Инструменты финансовой поддержки НИОКР и уровни готовности технологий

Governmental Investment in Low TRL in the United States: Funding Innovative Companies from Concepts to Systems

Leveraging greater impact from the array of research and innovation funds in the EU is driving efforts to combine such funds and develop synergies at the policy and strategy levels. However, one of the first challenges for policy makers and stakeholders intervening in the support to R&I is to obtain a full picture of all current and planned funding and financing instruments.\nThis report uses the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) framework to characterise the different funding that is available. The major bottlenecks in the innovation process that can arise through the lack of appropriate funding are discussed along with the background and the utility and criticisms of the TRL. The use of TRL to characterise and map research and innovation in the EU provides a useful framework. However, there is a need to broaden the scope of TRL to include commercialisation of new products and services and scale-up business capacities. Furthermore, it is limited by its technology focus, while innovation can embrace many aspects beyond the purely technological.\nThis work has also highlighted many issues that can affect the optimal combination of funds. There is a need for cross-cutting knowledge of the different funds rather than there being ''silo-thinking'' where a person only considers the area in which they directly work and not interrelated areas in other domains. Hand in hand with this is a better understanding of how beneficiaries decided between funding options and the support they may require. This support can include clearer information communicated with regards to the funds and also the financial instruments that are available, such as those implemented by the European Investment bank. Finally, an improved alignment of the rules of participation of the various funds is needed, both between the different funds at the EU level but also with national funding.

Development of R&D Effectiveness Assessment System in the Research Organizations

This chapter aims at discussing the main challenges of designing and implementing science, technology and innovation (STI) policies in developing countries. In particular, it addresses the problems of: a) aligning STI policies with the national economic development agenda, as well as coordinating STI policies among different ministries and other public organizations, and among diverse government levels (horizontal alignment); and b) aligning rationales, objectives, instruments and specific problems of the system (vertical alignment). In addition, the main barriers for designing and implementing STI policies are examined. The chapter combines theory and concepts with examples of STI policy design and implementation in Asian and Latin American countries to illustrate the arguments. The analysis of STI policies as innovation system policies suggests that developing countries need policies that are comprehensive, evidence based, long-term and aligned. (Less)

Розглянуто особливості та проведено аналіз діючих стратегій, на основі яких здійснюється управління публічними фінансами в сучасних умовах. Вокремлено проблеми, які пов’язані із розвитком управлінських відносин у сфері публічних фінансів. Обґрунтовано потребу прийняття стратегій, які сприятимуть вдосконаленню управління публічними фінансами на перспективу.

Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy is shaped by the policy instruments used. However, we know relatively little about the work practices of policy actors implementing them. This article investigates how policy objectives are translated into governance by drawing on a case study of the implementation of a ‘Strategic Research’ funding instrument in Finland. The instrument is expected to fulfil a plurality of objectives, calling for solutions to various societal challenges through broad collaboration on research themes that require government approval. I examine the articulation work of the policy actors implementing the funding scheme and identify anticipatory tailoring and the repurposing of templates as central dimensions of this work. I show how the translation of policy objectives into a funding instrument expected to satisfy social worlds from politics to science is historically contingent and challenging. The article contributes with empirical detail into how policy actors managed multiple social worlds while implementing the research funding scheme, and the consequences and tensions that ensued.

For the last decades the majority of developed countries have been witnessing state role strengthening with national product distribution, which manifested itself in a marked increase in public expense financing. Therefore, public institutions came to putting forward new requirements for the effectiveness of the decisions implemented by the government authorities and for the consequences of the regulatory actions taken in various economic sectors. In this context many countries were forced to revise operational principles and mechanisms of one of the most significant constituent elements of government – the system of public finance, with the government efficiently carrying out its economic functions being a key issue in reforming the system. The article “Finance of Law-based State” dwells on the role of public finance in a contemporary law-based state. The authors consider the institution of state as a subject for grasping the operational logic of public finance. Regarding the conception of a state, the new institutional theory turns back to J. J. Rousseau’s theory of social contract, provided for people to give up some rights to a government. The article draws a comparison between “market failures” and “government failures” in the light of the present-day public finance updating issues, aimed at transition to a result oriented budgeting. The public finance updating results in reducing negative consequences of both economic “failures” (market and government) with permanent control from public and state institutions. The authors give a thorough analysis of the French budget system reform model with the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts as a key element. It should be noted that the government bodies’ performance objectives in the reform being implemented are viewed from the perspective of a citizen, taxpayer and consumer of the state services. The state budget is expected to become a document open to public scrutiny as a result of reform efforts. This will make it possible to estimate accurately the amount of finance being allocated by the government to any area and to correlate it with the achieved results. It is essential that not only executive bodies, but parliament and financial institutions participated at the initial stage of reform implementation.

