Образовательный потенциал лингвистических исследовательских задач для младших школьников

In this paper we propose a scheme for annotating opposition relations among verb frames in lexical resources. The scheme is tested on the T-PAS resource, an inventory of typed predicate argument structures for Italian, conceived for both linguistic research and computational tasks. After discussing opposition relations from a linguistic point of view and listing the tags we decided to use, we report the results of the experiment we performed to test the annotation scheme, in terms of interannotation agreement and linguistic analysis of annotated data.

A nyelvitájkép-kutatás a 90-es évektől kezdődően egyre nagyobb érdeklődést váltott ki a szociolingvisztikában. A nyelvi tájkép definíciója a Landry–Bourhis szerzőpárostól származik, ők használták ugyanis a kifejezést először a köztéren megjelenő feliratokra (kereskedelmi táblák, feliratok, helységnévtáblák, utcatáblák stb.). A tanulmány a nyelvitájkép-kutatás elméleti és módszertani alapjait tekinti át, a hangsúlyt a legutóbbi kutatásokra, a legmeghatározóbb megközelítésekre és kulcsfontosságú kérdésekre helyezve. Legfőképpen azért, mert az elmúlt két évtizedben a nyelvitájkép-kutatás felgyorsult, témájában kiszélesedett. A századforduló óta számos kutatási projekt és tanulmány foglalkozott az alkalmazott nyelvészet, a szociolingvisztika vagy a nyelvpolitika perspektívájából a témával, és mutatott egyre nagyobb érdeklődést – különösen két- és többnyelvű környezetben és szituációban – a különböző tereken található jelek és feliratok iránt. A kutatások interdiszciplináris megközelítést, különböző társtudományok bevonását igénylik (oktatás, közgazdaságtan, demográfia, geográfia, szemiotika stb.).

Information searching in practice seldom is an end in itself. In work, work task (WT) performance forms the context, which information searching should serve. Therefore, information retrieval (IR) systems development/evaluation should take the WT context into account. The present paper analyzes how WT features: task complexity and task types, affect information searching in authentic work: the types of information needs, search processes, and search media. We collected data on 22 information professionals in authentic work situations in three organization types: city administration, universities, and companies. The data comprise 286 WTs and 420 search tasks (STs). The data include transaction logs, video recordings, daily questionnaires, interviews. and observation. The data were analyzed quantitatively. Even if the participants used a range of search media, most STs were simple throughout the data, and up to 42% of WTs did not include searching. WT's effects on STs are not straightforward: different WT types react differently to WT complexity. Due to the simplicity of authentic searching, the WT/ST types in interactive IR experiments should be reconsidered.

Cognitive item generation, rooted from the theory-based measurement paradigm, requires formulating an elaborated theory of the measured construct, upon which task features that are linked to cognitive variables underlying such theory can be systematically analyzed and manipulated. Cast from the perspective of problem solving as an agent – situation interactive process, both cognitive processes of algebra story problem solving and task affordance of such problems are systematically analyzed in this article. Specifically, an algebra story problem is considered as a particular quantitative structure embedded in a verbally-stated realistic situation. Three different types of representations, i.e., a textbase, a situational model and a quantitative model, need to be formed during the four phases of algebra story problem solving including translation, integration, planning and execution, which are further mediated by the schematic knowledge possessed by the problem-solver. Correspondingly, Task features that are associated with syntactic/semantic relations, quantitative elements as well as their structures, and problem situations are analyzed and synthesized based on a broad range of relevant literature. It is evident from the current analysis that subsequent research should focus on empirical studies to link the set of cognitive variables and task features for such problems, as well as to evaluate the generalizability of such linkages across the targeted domain in order for item generation of algebra story problem to lay on a solidly scientific foundation.

