Развитие регионов России в условиях неопределенности внешней среды

Introduction. The article is devoted to the development of the factor model of Belarus social development as a developing country with a specific social economy model. Belarus has a transitive social economy model. As a result of the study, three generalized factors of social development indicators of Belarus have been highlighted: state of developing of social economy, socialization base and human potential for socialization.Purpose. The purpose of the article is the construction of factor model of social economy indicators development for Belarus.Methods. To assess the key factors affecting the social development of Belarus, their analysis has been carried out by using a system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the social economy model at the global and national levels. In the article it has been used the methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison of data. To achieve the task of factor modeling of Belarus social indicators, the Statistics 7.0 package was used with factor analysis and the main component method. Factor analysis of social indicators of Belarus has allowed distinguishing factors that have a more significant impact on the country’s economy socialization. The method of factor analysis is used to reduce existing indicators by identifying hidden general factors that explain the relationship between the factors of the object - social indicators of the country’s development.Results. The main factors of the social development of Belarus have been identified. It has been established that two local indicators of social development of Belarus do not currently affect the country’s economy socialization, namely, the birth rate (the number of newborns per woman) and the share of the country’s territory with land and marine reserves. The article has been identified that it should be paid more attention to the third generalized indicator of social development indicators of Belarus, since it is the basis for the social economy development.Discussion. The supportive environment for human development, new business and self-employment of the population leads to the formation of effective foundations for raising the standard of living in all developing countries, incl. Belarus. It has been proposed to promote self-realization of the population’s potential for self-sufficiency and improvement of living standards.

The social and economic development of the country largely depends on the level of social and economic development at each level of the budget system, especially at the level of municipalities as basic administrative territorial units. The article is aimed at studying and systematising specific features of strategic development of large urban agglomerations. The research involves methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, and induction. The article analyses academic and normative approaches to the use of terms “strategic planning,” “strategic management,” “strategic development,” formulates the structure of the relationship between concepts, reflects the system of documents, on strategic development at each level of the budget system. As a result of the analysis, the article reveals the problem of identification of the concepts of “strategic management” and “strategic development.” The author specifies the concept of “strategic development” and establishes the structure of the relationship between concepts. The article describes a complex of factors that influence the social and economic development of a large urban agglomeration, substantiated the existence of the relationship between factors of internal and external influence, analyses the main strategic documents, identifies the main directions of strategic management and development. The article identifies the role of the municipal budget in social and economic development, describes trends in economic development, the level of financial independence of large cities, interrelations between economic and strategic development. The article studies characteristics and tendencies of development of large urban agglomerations, identifies strengths and weaknesses, formulates measures aimed at improving the quality of management of social and economic development. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of its application by local governments of large urban agglomerations in the decision of strategic development issues.

Introduction. Modern trends of global economic development point to unresolved problems of financial and trading activity. International organizations’ investigations confirm the existence of significant threats to increase global financial stability. Under these conditions, issues of ensuring the functioning of the world market of precious metals become actual. Purpose. The article aims to identify current trends in the functioning of the gold market and other components of the precious metals world market in the conditions of global financial instability. Methods (methodology). In the course of the study, we have used a systematic approach. The following methods have been applied: method of analysis, method of synthesis, method of generalization, method of graphical analysis, methods of econometric modelling, including correlation analysis. Results. The main threats to global financial instability have been identified. It has been argued the influence of global financial instability on the development of the world market of precious metals. The main tendencies of functioning of the world gold market have been revealed. Its market conditions have been analysed. The features of demand and supply in silver and platinum markets have been determined. The basic types of shadow operations on the market of precious metals and their negative consequences have been found out.

Regional development is very closely related to a region and its competitive advantages which affect the competitiveness of the region. The regional development is influenced by many factors that act differently depending on the region. To ensure the effective and harmonized regional development, the systematic approach is needed. Every region is unique and differs from the other by the level of economic development, living standards of its inhabitants, unemployment rate and by employment possibilities. Regional policy is a strategic investment policy which focuses on all regions and cities in the European Union. The aim is to boost economic growth and to improve the quality of people’s lives. Solidarity is the main feature of the policy, because policy focuses on support for less developed regions. A fundamental aspect of regional development is to reduce disparities between the regions and cities. The paper focuses on the analysis of regional development of Slovakia. The intention is to follow the logical continuity of the article’s parts, the correctness and the adequacy of information and data. First part is focused on the definition of the regional policy and regional development. Important task is to identify the differences between European policies – regional, structural and cohesion policy. This section is prepared by using the analytical methods – the analysis, the casual and historical analysis. This part is based on literature review. The empirical part is based on statistics and secondary analysis which were aimed to analyse the regional development and effectiveness of its planning in the Slovak Republic. The question of this article is whether it is possible to plan the regional development by application of the plan for economic and social development, called the Municipal Development Plan.

