Економічні аспекти виробництва і споживання гречки в Україні

According to Cladera et.at Etxeberria and schiess (2007), "Construction materials are closely linked to development", being both a tool and an engine when its objective is to promote services that respond to an effective demand of the community. Currently, prices have increased considerably due to the global unemployment registered since 2020 and 2021, manufacturing and distribution companies have adapted to global prices and this has triggered a general increase in the budget, according to the latest data from the Chamber Paraguaya de Construction CAPACO the indexes in the budget have registered a considerable rise, according to the records that will be maintained until a new stability in the global prices of raw materials. (CAPACO, 2022) Through this work we were able to obtain information on the price variation of construction materials and inputs, this as a starting point for the approach of the price variation strategies of construction materials. Noting the increase in the prices of materials and inputs for construction. In the results of the analysis, it was possible to observe that of the 100 products of civil construction materials for commerce, 1 there was a notable increase and decrease in some products so far in 2021 and 2022 in Ciudad del Este, such as: Cement white of 1 kg with an increase of 43%. Regarding the decreases, we take into account these following products: Portland Cement of 40 kg with a drop of 40% in trade 1 and 2, Portland Cement of 50 kg with an increase of 31% in trade 1 and 2, White Cement of 1 kg with a drop of 25%. Of the 100 products of civil construction raw materials, we can see that there was an increase and decrease in prices. It is observed that trade 1, it stands out that the 12x18x25 brick had an increase of 30%, in trade 2 a 5% and in trade 3 an increase of 58%, in trade 1 there was a decrease of 17% of the brick 12x18x25 of 1st, in trade 3 there was an increase of 91%, and in trade 3 the brick of 2nd had an increase of 100%.

The increase in the prices of fossil fuels and environmental issues are leading to a high investment in wind power and solar photovoltaic all over Europe, reducing its dependence on imported fossil fuels. The European countries started incentive programs for investment in these renewable technologies, which consisted of fixed and market premium feed-in tariffs. These feed-in schemes involve long-term contracts with updated prices over inflation. These incentives highly increase the investment and installation of new renewable capacity in Europe. They lead to high renewable penetrations in power systems but originate a tariff deficit due to the difference between market prices and the tariffs paid to these technologies. End-use consumers pay the tariff deficit on retail tariffs. This work analyzes the market-based remuneration of variable renewable energy considering different support schemes and the role of risk-sharing contracts in mitigating the spot price volatility. It presents models able to negotiate bilateral contracts considering risk management, notably risk attitude and risk sharing, bid establishment, and clause (by-laws) negotiation. Furthermore, to evaluate the economic sustainability of renewable generation in Spain, it presents a study for different 12-year support schemes starting in 2010. The results confirmed that, in the case of using risk-sharing contracts during crisis periods, the incidence of low energy prices (price “cannibalization”) decreases, such as the tariff deficit. Furthermore, in the case of high-inflation periods, these contracts hedge against the increase in retail prices, resulting in an economic surplus for consumers.

The retail gasoline industry in both Canada and the United States experienced a significant rationalization of outlets from the late 1970s through the 1990s. We estimate the impacts of reduced outlet density by exploiting the 27% decline in retail gasoline outlets across 10 Canadian cities between 1991 and 1997. Ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimates suggest that rationalization resulted in a significant increase in retail prices, market concentration, and average outlet sales. The decline in retail outlets led to a 9% increase in retail prices, a rise in market concentration between 16% and 22%, and a 22% increase in average outlet sales.

The article provides a retrospective analysis of the dynamics of exports of the main export-oriented grain crops, determines price indicators of domestic sales, world prices and price indicators of wheat and corn exports before the war and during wartime. Models are built that demonstrate the degree of influence of world price and exchange rate dynamics on domestic prices at which agricultural enterprises sell wheat and corn. Comparative monitoring of the influence of selected factors before and during the war is carried out. The negative impact of structural and logistical transformations that occurred in the grain market on the domestic price situation is established. The practical result of the modeling is the statement that during the relevant period (from 1.01.2009 to 1.03.2022) the actual increase in the world price of wheat by 1 USD/t led to an equivalent increase in the domestic sales price by 0.71 USD. USD/t, and the increase in the dollar exchange rate by 1 UAH increased the price by 3.2 USD. The modeling established a significant transformation of the corresponding factors impact. Thus, in the selected period (from 1.03.2022 to 1.07.2025) an increase in the world price by 1 USD. USD/t leads to an increase in the domestic sales price of wheat and corn by only 0.16 and 0.46 USD. USD/t. In turn, the devaluation of the national currency (an increase in the dollar exchange rate by 1 UAH) leads to an increase in the price at which farmers sell wheat and corn by 8.0 and 7.9 USD. USD/t, respectively.