In the article the relevance of the development of the student's research competence in the context of the requirements of current federal state educational and professional standards is proved. The purpose of the article is to prove the possibility of developing research competence by solving research problems. Methods of systematic, competent and person-oriented approaches applicable to development of trainees’ research competence are used for analysis. The concept of research competence is considered, the list of research skills as its constituent elements is defined, the levels of skills formation are described. The article considers various approaches to the definition of the concept «research task» provides an overview of the main scientific ideas about this type of task. Essential distinctive characteristics of research tasks are presented. Species and level classifications of research tasks are considered. Being based on the analysis, the following distinctive features of research problems are highlighted: the problematic nature, the development of the researcher's resources, the subjective and objective difficulty of solving the problem, the presence of normative and real complexity of the problem, the need for a deep study of the solution of the problem, the novelty of the solution, the variability of the solution, the insignificant dependence of the development of research skills on the number of solved problems. The article describes the stages and algorithms for solving research problems. The pedagogical practice of learning the skill of solving research problems at a university has been generalized. The author focuses on the possibility of using research tasks to develop research competence in all forms of educational activity in higher school (theoretical and practical training, performing qualification work at different stages of training). It was concluded about the role of research tasks in the development of students’ research competence and the assumption that the use of multi-level research tasks will create conditions for the effective development of research competence.

This chapter presents the results of a fine-grained grammatical analysis of live commentaries of football (soccer) games, and so adds to a growing body of literature concerned with the linguistics of sport and, therein, particularly with football. More specifically, two subtly different types of football commentary are compared via a linguistic analysis: U.K.-produced live radio and television commentaries. The linguistic inquiry here explores how the experiences reported in these commentaries are encoded grammatically in the language used. As such, a detailed and large-scale analysis of the commentary data is conducted using Systemic Functional Linguistics, specifically a Transitivity analysis. In Systemic Functional theory where language is seen as inherently related to social context and culture, such an analysis can tell us a lot about the data contextually. The paper starts by introducing the Transitivity system within Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics. This is followed by an introduction to the data analysed, explaining the contextual attributes and offering some preliminary linguistic characteristics of the component parts of the dataset. The body of the chapter presents the results of the analysis of Transitivity undertaken on the commentary data, divided into three parts to reflect three pertinent trends consequent from the data analysis.

Currently, linguistics (LING) courses are underrepresented in general education at most US universities. As general education requirements undergo reform in higher education, the field of linguistics has an opportunity to assume a more central role. We argue that linguistics courses aligned with the key competencies of critical thinking, information literacy, and inquiry and analysis are well positioned to augment general education curricula, particularly at institutions that utilize common student learning objectives. An innovative The Language of Now core course and its signature assignment, a learner-centered research project on the use of the text-messaging discourse marker lol , illustrate how the methods used in linguistic inquiry are amenable to a range of standards that support general education goals.

The article discusses aspects of organizing extracurricular activities in informatics in secondary school using the STEAM approach. This approach is implemented through various forms of education and promising areas of digital technologies. One of the forms of education is the STEAM project — a system of interconnected blocks built on the basis of the principle of interdisciplinarity and aimed at solving the identifed problem. The article provides an example of the implemented interdisciplinary project aimed at developing in schoolchildren the ability to work with information, the ability to solve creative problems, and the formation and development of students' information culture. STEAM project "The secret of the Aeolian Harp. In the footsteps of the Bernardazzi brothers" is dedicated to the Year of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Russia, which was announced in Russia in 2022. During the STEAM project, schoolchildren solve problematic tasks and problematic situations with interdisciplinary content, practice-oriented tasks, and research tasks.

In this article, the authors present the experience of developing environmental knowledge of junior schoolchil-dren using the example of the educational-methodological set “Baikal Chest”. The formation of environmental knowledge is relevant because we live on the coast of one of the unique natural sites of our country – Lake Baikal, which is the deepest and oldest body of water on planet Earth. Pedagogical conditions that increase the efficiency of this process are identified and justified. According to the authors, the most significant and effective pedagogical condition ns for the formation of environmental knowledge in primary schoolchildren are the use of interactive technologies, such as creative tasks, project activities, ICT-technologies, and problem situations. The article presents examples of tasks from the “Baikal Chest” educational complex, which, from the authors’ point of view, most effectively demonstrate the implementation of the ethno-regional component in the educa-tional process of elementary school, as well as form ecological knowledge of younger schoolchildren.

