Корпусный подход в создании тезауруса идиом татарского языка

1. Introduction Modern linguistics has gained a wealth of experience (OR: a great deal of) experience studying phenomena related to the description of human's occupation and his professional discourse, as well as professional term-system description. But nowadays scholars note modern shift to study languages not only in itself and for itself' but to studying it close connection with human consciousness, his cognition, culture and professional practice, i.e. shift toward closely connected to cognitive language study anthropological and civilizational linguistics (see such scholars as E.S. Kubryakova, L.V. Ivina, I.G. Ruzin, G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, A.G. Shaikhulov, Z.R. Pal'utina). So, the problem of a new approach to terminology study appears very important nowadays. The purpose of this article is to outline our experience of professional terminology study and description according to these modern science trends. Thus, for example, linguists state that scientific phenomena should be studied first and foremost according to their role for a human being, their assignment for human personality development and improvement (1, c. 212). Basing on this message we suppose that oil and gas sector terminology system should reflect true and clear understanding of the level of human knowledge of oil and gas industry.. Being constantly subjected to human purposeful activity, it constantly keeps being shaped and altered under the influence of the serving its needs science development level. The term system under study enables us to ascertain specific oil and gas field terminology characteristics every new term unit of which is to acquire similar structural and semantic characteristics. The study investigated the hypothesis that the methodology of cognitive-ideographic description is applicable for modern terminology systems and allows scholars and subject specialists to systematize terminology, identify structural, semantic, nominative, motivational and functional characteristics of composing them terms. 2. Method We can justify our idea of oil and gas term unification into a separate investigation object by our observation that the elements of this term-system represent structurally and communicatively interacting term units. Term units of the term system under study have common logical, structural and semantic features, uniform word form building and derivational characteristics stating logical and semantic relations between them and affecting term system formation. Studies modern lexicology stress the idea that full and thorough study of a language lexical system is possible only by compiling its thesaurus, where it is possible not only to outline paradigmatic relations but also show typical combination models of lexical units (Moskvin (1997), Shaikhulov (2001), Tabanakova (2001) and others). In their ideographic studies these scholars point out that not any single study of a language lexical system can fully depict its dividedness. This task can only be solved by compiling ideographic dictionaries the very core of which is based on the principle of studying the full volume of language lexical system, concurrently reflecting the basic principles of its formation--integrity, continuity, hierarchical pattern and inclusiveness. Ideographic dictionaries, as the scholars' state, make it possible to represent the whole aggregate of semantic fields, lexical-semantic groups and other lexeme amalgamations their co-relation and hierarchical organization (3, p. 43-57; 4, p. 5-22; 5, p. 234; 6, p. 20 and others). In line with the above we propose our holistic and systematic approach to building ideographic oil and gas business term unit's paradigm. Scholars believe ideographic dictionaries alongside with other types of dictionaries (analogical, associative, synonymic, semantic, subject-thematic and others) to be a means of a particular terminological systems term units description and at the same time enable us to represent the term system as a set of concepts each having own specific structure and comprising lexemes of relatively equal semantics. …

The article analyzes the main types of dialect dictionaries created on the basis of Ukrainian dialects, as well as the peculiarities of the structure of the dictionary entry. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the interest of lexicographers-dialectologists in the creation of dialect dictionaries. On the example of several dictionaries in which the Hutsul dialect is presented, the completeness of the representation of dialect material in them is demonstrated. In particular, the use of illustrative material in dictionary entries is considered. The main difficulties associated with the process of creating a dialect dictionary are outlined. The article describes the problems that arise while working with the archival card index, on the basis of which a dialect dictionary is created (for example, «The Materials for the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Dialects of Transcarpathian Region” by M. Grytsak). It is noted that in recent years dialectologists have been trying to create lexicons with maximum linguistic information and detailed illustrations, using not only the respondents answers to questions from special programs or questionnaires, but also dialect texts, folklore sources, and archival materials, which made certain changes in the methodology of creating a dialect dictionary, as well as illustrating a word in a dialect dictionary. Dialectal explanatory dictionaries of a differential type, which were previously given preference, are increasingly being replaced by dictionaries of one dialect, where they represent as fully as possible all the vocabulary that they managed to register; dictionaries of one particular dialect system are becoming popular, for the creation of which large dialect texts are used. The use of different methods and sources for the creation of dialect dictionaries speaks of the prospects of such studies.

