К вопросу о чувашских материалах Ф. И. Страленберга

The paper analyzes the origin and cultural semantics of the Chuvash demononyms as components of the linguistic world landscape by studying lexicographic and folklore sources and archives. The research was carried out within the contemporary sphere of philology, dealing with the analysis of language and folklore as a cultural code of an ethnos. This interdisciplinary sphere prioritizes studying the linguistic world landscape as a part of the conceptual world landscape of the ethnos above other things. Therefore, it seems relevant to consider where the demononyms of the Chuvash language originate from and what their cultural semantics is since they represent the Pre-Christian religious consciousness of the ancient Chuvash. Chuvash language is of significant scientific interest as the only living language of the Bulgarian branch of the Turkic languages, still preserving many characteristics of the ancient Turkic language. The research objects are the characters of the underworld, the exact evil spirits named with different demononyms, such as alpastа, arsuri, astaha, vereselen, wupar, wupkan, usal, hayar, chuunilli, shuyttan, esrel, yuhkha. The first comprehensive analysis of the Chuvash demononyms from the etymological, cognitive discourse, and linguistic and cultural aspects has been conducted. The contents of this research and its scientific conclusions are intended to facilitate the reconstruction of one of the significant structural and functional components of the Chuvash linguistic landscape.

In view of the widespread adoption of Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage and of the importance, in general, of accurate and workable methods of sanitary analysis, it has appeared advisable to the writer to present at this time the following comment on the Report of Committee No. 1 on Standard Methods of Water Analysis recently published in The Journal. The discussion will be limited to those sections of the report which refer to the determinations of (1) dissolved oxygen, (2) free chlorine, (3) biochemical oxygen demani, and (4) phenols in water supplies. On the whole, such criticism as may be offered will be based on experimental evidence which was not available to the various referees at the time (Buffalo Convention, June 11, 1926) wheia the report in question was submitted for publication.

The increasing use of amyloid PET in Alzheimer's disease research and clinical trials has motivated efforts to standardize methodology. We compared retention of the (11)C radiotracer Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) and that of two (18)F amyloid radiotracers (florbetapir and flutemetamol) using two study populations. We also examined the feasibility of converting between tracer-specific measures, using PiB as the common link between the two (18)F tracers. One group of 40 subjects underwent PiB and flutemetamol imaging sessions and a separate group of 32 subjects underwent PiB and florbetapir imaging sessions. We compared cortical and white matter retention for each (18)F tracer relative to that of PiB, as well as retention in several reference regions and image analysis methods. Correlations between tracer pairs were used to convert tracer-specific threshold values for amyloid positivity between tracers. Cortical retention for each pair of tracers was strongly correlated regardless of reference region (PiB-flutemetamol, ρ = 0.84-0.99; PiB-florbetapir, ρ = 0.83-0.97) and analysis method (ρ = 0.90-0.99). Compared to PiB, flutemetamol had higher white matter retention, while florbetapir had lower cortical retention. Two previously established independent thresholds for amyloid positivity were highly consistent when values were converted between tracer pairs. Despite differing white and grey matter retention characteristics, cortical retention for each (18)F tracer was highly correlated with that of PiB, enabling conversion of thresholds across tracer measurement scales with a high level of internal consistency. Standardization of analysis methods and measurement scales may facilitate the comparison of amyloid PET data obtained using different tracers.

Journal Article Report of the Committee to Confer with American Public Health Association on Standard Methods of Milk Analysis Get access E M Bailey E M Bailey Chairman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 24, Issue 1, 1 February 1941, Page 102, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/24.1.102 Published: 19 February 2020

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the impact of international accounting differences from a security analysis perspective. In the European context, a candidate with some potential for this task can be found in the standardized method of analysis and presentation of company accounts developed by the European Federation of Financial Analysts Societies. This European Method of financial analysis is the outcome of a project for the special purpose of overcoming the problems of making international comparisons of company performance. The essential aim of the European Method is to arrive at a figure that can be used as a basis for earnings forecasts and for the calculation of ratios. As a consequence, several adjustments are made to a company's reported profits in an attempt to eliminate subjective and nonrecurring elements, and so reveal a relatively objective measure of current profits attributable to ordinary shareholders on a standardized basis.