In February 2020, the CPC Central Committee defined the epidemic at a meeting which with the theme of "Coordinating the epidemic prevention and control with economic and social development”—“The COVID-19 outbreak is a major public health emergency that has spread in the fastest speed, caused the most extensive infection and is the most difficult to contain in the country since the founding of the People's Republic of China”. From this definition, it can be seen that the impact of this epidemic on China is very huge. Sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 inevitably deal a relatively big blow to China's economic and social development. How to adopt effective measures to promote economic and social recovery and development under the working on an ongoing basis to contain the virus is an urgent issue that needs to be resolved. This article takes the Coastal Economic Zone of Guangdong Province as a research object. Analyzes the impact of the epidemic on it, and the difficulties and problems facing the current economic development. In response to these problems, this article makes several suggestions: continued prevention and control of the epidemic situation, increased government support, optimized industrial structure, and promoted economic growth by the Troika. So as to promote Guangdong's economic recovery and further promote Guangdong's economic and social development.

Insurance, as one of the main methods of distributing various risks that arise in an open market economy, is itself subject to certain risks. Its consistency, financial stability, as well as the sufficiency of financial results for the recovery of activities in the future are critical not only for insurance companies, but also for the regulatory body of financial bases and reinsurance subjects. It is important to ensure financial stability and confidence in financial markets, especially for countries with transition economies that have transformed from a closed economy to an open one. The article includes the analysis of the insurance organizations of Azerbaijan. Based on a systematic approach, analysis, synthesis, graphical and statistical methods, the main indicators of the insurance market and insurance organizations for the last time have been studied. The article examines the peculiarities of the formation and development of insurance relations in Azerbaijan, analyzes the stages of insurance development, assesses the impact of state decisions on the regulation of insurance organizations on their financial condition. The author has examined the dynamics of insurance premiums and insurance payouts in Azerbaijan over the past 11 years, the number of insurance organizations as the main participants in the insurance market, the number of concluded insurance contracts as the main indicator of the formation of insurance culture, and the prospects for the development of the insurance market. The main purpose of conducting financial analysis in the insurance sector is to maintain trust in the financial markets, assess the reliability of the insurer and comply with public interests. The second part of the article examines the peculiarities of this process, methods of analysis, financial indicators used in planning and analysis of the process. In the third part of the article, the main financial indicators of the life insurance companies operating in Azerbaijan for the last three years have been analyzed based on the financial statements, as well as financial indicators intended for use in the research process. Based on the analysis results, the recommendations have been given regarding directions for the development of the insurance market in Azerbaijan, improvement of financial reporting in insurance organizations, improvement of financial inclusion and strengthening of the stability of insurance companies’ activities.