The article develops the idea formulated by Olga Iosifovna Blinova, professor of Tomsk State University, according to which lexicography is one of the methods of studying vocabulary. The material of the study included: (1) theoretical works by Olga Blinova, (2) her lexicographic works, (3) lexicographic experiments of the author of the article and their theoretical understanding, (4) works of other authors on related issues. The main research method used in the article is a comparison of concepts and principles of their implementation in different authors to identify the features of Blinova’s lexicographic theory and practice. The author interprets lexicographizing of a word as a specific approach to the description of its semantics, as a way of its modeling, which consists in its discretization – transformation of continuous semantic space of the language into notional quanta, clots of meaning. In the study, this method is contrasted with other methods of language modeling found in applied language descriptions: in the methods of language teaching, in translation and in compilation of computer programs on a linguistic basis in particular. Much attention is paid to the concept of lexical parameterization, which occurs in the process of lexicographic modeling of the semantic reality of the language. The most important principle of semantics modeling is the parameterization of the meaning of a word and vocabulary in general. The article discusses the features of parameterization in explanatory dictionaries against the background of their opposition to other types of dictionaries: encyclopedic, motivational dictionaries, dictionaries of everyday interpretations of words and frequency dictionaries. To identify these features, the definitions of words in explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries are analyzed. Such important trends in modern lexicography as overcoming the absolutization of the discreteness of semantics and its simplified definition are analyzed. The article explores the tendency of lexicography to an antropocentric modeling of semantics in dictionaries, a particular manifestation of which is the representation of the content of a word as a conceptual content. In more detail, the article highlights the specifics of the motivational dictionary – one of the main lexicographic works by Blinova, who developed the concept of this type of dictionary and implemented it in practice by creating the Motivational Dialect Dictionary. The final section of the article analyzes Blinova’s idea about the possibility of implementing a project of a complex dictionary, in which the meaning of each word is considered in the mirror of a set of parameters which together give a systematic idea of the functioning, semantics and linguistic connections of the word. The article draws conclusions about the role of Blinova’s theoretical heritage for semasiology, dialectology and lexicography of the Russian language.

The presented article describes the process and results of comparing the system of definitions of the noun 'system', recorded in the normative dictionary, with the list of lexical-semantic variants of this word functioning in the text corpus "Chemical Engineering" in order to find integral and differential characteristics between them.The noun 'system' was chosen as the most frequent among all nouns occurring in the text corpus of the specialty "Chemical Engineering" which is the object of this study.On its basis a probabilistic-statistical model (frequency dictionary) was created in order to determine the most frequent nouns that can be found in the "Chemical Engineering" texts and whose semantic structures will be analyzed in the future.The text corpus "Chemical Engineering" was created on the basis of scientific articles taken from the journals of the USA and Great Britain: Chemical Engineering Progress, Chemical and Process Engineering.The size of the text corpus is 200 thousand tokens.To compile a list of definitions, Webster's dictionary was chosen among the normative dictionaries, which has the most complete list of definitions of the word 'system' in the dictionary entry.The list of lexical-semantic variants that are encountered in the text corpus is presented in descending order of the frequency of their use in the texts.The results of this comparison clearly demonstrate the degree of implementation of the semantic structure of the word 'system' embedded in dictionary definitions in the researched text corpus.Although out of ten definitions recorded in the Webster dictionary and constituting the semantic structure of the word 'system' in the language, only three of them are actually implemented in the "Chemical Engineering" text corpus, in the process of contextual analysis the new semantic shades of the lexical-semantic variants, that are not fixed in the normative dictionary, were marked.It is likely that the presence of the mentioned shades of meanings can contribute in the future to the corresponding development of the semantic structure of the noun 'system' and the emergence of new definitions that have independent meanings.