The paper outlines a method of analysis of intricically non‐linear regression functions. The nonlinear model is first approximated by a cubic spline function. Thereafter, the standard methods of analysis in linear models are applied to obtain estimates and test statistics.

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography×gas chromatography: evaluation of the applicability for the analysis of edible oils and fats

Despite numerous reports of short-term response to lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for treatment of emphysema, to our knowledge, longer-term survival has not been reported. We describe survival following LVRS in a large cohort of 256 patients treated with bilateral staple LVRS (n = 236 video-assisted thoracic surgery [VATS] approaches, n = 20 median sternotomy) by a single group of physicians over a 3 1/2-year period from April 1994 to November 1997. Prospective survival study. Overall survival, survival stratified by preoperative presentation, and acute postoperative response were investigated using Kaplan-Meier methods. The simultaneous effects of preoperative predictors and postoperative response variables on survival were examined using a Cox proportional hazards model. Community hospital and university medical center. We studied 256 consecutive patients with severe emphysema treated with LVRS. Bilateral staple LVRS by VATS. Overall survival information was known with certainty for 246 of 256 patients as of February 1, 1998. Median follow-up time was 623 days (range, 0 to 1,545 days). Mean FEV1 was 0.635L+/-0.015 L preoperatively and rose to 1.068L+/-0.029 L postoperatively. By standard analysis methods (missing patients censored at the time of last contact), 1-year survival was 85+/-2.3% compared with 83+/-2.4% 1-year survival with "worst case" analytic methods (assuming all missing patients died). Two-year survival averaged 81+/-2.7% by standard analysis vs 76+/-2.9% by worst case evaluation. Survival was significantly better for patients who were younger (< or = 70 years old, p = 0.02) and with higher baseline FEV1 (> 0.5, p < 0.03) and PO2 (> 54, p < 0.001). Patients who had greatest short-term improvement in FEV1 following surgery (> 0.56 L increase) also had significantly better longer-term survival following LVRS. To our knowledge, this is the first longer-term survival analysis of a large series of patients who underwent bilateral staple LVRS for emphysema. Substantial long-term mortality is seen, particularly within identifiable high-risk subgroups. Careful comparison to comparably matched control patients will be needed to definitively assess the benefits and risks of LVRS. This study suggests that prospective, controlled trials may need to stratify patient randomization based on preoperative risk factors to obtain meaningful results.

Journal of the Federated Institutes of BrewingVolume 8, Issue 6 p. 708-729 Free Access The Standardisation of Analytical Methods with especial reference to the Analysis of Brewing Materials Alfred C. Chapman F.I.C., F.C.S., Alfred C. Chapman F.I.C., F.C.S.Search for more papers by this author Alfred C. Chapman F.I.C., F.C.S., Alfred C. Chapman F.I.C., F.C.S.Search for more papers by this author First published: November‐December 1902 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1902.tb00196.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume8, Issue6November‐December 1902Pages 708-729 RelatedInformation

Currently nanomaterials are being applied in many different areas such as electronics, healthcare and advanced materials and the number of applications is expected to further increase. Especially in the case of nanoparticles intended for medical use in humans, it is of outmost importance that, in parallel with the development of nanoparticles, efforts are placed on the definition of nanomaterials and their characteristic properties as well as on the standardization of specific analysis methods. This standardization is expected to provide a significant impact on all areas involving magnetic nanoparticles, with Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) being one important example of their biomedical applications.