The article proposes a methodology for assessing the public effectiveness of large-scale infrastructure projects. The implementation of large-scale projects affects the gross domestic product, the consumption fund, and making a decision to invest in a particular project is an extraordinary task. Projects of this scale involve a high degree of uncertainty and traditional methods are not acceptable as a tool for evaluating performance. The objects of comparative evaluation are railway projects: the Transpolar Mainline, the Lensk-Kamchatka Mainline and the railway crossing to Sakhalin Island. In the course of the research, the author applies both well-known methods of systems analysis (goal tree, expert assessments, relative importance coefficients, scenario approach) and methods of neo-system analysis (it is proposed to use a hybrid model of verbal and non-verbal assessment models). A tree of public efficiency goals for a large-scale project is constructed. To assess the achievement of the general goal, subgoals were formed: military-strategic, social and economic. The goal tree was considered in three scenarios: optimistic, intermediate, and pessimistic. In the course of the study, a questionnaire was developed and a survey of experts’ opinions was conducted. As a result of processing expert opinions, it was possible to obtain coefficients of relative importance (priorities) of each sub-goal in three different scenarios. At the next stage, the “alternative + scenario” sets were considered, within the framework of the constructed goal tree. This approach of processing the results of the goal tree allows taking into account the “scale” of the project since the analyzed projects have a significant impact on the entire economy, thereby influencing the scenarios themselves, in contrast to the widely used method of hierarchy analysis. As a result of the study, a methodology for evaluating large-scale projects using real experts was tested, which showed the priority of the railway crossing project to Sakhalin Island. When analyzing by the classical methods, the uncertainty of the external environment that affects the implementation of a particular scenario is taken into account, and this is sufficient in the framework of evaluating small-scale projects using the methods of system analysis. But the evaluation of large-scale projects using this method is incomplete, despite the systematic approach, since the implementation of such projects has an impact on the scenario itself, and this fact must be taken into account. It is concluded that it is necessary to use adequate methods of decision-making in relation to large-scale infrastructure projects, the need to use the methodology of non-system analysis, such an approach will allow taking into account the uncertainty of the external environment even more.

The relationship between economic development and human rights is complex and multifaceted. It has been viewed from different perspectives which are contingent not only on empirical evidence, but on the meaning attributed both to the concept of economic development and to that of human rights. In a proclamation adopted by a United Nations international conference held in Teheran in April 1968 it was stipulated, 'The achievement of lasting progress in the implementation of human rights is dependent upon sound and effective national and international policies of economic and social development'.1 Unfortunately this statement, and many other resolutions adopted by the United Nations and various other international bodies, obfuscate the substantive meaning of human rights and the nature of economic and social development.2 Failure to define human rights and economic development inevitably clouds the issue of their relationship since the subject matter that is being investigated lacks specificity. Even if the meaning of human rights and economic development is not explicitly set forth, however, their use by analysts incorporates implicit assumptions as to their content, which in turn determines the selection of data. And it is the particular data used which frequently confirm or deny hypotheses on the relationship between economic development and human rights.

This article analyzes the main problems of the implementation and legal regulation of «digital agriculture». The large-scale application of digital technologies in management, social and business processes determines the relevance of the inclusion of digital transformation factors in the assessment of the socio-economic possibilities of territorial planning. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to include digitalization factors in the assessment of the aggregate potential of territorial socio-economic systems, to develop and test a methodology for integrative assessment of the impact of digital transformation factors on the state and growth of the socioeconomic possibilities of the territorial system. Methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and grouping, generalization and expert assessments, index and correlation methods of economic and statistical analysis are used. The working hypothesis of the undertaken research suggests the possibility of developing and applying a methodological approach to the analysis of the state and dynamics of digitalization processes, reflecting the interdependence of the characteristics of the possibilities of rural territories and the parameters of the digital transformation of the rural sphere of life. The concepts of digitalization and digital potential are defined, an annotated list of the main methodological approaches to assessing the potential of the territorial system is given, an author's version of the methodology for analyzing and evaluating the potential of digitalization of rural territories is proposed and tested, a model of a unified digital platform for the purposes of state tactical planning of sustainable development of rural territories is substantiated, a set of directions of digital transformation of subjects of the sphere of life of the region is structured, a multilevel set of indicators has been formed for a comparable assessment of the state and dynamics of the development of digital transformation, useful for developing options for prioritization when justifying tactical decisions in the field of digitalization. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt has been made to develop a methodological approach to assessing the potential of the territorial system, taking into account the factors of digital transformation of processes in the field of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of public products. The role of modern land management in the implementation of the tasks of effective land management is shown. The possibilities of modern departmental information systems in solving the issues of geoinformation support of the agro-industrial compound are considered. New approaches and digital technologies of land management are proposed, providing a significant up to 30% increase in land use efficiency. The necessity of preparing new personnel for the industry in the conditions of digitalization was noted.

