is critical for neonatal survival. Brachycephalic neonates should be assessed soon after birth; canine Apgar scoring is discussed as a useful framework. Brachycephalic cat types have higher dystocia levels than mesocephalic cats. Some cat brachycephalic breeds of cat have high reported stillbirth rates. This chapter discusses reproduction principles with special relevance for brachycephalic companion animals, including fertility, gestation, birth and postnatal care. Managing breeding in brachycephalic companion animals can be both clinically and professionally challenging for veterinary teams, and also high stakes for owners of much-loved pets or valuable genetic lines.

Echocardiography is the most widely accepted diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac function and morphology in dogs and is usually performed in lateral recumbency. However, in some situations or in stressed patients, it is necessary to perform it in a standing position. Only one study evaluated the effects of animal position on selected two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic variables in four healthy dogs of different breeds, but not in brachycephalic breeds. In these breeds echocardiographic evaluation is sometimes needed in standing position due to the severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and the impossibility of managing them in lateral recumbency without causing stress and choking danger. The objectives of this prospective, observational study were to (a) evaluate the effects of lateral recumbency versus standing positions on echocardiographic M-mode, two-dimensional, Doppler flow measurements, and Tissue Doppler imaging in healthy French bulldogs (FBs); (b) assess the intra- and interoperator variability of the standing echocardiographic examination; and (c) compare the obtained results with the available data from the literature. Forty healthy FBs (20 females/20 males) were sampled. The median age and weight were 2.45 years (IQR25-75 , 1.18-4.16) and 12.7kg (IQR25-75 , 10.88-13.46). There were no differences between lateral recumbency and standing position measurements (P>0.05). Intraoperator coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.5% to 10.1%, whereas interoperator CVs ranged from 1% to 14.2%. Only E wave peak velocity, aortic, and pulmonary flows were consistent with the previously published reference ranges in lateral recumbency. In conclusion, echocardiography in a standing position could be a useful tool in FBs.

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) varies in prevalence and lesion distribution across breeds. In contrast to Western countries, many Asian countries favour small-to-medium dog breeds. However, previous studies have focused primarily on medium-to-large dog breeds. To analyse the prevalence and lesion distribution of cAD in common breeds in Korea, focusing on breed-specific characteristics. Nine small-to-medium breeds (<25 kg body weight) were selected from 331 client-owned dogs with cAD, representing 77% of the total cAD group. Breeds selected included Maltese, miniature/toy poodle, shih tzu, bichon frise, cocker spaniel, Pomeranian, French bulldog, Yorkshire terrier and Dachshund. The prevalence of these breeds was compared to the registered dog population. Photographs of skin lesions from each dog were reviewed, and the lesion distribution was analysed by breed. Shih tzu, cocker spaniel and French bulldog had a higher prevalence of cAD compared to the registered dog population (p < 0.01). Lesions were most commonly present on the ventral aspects of the body in 51% of shih tzus; lip folds (64%), tail folds (27%) and paws (73%) in French bulldog; and 71% of Dachshunds had dorso-lumbar distribution. Of the small-to-medium breeds in this study, shih tzu, cocker spaniel and French bulldog had a higher prevalence of cAD compared to the registered dog population, while specific body sites were affected in shih tzu, French bulldog and Dachshund.

To describe the nasopharyngeal airway dimensions of two brachycephalic breeds and to localize the area of smallest airway dimensions. Prospective, descriptive, computed tomographic imaging study. Thirty pugs and 30 French bulldogs with brachycephalic upper airway syndrome. The thickness and length of the soft palate, cross-sectional area of the airway passage dorsal to the soft and hard palates, and cross-sectional area of the frontal sinus were measured and normalized to each dog's skull index and body weight before statistical comparison between breeds. Nasopharyngeal turbinates and surrounding airway space, and a possible relationship between the canine tooth angulation and the severity of airway obstruction were assessed. Pugs had significantly smaller cross-sectional areas of the airway dorsal to the soft and hard palates than French bulldogs. In both breeds, the smallest nasopharyngeal cross-sectional areas were located dorsal to the caudal end of the soft palate. The soft palate of pugs was significantly shorter than that of French bulldogs and also significantly thinner when normalized to each dog's skull index. Pugs more commonly exhibited nasopharyngeal turbinates. Pugs had significantly smaller air-filled cavities at the location of the frontal sinus. No correlation between the nasopharyngeal dimensions and canine tooth angulation was observed. Computed tomographic assessment of the upper airway morphology showed the smallest nasopharyngeal cross-sectional areas were located dorsal to the caudal end of the soft palate in both breeds. Pugs had a smaller nasopharyngeal cross-sectional area despite smaller soft palate dimensions than French bulldogs.