The paper offers an analysis and a classification of lexicographic works on Tibetan medicine compiled by Mongolian and Buryat authors in the 18-20th centuries. The analysis of main topics of these works and of their terminology allow us to distinguish three types of dictionaries: (1) specialized mngon brjod dictionaries of synonyms of Tibetan materia medica compiled for their correct identification; (2) bilingual and monolingual bsdus ming glossaries that contain explanations of words and concepts of the rgyud bzhi and commentaries; and (3) general and terminological brda yig dictionaries with medical lexicons. Particular attention is paid to distinctive features of these dictionaries. The study reveals that words in all thesauruses compiled by Mongolian authors and in the terminological dictionary dag yig mkhas pa’i ‘byung gnas (18th century) are arranged by thematic groups. The words in all bsdus ming glossaries are limited to the lexis used in one particular treatise and arranged in order in which they occur in the text. All lexicographical works compiled by Buryat authors (dictionaries of Tuguldurov, Sumatiratna, and Choidak) were organized according to Tibetan alphabetical order. In the rgyud bzhi bsdus ming and in the dictionary of Ishdorji all Mongolian equivalents are given in Tibetan letters. The study shows that dividing dictionaries of Mongolian authors in three groups (in accordance with their topic, basic terms, basic principles of compiling dictionaries of a certain genre) allows us to trace the continuity of the Indo-Tibetan lexicographic tradition in Mongolia and Buryatia, and also to demonstrate significant contribution of the Buryat scientists to the development of Tibet lexicography (concerning alphabetical principle of dictionaries compilation).

The compilation of dictionaries to be used as special textbooks when learning a native or a non-native language is a special area of lexicography. Educational dictionaries have their own purpose, audience, and didactic focus. These determine the corpus of the language units described, the parameters of their lexicographic description, the content and structure of the dictionary text and entries, and the inclusion of special appendixes. Educational dictionaries also differ from reference dictionaries in their selectivity, which is expressed in orientation exclusively towards the literary norm, a purposeful and rigorous selection of language sources and language units, along with the parameters of their description and illustrative material. The specificity of educational dictionaries explains the limited scope of their use and the relatively small number of users. The sphere of modern communication is expanding and becoming more diverse. In the process of communication, a person is confronted with a large number of foreign words and expressions unknown to him, special names and terms from different areas of human knowledge, nominations, which are outside the literary language. A modern user is interested in more detailed information about language units: their origin and peculiar features, the way a word functions or expresses a concept in a language; the possibilities of using it in different communicative spheres, its morphological links, etc. The educational dictionaries cannot satisfy the overall need for such information. Therefore, it is necessary to refer to other types of dictionaries, in particular to reference dictionaries. Observations suggest that explanatory reference dictionaries have a certain educational potential and can be used as a supplement for educational dictionaries. Among their peculiar features it is necessary to note an extended vocabulary, which provides information on the language units that are not described in educational dictionaries; more detailed information on the form, content and usage of a lexical unit; the specifics of borrowed units’ functions in one’s native language and the source language, etc. The possible use of explanatory reference dictionaries for educational purposes substantiates the need to further improve contemporary dictionaries in a number of areas, including the update rate, the fullness, availability and convenience and information, selective use of the data contained in the dictionary, etc.

Kinesthesia, the internal sensation of movement, is most often assessed through sight, in relation to its external correlates – action and spatial position. This paper investigates a symptom of this tension in French: the discrepancy between dictionary definitions and written uses of the verb blottir or the adjectival participle blotti. On the one hand, from Furetière (1690) to the online Grand Robert, lexicographers restrict their definitions to an external action that makes the ‘blotti’ object less voluminous and/or less visible. On the other hand, from as early as 1844, authors have used this lexical field to refer to intimate interaction with the environment. A search of the Frantext database reveals that for the last century and a half, dictionary entries have lacked a meaning such as: [to seek bodily contact with something or someone in order to achieve physical and/or emotional well- being]. Today, this meaning accounts for almost half of all occurrences. The study thus points to a twofold omission in the work of lexicographers: the late and partial consideration of the ‘subjective interaction with people or objects’ component in favour of exteriority alone, and the complete neglect of the tactile-kinesthetic implications of movement in favour of spatial position alone.