The oil industry is one of the industries that contribute strongly to the economic and social development of any oil country at the present time. Oil has also become a strategic commodity with geopolitical and strategic dimensions. However, this industry is also known as a source of emissions and pollutants, and it also constitutes political instability if it is not managed in the right way. optimum. This article aims to compare the legal frameworks, policies, and legislation in the oil sector in both Sudan and Azerbaijan, whichever has the ability to contribute to the development of the oil industry in a sustainable manner that meets the requirements of economic and social development.
 The article used descriptive and analytical research methods that were relied upon to obtain the necessary information and data and analyze them through secondary sources, such as reports and related studies. It found that there are some discrepancies in the legislation and legal frameworks related to the oil development industry in both Sudan and Azerbaijan. The article also found Azerbaijan has more experience in applying laws and legislations to develop the oil industry, which was clearly reflected in the development of the oil industry and its contribution to sustainable economic and social development, while the article found that there is a clear weakness in the laws and legislations related to the development of the oil industry in Sudan, which negatively affected the development of the oil industry And led to a diminished contribution to economic and social development.
 The article recommended the need to benefit from the Azerbaijani experience in the field of legislation and legal frameworks in order to promote the development of the oil industry in Sudan to achieve maximum benefit from this sector in economic and social development and the sustainability of political stability.

Active development of the region's economy is impossible without attracting investment. Investment activity is the most important determinant of effective social and economic development of the regional economy. It is important for potential investors to correctly assess the investment attractiveness of the region and determine the level of investment risk. The article examines the main factors of investment attractiveness of the regions of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the main methods of assessing the investment attractiveness of regions used in Russian practice is carried out. The article draws attention to the tendency of refusal from simple calculation of financial indicators towards in-depth economic analysis when assessing the investment attractiveness of regions. The conclusion is drawn about the relationship between the level of investment attractiveness and the presence of a strong regional management team capable of creating a favorable investment climate. On the example of the Kaluga region, which implements the cluster approach in the development strategy, an analysis of investment attractiveness is carried out using the rating methods of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives and the Rating Agency “Expert”. The role of the automotive, pharmaceutical and transport and logistics clusters in attracting direct investment to the region in 2017-2019 has been determined. The volume of investments in the regional economy and the change in the gross regional product of the Kaluga region for the analyzed period are analyzed. The study used a comparative method, analytical, method of economic and statistical analysis (use of statistical data). The main result of the study was to identify the reasons for the dynamics of factors of investment attractiveness. Recommendations are given for the optimal methodology for assessing investment attractiveness, in particular, on the need to provide open access to the rating results, to be adaptive, to realistically assess the regional gap and to take into account the investment and innovation activity.

The power industry is the basic industry of the national economy, which can promote the economic development and enhance the living standard. Meanwhile, as the key energy consumption and energy-saving field, the power industry plays an important role in supporting the national economic and social sustainable development. In recent years, the power industry experienced rapid development in China. The report introduces the active efforts and contributions made by the Chinese power industry to the national economic and social sustainable development from multiple aspects and angles with data and examples: 1) With the optimization of power generation and grid structure, promotion of advanced energy-saving technology and enhancement of management level, the technical indicators such as net coal consumption rate, auxiliary power ratio, line loss rate, etc. have been continuously improved. For example, net coal consumption rate of supply reduces from 370tce/kWh in 2005 to 330tce/kWh in 2010, while line loss rate reduces from 7.21% to 6.53%, with a decrease of about 10% during a Five-year Period. The accumulatively 300 million tce of energy conservation has realized outstanding performance; 2) The cleanly energy generators have realized great development with increasing proportion from 23.3% in 2005 to 26.2% in 2010, in which the renewable energy generators gave the main contribution. There has been accumulatively 300 million tce of fossil energy conservation during the period; 3) Desulfurization equipment has developed with very high coverage rate. Fuel gas desulfurization unit was little in 2005, and accounts for 89% of the total coal installed capacity in 2010. The effect of emission reduction is obviously that the emission of sulfur dioxide per unit of thermal power output has decreased by over 60% compared with that in 2005; 4) The national cross-regional grid has come into being, the cross-regional electric energy transmission has been greatly increased and the power grid has played a more and more important role in the resource optimization and allocation, which satisfies the demand of the imbalance between the resource location and power demand focus; 5) The Energy Service Companies (ESCo) subject to power enterprises have been gradually established, that promotes the energy-saving and power Demand-side Management (DSM), brings notable effects from energy management and load management. With the higher influence of the developing concepts such as the low carbon and environmental-friendly in the social development, Chinese economy would realize the sustainable and great-leap-forward new industrialization in future. The power industry will make active contributions through the following measures: To keep on strengthening the power structure adjustment and increasing the proportion of the renewable energy in the power generation; To focus on the upgrade of energy-saving power generation technology, and the development of large-capacity, high-efficiency and high-parameter generators; To emphasize the upgrade of the power grid energy-saving technology and the development of the Ultra High-voltage (UHV) transmission technology, expand the trans-regional network establishment, and strengthen the power generation dispatching and the transaction of generation right; To carry out the renovation of the environmental protection technology, increase the coverage rate of the desulfurization equipment and denitration equipment, and research and apply the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology; To enhance the management level of energy conservation and emission reduction, and promote the power DSM. In 2020, the proportion of the installation capacity of the renewable-energy-source generators will increase very quickly, the proportion of the single capacity of 600 MW and above in the thermal power generation unit will be over 50%, the coverage rate of the desulfurization equipment will be over 95%, and the coverage rate of the denitration equipment will be about 80%. Calculated according to the Integrated Resource Strategy Planning (IRSP) model, the potential capacity of Efficiency Power Plant (EPP) would be 200 GW, accounting for about 10% of the conventional installed capacity. In the following decade, some indicators of power industry will be the international advanced level, which will promote the national economic and social sustainable development in the aspect of the technology and management, etc.