Objective: this study examines how artificial intelligence (AI) can be combined with empirical linguistic data to develop models of universal phonological and orthographic systems. The broader aim is to contribute to more sustainable and inclusive tools for cross-linguistic communication. The work focuses on a central challenge in contemporary linguistics: the lack of reproducible AI-driven methods that link computational modeling with theoretical analysis and that ensure fair and accessible use of digital language technologies. Method: A mixed-method framework has been adopted, in which corpus-driven linguistic analysis has been integrated with neural-network modeling. The empirical data have been drawn from two open-access resources: PHOIBLE (Phonetics Information Base and Lexicon) and the r12a database (r12a.github.io). After standardization and tokenization, the datasets have been processed using Python-based AI modules to extract frequency distributions, identify clusters and detect structural patterns. The analytical workflow has followed a clear, reproducible sequence of steps informed by PRISMA principles, ensuring transparency and methodological rigor. Originality/Relevance: the paper brings together corpus linguistics, interlinguistics and artificial intelligence to propose a data-driven approach for identifying shared phonological and orthographic patterns across languages. By combining extensive linguistic datasets with computational techniques, the study demonstrates the potential of AI to support the creation of sustainable knowledge infrastructures and to promote more inclusive forms of digital communication — domains that are becoming central to innovation and strategic growth in the humanities. Main conclusions: the analysis revealed a relatively small set of phonemes and grapheme correspondences that recur across a wide range of the world’s languages. These results offer empirical support for developing streamlined, accessible alphabetic systems and for designing universal auxiliary language models. The study further shows that AI-supported modeling can improve linguistic inclusivity and analytical precision, especially in low-resource and multilingual settings, while still relying on the interpretive judgement of human specialists. Theoretical/methodological contributions: the research contributes to interlinguistics by bringing together the concept of language universals and contemporary AI techniques. It outlines a reproducible pathway for connecting empirical linguistic data with computational tools and theoretical interpretation. In doing so, the study supports the sustainable development of language technologies and enriches our understanding of how human expertise and artificial intelligence can work together to strengthen global communication. Practical implications: identifying a universal phoneme core and stable sound-script correspondences can streamline multilingual analytical workflows, lessen structural biases toward non-Latin scripts and lower the overall costs of integrating low-resource languages into sustainable and reproducible knowledge systems.

The Codex Alimentarius Commission, a central part of the joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organizations Food Standards Program, adopts internationally recognized standards, guidelines, and code of practices that help ensure safety, quality, and fairness of food trade globally. Although Codex standards are not regulations per se, regulatory authorities around the world may benchmark against these standards or introduce them into regulations within their countries. Recently, the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) initiated a draft revision to the Codex standard for follow-up formula (FUF), a drink/product (with added nutrients) for young children, to include requirements for limiting or measuring the amount of sweet taste contributed by carbohydrates in a product. Stakeholders from multiple food and beverage manufacturers expressed concern about the subjectivity of sweetness and challenges with objective measurement for verifying regulatory compliance. It is a requirement that Codex standards include a reference to a suitable method of analysis for verifying compliance with the standard. In response, AOAC INTERNATIONAL formed the Ad Hoc Expert Panel on Sweetness in November 2020 to review human perception of sweet taste, assess the landscape of internationally recognized analytical and sensory methods for measuring sweet taste in food ingredients and products, deliver recommendations to Codex regarding verification of sweet taste requirements for FUF, and develop a scientific opinion on measuring sweet taste in food and beverage products beyond FUF. Findings showed an abundance of official analytical methods for determining quantities of carbohydrates and other sweet-tasting molecules in food products and beverages, but no analytical methods capable of determining sweet taste. Furthermore, sweet taste can be determined by standard sensory analysis methods. However, it is impossible to define a sensory intensity reference value for sweetness, making them unfit to verify regulatory compliance for the purpose of international food trade. Based on these findings and recommendations, the Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling agreed during its 41st session in May 2021 to inform CCNFSDU that there are no known validated methods to measure sweetness of carbohydrate sources; therefore, no way to determine compliance for such a requirement for FUF.