The formulation of economic policy in the USA, Japan and Europe (led by West Germany) in the first half of the 1980s can best be characterised as a non-co-operative policy game. Following the second sharp increase in oil prices in 1979–80 (OPEC-II) the US responded with a combination of easy fiscal and tight monetary policy. Fiscal policy was supposed to protect jobs and therefore minimise the deflationary effects of the oil price rise, while monetary policy was aimed at keeping inflation down by minimising the inflationary consequences of the increase in the price of oil. The success of the policy depended to a large extent on the ability of the Fed to cause a dollar appreciation, thereby exporting US inflation to the rest of the world. Europe, and to a lesser extent Japan, responded to the US policy mix by following tight fiscal and tight monetary policy. This was largely due to the strong German anti-inflationary bias in policy formulation and the disillusion in other European countries with the success of more accommodative policies in view of the experience of OPEC-I. The 1980s, in particular the first half of the decade, were characterised by very high nominal and real interest rates in the world, an unprecedented appreciation of the dollar, very high levels of unemployment in Europe, and the creation of the huge current account and budget deficits (the ‘twin deficit’) in the USA.

This article presents the results of an extensive inquiry into urban consumption of foodstuffs in Flanders between 1800 and 1860. The octroi tax, an indirect tax levied on various consumer items, formed the principal source. During the initial phase of Belgian industrialisation the inhabitants of the eight cities under study (Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, Courtrai, Ghent, Lokeren, Leuven and Mechelen) experienced a sharp decrease in the consumption of bread grains, meat, fish, beer, wine and gin. A number of other indicators suggest at the same time an accelerated widening of the gap between rich and poor. This process of impoverishment and pauperisation, which occurred in all cities (small or large, industrial or merchant centre), is explained as a result of Malthusian tensions. The rapid population growth, which started around 1750, generated the division of arable land and a sharp increase in land prices. The growing demand for food, stagnating agricultural output, and the trade and agricultural policy of the government led to a significant increase in the price level of foodstuffs. The capitalism hypothesis of Lis and Soly, elaborated for Antwerp, is rejected.

Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, has experienced increases in the prices of basic food commodities since 2002, with the sharpest increase noticed over the period 2007–2011. Major factors contributing to this trend include rapid growth in the demand for food due to the increase in population, urbanisation, drought (climate changes) impacts in the agricultural areas of Uganda and a sharp increase in the cost of living driven by inflation. The increase in food prices has made it difficult for many low income earners in Kampala to meet their daily food requirements. In response, urban and peri-urban agriculture is making a very important contribution to the general food supply of the city. Besides making a significant contribution to the food basket of Kampala city, urban and peri-urban agriculture represents an important economic activity within the city. Emerging policy and planning frameworks support the continued positive contribution of urban and peri-urban agriculture. To that effect Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) now recognizes urban agriculture as a land use system and a vital policy issue. However, more is still needed from the public, urban authorities, urban planners and policy makers to strengthen this vital sector. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of urban and peri-urban agriculture and its contribution to the food supply crisis in Kampala city, as well as the process of developing policies to enable urban agriculture in Kampala city.

In recent years, there has been a tendency for a rapid growth in organic crop production both in Ukraine and in the world. Due to the dynamic increase in organic production, crop production provides food security of the state, as well as becomes the template for creating new jobs in rural areas and remains a key budget-forming factor for the Ukraine’s gross domestic product’s growth. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of organic crop production, disclose its specifics in order to effectively form accounting at agricultural enterprises in terms of the organic fertilizers’ reasonable cost breakdown. The article systematizes information on the development trends in organic crop production, compares the state of organic crop production in Ukraine with the world’s major economies, and forecasts the prospects for the organic production development in Ukraine until 2030. It has been determined that organic crop production is a competitive industry and is gradually developing. It has been established that organic crop production has the following organizational and technological characteristics: the production process is associated with biotransformation; the production cycle lasts for a year; the main production tool is agricultural land with organic status. It has been proven that these organizational and technological characteristics of organic crop production impact on accounting at agricultural enterprises. The study has analyzed the cost structure for organic crop production at agricultural enterprises in Kyiv region. It has been determined that the largest percentage in the crop production cost structure is occupied by the costs of fertilizers. It has been proven that this cost item needs to be breakdown when keeping records of costs for growing organic crop production in order to control them and obtain economic benefits for agricultural enterprises. The offered cost breakdown for organic fertilizers provides the information flows to control costs taking into account their worthiness, physical and chemical characteristics, analytical accounting, rational cost accounting and economic efficiency of organic crop production at agricultural enterprises.