The purpose of this research was to determine and analyse diversity in various features of R&D projects implemented in the science sector in Poland, financed mostly from public funds. More exactly, the following aspects of R&D projects implemented in the science sector in Poland were examined: the relation between the actually achieved and the initially set goal, the project management methodologies and project time management methods used, features of the project team, the relation between the plan and the actual project realisation and management difficulties encountered in practice. These aspects and their diversity were examined in the context of the whole country, of various fields of science and various research units implementing pure research (the ‘R’ area) or applied research and experimental development (the ‘D’ area). The research was conducted by means of survey methodology covering a sample of participants of R&D projects in the science sector in Poland. The results were analysed by means of statistical methods (which constitutes a clear novelty with respect to the existing literature on R&D projects) and statistically significant phenomena gave rise to several important conclusions on how R&D projects implemented in the science sector are managed and what their realisation looks like in various fields of science and various institutions, in a relatively new EU members state and a former communist country like Poland. These conclusions may be the basis for important hypotheses (which require further research) on the project management quality in the science sector in Poland and in similar countries, which is closely linked to the problem of public money allocation, its efficient spending and control. Also, practical suggestions on improvement measures in the science sector with respect to R&D projects, limited not only to countries like Poland, but of a more general nature, are formulated.

Purpose – to analyze the current state of risk management in Public Finance System of Ukraine and prefer recommendations for its improvement. Research methodology – the structural-functional method (for revealing the influence mechanism of public finance risks on main indicators of Public Finance System), the comparison method (for comparing the main indicators of Public Finance System between Ukraine and other countries). Findings – recommendations for reducing of public finance risks will provide the budget with reliable sources of in-comes, optimize the structure of government spending, and improve the budget process in order to create conditions for enhancing the quality and efficiency of budget decisions. Research limitations – some risks are only of a qualitative nature and cannot be measured to analyze the impact of risks on the main indicators of Public Finance System. Practical implications – improvement of a risk-oriented method in Public Finance System under global challenges is an effective method of developing the existing Public Finance Management in Ukraine. Originality/Value – risk management in Public Finance system under global challenges is a new stage of comprehen-sive relations which opens the way for further progressive reforms. A great importance is to use the experience of risk management measures gained by EU states, but also taking into account the peculiarities of socio-economic situation in Ukraine.

Outstanding multinational companies from emerging countries have been using technology research and development (R&D) project management strategies to develop high level products and services. Open innovation that is based on building partnerships to explore new opportunities, capitalizing on the possibilities available by advancing the company's knowledge base, is an important tool for increasing its competitive advantage by creating business value. However, whether a company can gain competitive advantage in the short term depends heavily on the maturity level of its technologies. Long-term competitiveness, in turn, is related to investment on research and development (R&D) projects that will underpin future innovations. A company's technology readiness influences its technology R&D strategy and, in turn, the ongoing project portfolio. This readiness is related to how close the project outcome is to application or how much it is a more fundamental study, away from use. An important indicator of technology readiness developed by NASA -the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) -has great relevance in risk assessment of product and service development projects and has become a benchmark for rating R&D project portfolios. The case selected was the LAB O&G (O&G COMPANY R&D Center), which develops projects with different readiness and degrees of open innovation. The objective was, through a qual-quant approach, to use these variables to reflect on the dynamics and practices between the levels of technological readiness and the degree of openness of innovation in research and technology development projects. With this it was possible to identify that in O&G COMPANY the R&D projects with higher TRLs lead to greater cooperation from both supplier / partner companies and universities and in lower TRLs the universities have the leading role. In this work it was possible to increase the understanding of the role of each of these variables in the innovation process and to contribute to the open innovation literature through research at the project level.