The formation and development of the digital economy, in many key aspects, depends on the quality and efficiency of the functioning of the institutions of the corresponding institutional environment, especially in the field of scientific and technological development. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive study of the fundamental principles of the formation and development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy in order to highlight the main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy. The objectives of the study are: a more detailed analysis of the formation and formation of the digital economy; assessment of digital economy development indicators; identifying and updating the main functions of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy; identifying the main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy. During the research process, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, grouping), comparative and statistical analyses, logical generalization, methods of economic analysis. Scientific novelty of the research - the authors conducted a study of the influence of the fundamental principles of the formation and development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy, identified the main functions of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy; The main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy are proposed. The authors analyzed in more detail the formation and formation of the digital economy. A certain relationship between the digital economy and scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation has been identified. An assessment of indicators for the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation was also carried out. The authors identified and supplemented the main functions of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy. The authors concluded that the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation is closely interconnected with the indicators of scientific and technological development of our country. For the successful functioning of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation in the digital economy, it is necessary to apply the following approaches: platform, project and institutional.

The article is devoted to the issues of creating a conceptual model of a subsystem of assistance to participants in the transport process, based on the structural model of the organization of the transport system of the region, the relevance of which is determined by the new conditions of economic transformation. The main purpose of the study is to scientifically substantiate the prospect of the algorithm of the information portal, containing data on public services provided to manage the transport process and ensure the operation of the transport complex, functional potential, the procedure for interaction of territorial departments of various levels of government and their communication at the regional level. The study is based on a general scientific methodology, which provides for the use of a systematic approach and general scientific methods of cognition, primarily dialectical, deduction, decomposition, methods of economic analysis and synthesis to achieve this goal, and the methodological research toolkit includes mathematical methods for processing statistical data. As a method of analysis, a modeling method was used, which makes it possible to assess the expected effect and predetermines the need to improve the management of transport processes. According to the proposed model, the developed subsystem will allow "online" to provide users with information on various issues of interest: transport services for the population by public urban land passenger transport, algorithms for issuing special permits and certificates of admission to cargo transportation (large-sized and dangerous goods), licensing of passenger transportation , issuance and replacement of driver's licenses, issues of registration of vehicles and changes in registration data, traffic restrictions, reports of road accidents, changes in the organization of traffic, considered projects of the regional public initiative, promising measures for the development of the transport complex of the region. On the basis of this model, an algorithm for the execution of a complex of public services was developed, developed using a Web-interface, which provides data indexing and the application of the presented model on various platforms and resources. The practical application of the study lies in the possibility of using the developed conceptual model in the field of information technology, computer technology, modern types of communication, technical means of collecting, processing information and providing it to the end user are not widely used in the information support of road users, consumers of transport services, as well as specialists who manage transport infrastructure facilities.

This article addresses the concept of social capital: in particular, where social capital stands today, how it interacts with other factors in international development, and how it will contribute to economic growth and poverty alleviation in the future.