The methodological approaches to assessing the impact of risks on the performance of agricultural enterprises have been studied. The main risks of the economic activities of agricultural enterprises have been identified, and a description of each risk has been provided, along with the indicators that determine them. It has been proven that a quantitative assessment of the impact of risks on agricultural enterprises should be carried out using the taxonomy method, which is a multivariate analysis for comparing and ranking objects based on various indicators. An assessment of the impact of risks on the economic performance of agricultural enterprises in the Kyiv region was conducted using the taxonomy method, which allowed for a quantitative evaluation of the influence of identified risks. The directions for neutralizing the risks of economic activity of agricultural enterprises in the Kyiv region have been identified, which include: "Financial Derisking," "Optimization of Production Costs," "Hedging Price Risks," "Diversification of Crops," "Agri-Insurance," "Logistics Adaptation," and "Implementation of Climate-Resilient Agro-Technologies." A specific set of risk neutralization directions has been determined for each of the studied agricultural enterprises in the Kyiv region.

The article examines the organizational and economic conditions under which the production activity of agricultural enterprises in the field of pig breeding in Ukraine is formed. The pig industry and the pig meat market are traditional and play an important role in providing the population with meat and meat products. The demand for pig meat in the world is growing, which is due to both the growth of the world population and the economic development of individual countries of the world. Ukraine can become an important participant in the pig meat market in the world under the condition of increasing the production of competitive products of the pig industry. It was established that the state of the industry does not ensure sustainable and efficient production of pork in Ukraine and needs significant improvement. The volume of pork production primarily depends on the number of pigs and their productivity it was determined. It has been proven that the number of pig farms in the pig meat market has significantly decreased. It is substantiated that the war in Ukraine has a negative impact on both organizational and economic aspects of the functioning of enterprises in the pig breeding industry. It causes terrible, in most cases, irreversible consequences for manufacturers. The although Ukraine has a large number of small farms that keep pigs, the main producers of pig meat are large pig farms it has been proven. It was determined that the increase in prices for the main types of pork is due to a reduction in the number of pigs due to hostilities and due to the occupation of large territories, an increase in the cost of logistics and fuel for transportation, an increase in production costs (increase in the cost of feed, electricity, etc.). It is substantiated that the key condition for the formation of effective production activity is the implementation of innovative technological solutions by agricultural enterprises in the pig breeding industry. Key words: the field of pig breeding, agricultural enterprises, pork production, sales price, consumer price, innovative technological solutions.

Today, most European destinations consider the event tourism organization as a tool for socio-economic development. The tourism industry development contributes to the income sources diversification in the territories budget, which in combination with other sources can be a factor in shaping the socio-economic development of a particular territory. The event tourism development should be developed as a soft tourism form that is well adapted to local diversity. The purpose of the article is to study the event tourism development in Ukraine and its impact on the territory promotion. The article uses general scientific methods and content analysis. Despite the significant scientific achievements on this issue, in the Ukrainian tourism discourse, event tourism has not become the object of due attention. This fully applies to the significant reputational event tourism potential, its ability to act as a factor in shaping the tourist attractiveness of the territory. The structure of event tourism development in Ukraine by events types is investigated in the article. It is determined that the largest share is made up of music festivals and competitions. There are also a significant number of gastronomic festivals, national holidays and festivals, film and theater festivals and theatrical shows, which also attract a large number of visitors. According to the territorial distribution results of events by regions of Ukraine, the largest number of events takes place in the largest cities and regions of Ukraine – Kyiv and Kyiv region, Lviv region, Odessa region and Kharkiv region. The paper proposes the concept use of event marketing in tourism, which is due to the fact that in modern conditions it is becoming increasingly difficult to capture the attention of tourists; and as old marketing tools lose their effectiveness over time, destinations are forced to invent new concepts that fully meet the requirements of today's target audience. One of the tools that allows you to retain and attract visitors and investors is event marketing. Event marketing in tourism is the event use to promote a certain area and attract consumers who do not find a tourist destination attractive enough to visit it for no reason.

International prices of cereals increased rapidly from 2006 through to the summer of 2008. Prices plummeted after summer 2008, but remain high relative to the level of 1997. The partial equilibrium model states that price increases spur an increase in crop production. This paper examines the influence of the increase in international cereal prices on Japanese agriculture, based on a single country computable general equilibrium model. The main results are as follows. First, an increase in international cereal prices increases agricultural output and farm labor input. It promotes production of wheat, soybean and feed crops with low self-sufficiency rates, and reduces production of other agricultural enterprises. Agricultural output prices and quantities are raised for all products. Farm labor in the livestock sector is decreased due to the great reduction in livestock production caused by the increase in feed prices, but farm labor is increased in the agricultural sectors as a whole, despite the decrease in labor input in livestock production. Second, the welfare level of consumers deteriorates. Consumption of food and nonalcoholic drinks declines and the level of GDP decreases a little. Third, productivity growth in agriculture mitigates the damage caused by price increases on lowered welfare levels for consumers and the fall in GDP.