Brachycephalic dog breeds, such as Pug, English and French Bulldogs and Boston Terrier belong to a group of breeds characterized by a severe shortening of the muzzle and thus the underlying bones, as well as a more modest shortening and widening of the skull. These breeds are prone to a conformation-related disorder known as brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Among consequences of the upper airway abnormalities is not only hypoxia, but also redued clearance of carbon dioxide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate selected parameters (pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration and base excess) of venous blood gas analysis in brachycephalic dogs with BOAS before and one month after surgical treatment of BOAS. Sixty-two BOAS patients with different severity grades of BOAS were enrolled in the study. Patients were classified as grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 based on the decrease in the radius of the airway at the level of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx after soft palate surgery. Contrary to our expectations, surgical treatment had no effect on selected venous blood gas parameters in any of the grades of BOAS. However, selected venous blood gas parameters deviated from the normal range before and after surgical treatment, indicating respiratory acidosis in our BOAS patients. Based on the results we may conclude that venous blood gas analysis could help in assessing the health status of brachycephalic dogs with BOAS.

To evaluate airway obstruction due to abnormal intranasal anatomy in 3 brachycephalic dog breeds using computed tomography and rhinoscopy. Prospective clinical study. A total of 132 brachycephalic dogs (66 Pugs, 55 French Bulldogs, and 11 English Bulldogs) with severe respiratory distress due to brachycephalic syndrome. Computed tomography and anterior and posterior rhinoscopy were performed to evaluate endonasal obstruction. All dogs had abnormal conchal growth that obstructed the intranasal airways. Rostral aberrant turbinates (RAT) were common in Pugs (90.9%) but less frequent in French (56.4%) and English (36.4%) Bulldogs. Caudal aberrant turbinates (CAT) obstructing the nasopharyngeal meatus were commonly found in all breeds (66.7%). Deviation of the nasal septum was an almost consistent finding in Pugs (98.5%) but was less common in bulldogs. Obstructing turbinates had multiple points of mucosal contact responsible for obstruction of the intranasal airway. Interconchal and intraconchal mucosal contacts were evident in 91.7% of dogs. Selective breeding for short head conformation reduces the size of the nasal cavities to such an extent that intranasal structures grow aberrantly and malformed, leading to obstructed air conducting spaces. Intranasal airway obstruction of brachycephalic dogs may contribute to their exercise and heat intolerance because of impaired pulmonary ventilation and compromised thermoregulatory functions of the canine nose. Failure to address intranasal obstruction might be an explanation for lack of therapeutic success after conventional surgery for brachycephalic syndrome. Future consideration should be given to the diagnosis, management, and treatment of this newly described aspect of airway obstruction.

Vocal cord granulomas are rarely observed in brachycephalic breeds but often reported in humans as contact granulomas. Six French bulldogs were included in this retrospective descriptive study. Endoscopic laryngeal examinations were performed on all dogs under general anaesthesia. Vocal cord lesions were exclusively unilateral, exophytic, approximately 3-mm wide ulcerated mucosal nodules, arising from the vocal cord. Histopathological examination mainly revealed chronic inflammatory changes on the laryngeal epithelium which were consistent with laryngeal granulomas described in humans, except for the location: vocal cord in dogs versus vocal process in humans. In humans, granulomas result from chronic physical or chemical insult to laryngeal mucosa (chronic cough or throat clearing, vocal abuse, gastro-esophageal reflux). In brachycephalic breeds, chronic inspiratory efforts and air turbulences and gastro-esophageal reflux are suspected to result in chronic laryngeal inflammation.