This article examines systemic risk management in the budget process. It presents various approaches to fiscal risk management used to improve the sustainability of public finances in various countries. It analyzes methods for integrating risk management into the public finance system. The most progressive practices, whose implementation impacts the goals and results of government programs and projects, are highlighted. The author offers suggestions for adapting the most successful international experience of risk-based budgeting to Russia.

Subsea storage is one of main technology in "Subsea Factory" concept that could significantly lower down the field life cycle cost especially in subsea development. An established qualification approach should enable Project Management Team (PMT) to evaluate the technology maturity, aims to reduce significant availability impact during deployment and operational phase. This paper describes the qualification approach adopted to qualify the subsea storage technology to achieve technology readiness level (TRL) 4 as per API 17Q framework, prior to pilot testing at offshore installation. One of important step is to evaluates whether the subsystem and critical components of subsea storage has an impact on Design, Operations and Maintenance. In this context, the evaluation considers the credible failure mode, mechanism, cause, and effect in relation to Risk Priority Number (RPN). Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) has been applied to evaluate the subsystem and critical component. The higher RPN indicates that the susceptible subsystem and critical components require special attention for improvement. The results pointed out that material for both top and bottom centre pipe flanges should have an ability to operate in cyclical loading and suitable for inspection, maintenance, and replacement program. These results suggest that recommended method of FMECA can be adopted during TRL assessment. Focus also should be on unlisted components which are not part of this assessment including design adequacy and stringent quality assurance and control management system, operations integrity, and maintenance comprehensiveness.

With the evolving demand for sustainable mobility, adequate charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) has been growing steadily and wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has been seen as an efficient alternative for EV charging while maintaining seamless traffic flow. This paper reviews the modelling challenges in terms of both static (plug-in) charging (SC) and wireless charging (WC) facilities in a transportation network in terms of system integration, focusing on the evolution of the WPT technology. The first part of the paper provides an overview of all the major progress and achievements made by different research organisations in the area of WPT technology for EV charging. These technologies are ranked based on two indices, namely technological readiness level and system readiness level. The optimal location of WC facilities comes with more design and operational issues than conventional static charging facilities. However, they are similar in terms of the infrastructure modelling approach to locate these charging facilities, as the overall goal is to maximise the network flow and minimise the overall system cost. The second part of the paper assesses different modelling approaches used to analyse the network and locate the charging infrastructure for static and WC facilities. The economic feasibility of the technology is an important consideration for successful system integration as well as the overall performance of the system. As such, this paper also provides a synopsis of different socio-economic studies related to the WC infrastructure allocation problem. Finally, future research directions in this field are discussed based on the knowledge gaps identified from the existing literature.

India is a country with unique market dynamics and high entrepreneurial spirit. During recent years, the country’s industry sector is dominated by innovation led business enterprises that are found to achieve high profits within a short span of time. This paradigm shift is mainly influenced by the significant role played by technology-based business incubation support systems and expert mentorship programmes. It is observed that start-up companies emerging from these incubators are becoming machines of rapid and tremendous growth. In support of this growing trend and with the aim of laying the foundation for innovation-based businesses and knowledge-driven economy in agricultural sector, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) – an apex public research organization in India, established a network of Agri-business incubation (ABI) Centres linking its R&D Institutes across the country. Through this initiative ICAR brought into place novel policies and programmes, to maximize technology commercialization, establish public private partnerships and handhold entrepreneurs. This paper portrait the activities of such an ABI Centre attached to ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, and presents an overview of the new systems of business incubation and support services to entrepreneurs. The clients registered at the ABI Centre are given necessary guidance to choose a suitable technology with the help of Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) and given an opportunity to commence business operations using the semi-commercial pilot plant facilities attached to the institute. A case study of a client who adopted the ICAR-CIFT technology for ‘Hybrid Solar Dryer’ is also included in this paper.  

Private Sector-led Urban Development Projects. Management, Partnerships and Effects in the Netherlands and the UK