The article substantiates the importance of interdisciplinary connections between informatics and sociology, the expediency of studying computer methods of content analysis by college students. An analysis of theoretical sources has been implemented to understand the essence of the concepts of content analysis, computer methods of content analysis. Content analysis is considered as a method that allows you to study the objects, phenomena, processes and properties of social reality presented in text data. Content analysis includes processing, evaluation, and interpretation of the form, content of texts and sources of textual information. It is proved that computer software allows to automate and speed up this process, to avoid the subjectivity of the researcher’s judgments, and to increase the amount of information being processed. The article emphasizes the importance of mastering content analysis by students, since these skills will contribute to their ability to assess the properties of information flows, understanding the nature of information confrontation, the formation of critical, algorithmic thinking and information technology competence. The article describes a pedagogical experiment on the integration of sociology and computer science for college students. The purpose of the experiment is the development of computer methods of content analysis for sociological research. The experiment provides for the coordination of thematic plans of disciplines and the development of laboratory work in informatics for the experimental group. The topics of laboratory work on the use of individual computer methods for content analysis are outlined. The use of the MS WORD text editor for manual coding of text data and partial implementation of content analysis is provided; MS Excel spreadsheets for creating a content analysis matrix, calculating the frequency of various words in texts and further interpreting the content; a special automated package for content analysis QDA MINER (free LITE version). The features of the use of each of the programs, their resource potential and complexity are determined. Criteria for evaluating control sections (analytical reports) created by students at the beginning and at the end of the experiment have been developed. Criteria: manifestation of system effective knowledge; availability of reasonable conclusions; the presence of an attempt to adequately predict social phenomena; visualization of the results of content analysis. The results were measured and compared in dynamics, and the effectiveness of the implemented methods was analyzed. The effectiveness of the experiment was proved, which is confirmed by an increase in the average score in the experimental group compared to the control group. The article presents a statistically valid conclusion about the effectiveness of the proposed methods in the experimental group at a significance level of 0.05. Mathematical testing of statistical hypotheses about the reliability of the results was carried out using Student’s t-test for two independent samples.

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in soil is often measured to determine if soils have been impacted by crude oil. PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia (CPI) operates several oil fields in Sumatra and samples soil for TPH content for remediation-related work. Traditional laboratory methods used to analyze for TPH in soil require three to four days, and commercial labs often take two to four weeks before reporting results. This timing results in delays in decision-making regarding site soil delineation and excavation as well as in determining when soil remediation has been completed. CPI conducted two pilot studies using commercially available rapid TPH test kits and one non-destructive infrared method. In the first pilot study, six different commercially available field test kits were evaluated for rapid TPH analysis plus a modified FTK (field test kit) with infrared method. Each test method was used to measure TPH from 63 soil samples. These samples covered a wide range of soil type, oil content, and moisture content, and should, therefore, be representative of most CPI sites. The TPH results were compared to the standard TPH analytical method, TPH-Gas Chromatography (TPH-GC) (USEPA 8015). In the second pilot study, a portable handheld infrared (IR) Instrument was tested with over 300 soil samples from variable CPI sites. The standard TPH-GC analytical method data of those soil samples were used to create two site-specific models with 15-20 double-blinded samples to validate the modeling work. The validated models will be loaded onto the individual instrument for future field deployment. Two of the six commercially available test methods produced TPH results similar to those obtained by the standard laboratory TPH-GC methods. The rapid, portable IR method also provided TPH results that correlated well with standard TPH-GC results at different concentration levels. The advantage of the rapid IR method is that the soil samples do not have to be extracted with a solvent, so no chemical waste is generated. The rapid IR method provides TPH results in a few minutes rather than in days or weeks. This paper describes the results from the two pilot studies, and the pros and cons of each rapid method for field application are discussed.

Matrix-matched two-point calibration based on the standard dilution analysis method