Brachycephalic dog breeds are highly popular, yet their conformation-related disorders represent a major welfare concern. It has been suggested that the current popularity of such breeds can be explained by their cute, infant-like facial appearances. The concept of ‘kindchenschema’ refers to the observation that certain physical features of infant humans and other animals can automatically stimulate positive and nurturant feelings in adult observers. But the proposal that brachycephalic dogs possess heightened ‘kindchenschema’ facial features, even into adulthood, has never been formally investigated. Here, we hypothesised that relative muzzle shortening across a range of breeds would be associated with known ‘kindchenschema’ facial features, including a relatively larger forehead, larger eyes and smaller nose. Relative fronto-facial feature sizes in exemplar photographs of adult dogs from 42 popular breeds were measured and associated with existing data on the relative muzzle length and height-at-withers of the same breeds. Our results show that, in adulthood, shorter-muzzled breeds have relatively larger (taller) foreheads and relatively larger eyes (i.e. area of exposed eyeball relative to overall face area) than longer-muzzled breeds, and that this effect is independent of breed size. In sum, brachycephalic dog breeds do show exaggeration of some, but not all, known fronto-facial ‘kindchenschema’ features, and this may well contribute to their apparently cute appearance and to their current popularity as companion animals. We conclude that the challenge of addressing conformation-related disorders in companion dogs needs to take account of the cute, ‘kindchenschema’ looks that many owners are likely to be attracted to.

Brachycephalic dog breeds such as the English and French Bulldogs, Boston Terriers, Pugs, Shih Tzu and various mixes of these breeds have experienced a marked growth in popularity in recent years. While their proponents extoll the virtues of these dogs as companions and family pets, the craniofacial anatomy of these breeds results in many liabilities for dental and oral health. This chapter discusses some of the more common dental and oral issues associated with brachycephalism, how to recognise these issues, their impact on quality of life and how to manage or mitigate these concerns. By taking a proactive approach from an early age and maintaining an appropriate oral-care life plan, it is possible for these dogs (and cats) to enjoy a mouth free of pain and infection. This will require commitment from both the veterinary care team and the owners.

A one-year-old male entire French Bulldog presented with progressive submandibular and ventral cervical swelling. Initial treatment for a suspected lingual abscess secondary to stick chewing yielded only transient improvement. Despite both conservative therapy and surgical intervention, the dog's condition deteriorated, prompting advanced imaging. Bilateral lingual masses and pulmonary abnormalities were identified. Post-mortem examination confirmed a diagnosis of lingual haemangiosarcoma (LHSA) with multifocal metastasis and severe pulmonary haemorrhage. This is the first reported case of LHSA in a French Bulldog. This case illustrates the potential for atypical presentations of lingual neoplasia, especially in brachycephalic breeds where baseline oropharyngeal compromise may obscure or exacerbate clinical signs. This report emphasises the importance of including neoplasia in the differential diagnosis for persistent or progressive lingual swelling, even in young dogs and breeds predisposed to upper airway obstruction.

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common neurological condition in dogs that can be treated surgically in many cases. Following surgical disc treatment, possible influencing factors, including signalment, localisation and severity of the IVDD and the surgeon's experience, were investigated to determine their impact on the long-term outcome of the treatment. Data from 1113 dogs that had undergone surgical treatment for one or more herniated discs between January 2008 and July 2013 were evaluated. In particular, there was a disposition for the chondrodystrophic (CD) breeds Dachshund, Jack Russell Terrier and French Bulldog to suffer from herniated discs much earlier than non-chondrodystrophic (NCD) breeds, with significant differences in localisation and neurological severity. Unneutered male dogs were disproportionately more frequently affected, whereas the patient weight did not correlate with IVDD occurrence. The postoperative outcome was affected by the neurological severity and localisation of the IVDD, but not by the breed of dog or the surgeon's level of experience. Similarly, there was no correlation between the surgical procedure used and convalescence or recurrence rate. CD breeds were more prone to IVDH and on average earlier than NCD breeds, with French Bulldogs as the youngest patients. Most incidents occurred in the thoracic spine (peak in Th12/13), with the fewest in the cervical spine, with race-specific differences: Beagles were mainly affected in the cervical spine, small NCD breeds, Dachshund and Jack Russell Terriers in the thoracic spine and French Bulldogs and large NCD breeds in the lumbar spine. An increasing neurological type and an IVDH in the thoracic spine had a negative impact on the clinical outcome: Small NCD breeds with type IV IVDH in the thoracic spine had the longest convalescence, whereas French Bulldogs with the same type of IVDH in the lumbar spine were quicker able to walk again.