Ukrainian agriculture has shown resilience, adaptability, and production flexibility during the war. At the same time, the priority issues are the lack of financial resources for business operations, the restoration of damaged facilities and ensuring technological discipline. In this context, the issue of lending to agricultural enterprises is of great relevance. The purpose of this study was to improve and develop methodological tools for assessing the credit burden and efficiency of lending in agriculture by region of Ukraine. The study employed several methods of cognition: comparative analysis, tabular, graphical, statistical, computational-constructive, abstract-logical. In 2015-2022, lending to agricultural producers increased by 2.4 times (by 43.5% or UAH 35.9 billion in 2022 alone). The share of loans attracted is dominated by Kyiv Oblast (31%). The share of lending to the agricultural sector increased by 2.6 times (from 6.1% to 15.7%). Ukrainian agrarians are lent mainly in the national currency (76.4% of disbursed loans) and for terms up to one year (54.4%), with terms of 1 to 5 years (41.2%). In 2015-2021, the loan burden per business entity and per employee almost doubled. The highest lending efficiency was demonstrated by farms in Zakarpattia, Zhytomyr, Rivne, Luhansk, and Chernivtsi oblasts. During the first year of the full-scale war, the efficiency of lending in agriculture fell by 48% (from 8.63 to 4.49 thousand UAH). Agricultural enterprises need support from both the state and credit institutions. The practical significance of this study is determined by the improvement of tools for measuring the level of credit burden and assessing the effectiveness of lending in the agricultural sector of the economy by regions of Ukraine, which can be used by public and sectoral authorities in the regional practice of monitoring and intensifying the practice of state financial support for rural producers

The article conducted comprehensive studies of the economic efficiency of using feed in milk production in Ukrainian agricultural enterprises. The principal value and natural indicators that characterize the productivity of feed use in dairy cattle breeding are defined. Based on the benchmarking technique, an assessment of the relative technological efficiency of the use of feed by the regions of Ukraine was carried out, and potential reserves of their reduction relative to the reference value of the indicator of feed consumption per 1 t of milk was established. The main measures to increase the economic efficiency of using feed in milk production in Ukraine's agricultural enterprises are proposed. According to the results of the study, it was established that the payment of feed in enterprises that produce milk in Ukraine for 2010-2023 increased from 2.5 to 17 UAH per 1 feed unit, which is due to the devaluation of the national currency during the studied period and partly due to the increase in technological efficiency use of fodder. In terms of US dollars, the feed payment for milk production during the same period increased from 0.31 to 0.51 dollars per 1 feed unit. As of the end of 2023, Ukrainian enterprises spent an average of 0.41 dollars of the cost of all types of feed to obtain 1 dollar of the cost of raw milk sold. Accordingly, for 1 dollar of the cost of fodder, enterprises produce and sell raw milk worth 2.41 dollars. It is essential to diversify milk sales channels with a partial focus on direct sales directly to the final consumer, taking into account the almost three-fold ratio between the level of retail and wholesale prices of milk sales. To increase the economic efficiency of the use of fodder in the dairy cattle industry of Ukraine, it is also necessary to implement a system of organizational and technological measures to improve the conditions of keeping, animal care, veterinary support, optimization of feeding rations, fodder storage conditions, implementation of cow productivity monitoring using specialized software.

Construction projects are prone to a number of risks due to their complexity, dynamic nature, capital intensive nature and involvement of many stakeholders. These risks if left unmanaged will negatively influence the completion cost and other primary objectives of construction projects. Numerous studies have been conducted globally to determine the potential risks that negatively impacts construction projects; however, the risks aren’t alike across all the regions and the potential degree of impact may changes with time. This study assessed the impact of risk factors on completion cost of construction projects in Nigeria. Data was collected using structured questionnaires administered to 192 construction practitioners using convenience sampling technique. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to analyse the data. The study found ‘inadequate cost estimate’ (MS = 4.39), ‘risk incurred due to bribery and corruption’ (4.30), ‘increase in prices of materials’ (4.25), ‘increase in cost of labour’’ (4.11), ‘poor cash flow management’ (4.04) ‘mistakes/errors in design’ (4.04) and ‘mistakes during construction’ to be the topmost risk factors that impact on project completion cost. The study concludes that ‘economic’, ‘financial’ and ‘contract administration and project management’ related factors group are those with high impact on project completion cost.