Motivational self-regulation is an important skill supporting task engagement, achievement, and wellbeing during learning and other potentially strenuous tasks. It refers to active thoughts and behaviors used to initiate or maintain one's task engagement by manipulating underlying motivational processes (Wolters, 2003). This involves knowledge about one's own motivation and task characteristics, motivational control strategies, as well as monitoring of motivational processes. Most research on motivation regulation has focused on adolescents and adults; but little is known about motivation regulation in pre- and primary school children and its development. The present integrative review therefore analyzes theoretical accounts of motivation regulation to identify components of the process which may develop during childhood. To draw tentative hypotheses on how the complex process develops during childhood, it reviews research on the development in related areas of self-regulation, for example, self-regulated learning and emotion regulation. Drawing on this, it poses questions for future research on assessment methods, the development of metamotivational knowledge, monitoring, and control, as well as factors influencing their development.

Religion and language can be structurally compared, so that insights into the latter brought about by modern and contemporary language sciences may cast new light also on the former. Language is defined as a mechanism that presentifies an absent articulation of thoughts through a present articulation of expressive devices, such definition exceeding the domain of verbal language only. In present-day language sciences, not all agree with the semantic extension of the word “language”, but most agree on the fact that it designates a mechanism. This idea has become so commonsensical in many contemporary societies to exclude any possibility of linguistic ethnocentrism. Yet, linguistic ethnocentrisms were common in the past and are not completely absent in the present, since although language is more and more seen as a unifying mechanism of all humankind, it is also considered as able to produce differences that can be used as shibboleths. However, these shibboleths ideologically conceal the fact that language produces more thresholds than frontiers, as Hjelmslev’s theory on the dialectic between matter, form, and substance can help explaining. Therefore shibboleths exist on the basis of a pertinence determined by ideological power in order to entice a feeling of social immunitas more than a feeling of social communitas. Several phenomena in the modern history of humanity have progressively eroded the idea of linguistic shibboleths, some of the most important being the concept and usage of lingua francas, the theory and practice of translation, and scholarly research in comparative linguistics. The paper initiates a comparison between language and religion by asking three questions: 1) Is the linguistic concept of lingua franca somehow exportable to the religious field? 2) Is religious translation a legitimate idea? 3) Is it possible to compare religions in the same way in which scholars have been comparing verbal languages?

This paper provides a critical overview of the theoretical, analytical, and practical questions most prevalent in the study of the structural and the sociolinguistic dimensions of code-switching (CS). In doing so, it reviews a range of empirical studies from around the world. The paper first looks at the linguistic research on the structural features of CS focusing in particular on the code-switching versus borrowing distinction, and the syntactic constraints governing its operation. It then critically reviews sociological, anthropological, and linguistic perspectives dominating the sociolinguistic research on CS over the past three decades. Major empirical studies on the discourse functions of CS are discussed, noting the similarities and differences between socially motivated CS and style-shifting. Finally, directions for future research on CS are discussed, giving particular emphasis to the methodological issue of its applicability to the analysis of bilingual classroom interaction.

Eponimic terms are an integral part of scientific terminology. Their research take an important place among modern problems of terminology. Eponyms – terms. which include the names or surnames of persons or their derivatives, that became special language unit. World scientific (including natural sciences) community for centuries follows the tradition perpetuate the names of the greatest scientists and inventors in terms. Such terms automatically become internationalized, every language adapts them to its structure inherent in her way and the inherent model. In linguistics there is no consensus about what name implies – anthroponys or other names – can be the basis for the creation of the term, eponyms (or be a term derived from proper names). As a special name may derive from anthroponyms, mythonyms, theonyms, ethnonyms, kosmonyms. Research in terminology argue that the main condition for the creation of terms is presence-anthroponymy historical mention of the existence of any of those persons whose names underlying the creation of eponyms. The motivation plays a prominent role in term building. It should be considered as one of the elements that ensure consistency of terminology. This quantitative and qualitative characteristics of internal form that genetically inherent in any terminololgical unit. Not being one of the main criteria for evaluation of the term, it helps him remember, facilitates linkages with other terms. The question of motivation eponimic physical terms in Ukrainian linguistics has not raised. According to many scientists, such important question as motivation needs particular attention. Eponyms are associative terms, allocated by type of motivation. The motivation is expressed indirectly, through various kinds of associations. The proper names (or family components) plays role of recognizing components for eponymic terms. The motivation is an important feature of terms. In linguistic science there is no unambiguous interpretation of this concept. Physical eponimic terms are motivated. One of their motivators are exactly eponyms (name or suename of the scientist from which it was formed). These terms have different degrees of motivation regarding their exactly eponyms. For simple eponyms motivation is characterized by a mediate and immediate degree, for complex and compound – mediate and immediate degrees. Motivation of physical eponymous terms is associative. Of course, motivation requires further research in linguistics as well as in terminology and, first off all, creating a consistent unified theory of motivation

This project contains the methodology file, data files, and codebooks for the paper with this name.

One goal of this thesis is to give a representative overview of computer simulation experiments in phonetics and phonology. A number of research disciplines are identified as being relevant for the subject of this thesis which are concerned with human speech perception and production. Among these are in particular computational psychology and cognitive sciences. Important methods and research approaches using simulation technology for the study of human speech can also be found in natural language processing and speech signal processing as well as in areas of computer science such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. Due to this interdisciplinary breadth of the topic, this thesis comprises a comprehensive overview of representative publications. Chapter 2 provides a short historical and a detailed thematic overview of the literature and presents the various research questions which have been studied with computer simulation experiments. First, works are addressed which focus on sound systems, their emergence and evolution. Various models of speech perception and production are presented. Computer simulation experiments allow the investigation of phenomena which are empirically hard to capture or even totally inaccessible. Additionally, works on language change and historical linguistics are discussed. The development of a language system over many generations is only hard to capture empirically. The origin of human language seems completely inaccessible to empirical inquiry. The overview of existing work shows how different research questions can be addressed by the same methods and how the same research questions can be addressed by a variety of different methods. An overview of often applied methods and basic concepts is therefore given separately in chapter 3. These are especially methods and foundations of machine learning, artificial neural networks and principles of self-organisation. The second part of this thesis presents a series of my own computer simulation experiments and discusses relevant work. Chapter 4 presents experiments on speech segmentation and addresses the question how humans can achieve this faculty based on the available information. A central problem in this context is that of boundariness. This term is used to denote the continuous nature of segmental information at any position in the speech stream. An important problem of speech segmentation models which is emphasised is the evaluation of computer simulations. Different objective quality measures are compared and their properties are investigated. Apart from conventional quality measures, I propose two new measures and additionally investigate two quality measures which so far have been applied to text segmentation. Chapter 5 addresses the question of how speech units can be grouped into categories once they are extracted from the segmented speech stream. Methodologically, the presented experiments are based on cluster analysis. The focus of the experiments in chapter 5 is the investigation of acoustic speech recordings in comparison to corresponding articulographic recordings. In the first experiment, the linguistic information contained in different segment classes is investigated. Vowels and consonants show different results for acoustic and articulatory data. Vowels in different syllabic contexts are investigated in the second experiment. The experiment shows that contextual information can be found across syllable boundaries. Chapter 6 addresses the question of how the Context Sequence Model can be expanded by adding an articulatory modality. Relevant work on exemplar theory and speech perception and production models are discussed. The experiments take on a new approach in which a production model treats articulatory recordings in the same way as acoustic recordings. This dissertation offers a comprehensive overview of a promising approach to the study of spoken language. The present thesis is as such the first of this kind in phonetics and phonology. Computer simulation experiments can not only complement laborious empirical studies and replace them to some extent. Simulation technology also offers the potential to directly study theoretical models and the interactions of their components. This allows for testing of existing hypotheses and the generation of new ones.