Abstract: This article evaluates how meaning has been treated in Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele (2001) through the application of the sense relations hyponymy, meronymy and synonymy. It attempts to establish the adequacy of meaning presentation in definitions given to headwords. It assesses how the application of sense relations contributes to the user-friendliness of the definitions, the accessibility of the dictionary con-tents and the semantic analysis of lexemes in dictionaries. It aims to give insights that will help refine and improve future dictionary definitions. The article reveals that hyponymy and meronymy facilitate the for-mulation of more user-friendly and accessible dictionary definitions. On the other hand, synonym definitions reduce the user-friendliness and accessibility of the definitions in dictionary types that are not dictionaries of synonyms. As dictionary making is a part or a form of standardizing a language, it ought to be as accurate as possible in the presentation of semantic facts which is a reflection of the ultural values and ideologies of the society.

This paper reports on an LSP-based research project dealing with a contrastive analysis of business and management texts taken from the Malaysian business magazine Malaysian Business (MB) and its British counterpart, Management Today (MT). The objective of the research was to study the semantic fields and linguistic signals of Problem patterns in order to determine whether they display specific differences which can be ascribed to their linguistic and cultural contexts. The study adopted a corpus-based approach based on a corpus containing fifty feature-articles from each magazine. The text corpus was analysed according to Hoey's Problem-Solution textual patterns and the corpus tool, Wmatrix, was used to identify the semantic fields in the Problem patterns. Key semantic fields were found for Problem in MB and MT compared with a normative corpus (the BNC Written Informative Sampler).

The article deals with the specifics of the national language world picture of the Republic of Mordovia. On the basis of the lexicographic data analysis the authors note a set of language units that represent the lexical and semantic field "Time" and define its structural and semantic peculiarities. The paper shows that lexemes with time semantics are a segment of the regional dictionary. In accordance with the results of the field complex analysis, this dialectal unity of words is characterized by various meanings of time. The authors prove that the nouns nominate different intervals of time (nominations connected with religious views of rural inhabitants as well as ritual traditions are frequent). The adjectives characterize a thing or an event qualifying them depending on their relation to any time scheme. The verbs point to the actions connected with eating meals at the definite time intervals. The adverbs represent two main meanings – definite or indefinite time. The nominations of time intervals that are referred to the past demonstrate a high level of variability. The authors conclude that the lexical and semantic field "Time" demonstrates a complex lexical and semantic unity with the units that are linked into a system by basic paradigmatic relations (polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, homonymy).

Idioms are one of the best expression ways reflecting the vocabulary of a society. Hence, we often have recourse to the idioms in order to be able to enrich the expressions in our daily lives. The features of a person such as his/her character, behaviours, actions, motivation, psychological situation, status are manifold in lexical context. In this sense, it is possible to see the inner world, characteristics of the person in Russian idioms elaborately. This study entitled “The Semantic Analysis of Russian Idioms Expressing The Positive Characteristics of the Person” consists of two parts. In the first part, the similarities and differences of the notions of character and personality are handled. In the second part, the idioms expressing the positive characteristics of the person in Russian are classified according to their themes (characteristics, ability situations, experiences, courage, honesty, diligence, intelligence) in lists. Whereas some of the idioms in this study have equivalents in Turkish, the equivalents of some could not be found. These idioms having no equivalents were given with their Turkish explanations. In this context, the aim of this article is to analyze Russian idioms expressing the positive characteristics of the person as classifying according to their themes and to state Turkish equivalents and the semantic features of the idioms. The idioms scrutinized as Russian- Turkish can be seen as a kind of comparative studies. In this study, some of the positive characteristics in Russian were analyzed. However, aforementioned part even reveals the importance of these idioms and also reveals that the broader research on this topic can be carried out. The general survey model was used in this article. The database of the study was created using the several dictionaries of idioms. In Russian, Dictionary of Idioms of Russian Language (Frazeologiceskiy slovar’ russkogo yazika) by Molotkov and New Dictionary of Idioms of Russian Language (Noviy frazeologiceskiy slovar’ russkogo yazika) by Kurilova were used as primary resources. While giving their Turkish equivalents, The Dictionary of Proverbs and Idioms prepared on the internet by Turkish Language Association was benefitted from.

The article deals with the interdiction convergence on the example of evolutionary changes in lexical semantics of poetic language. The current study contributes to the development of the methodology for studying the language evolutionary processes. The paper describes certain trends of dynamic changes and their specifics; it gives some prediction about the further lexis convergence of different types of functional styles. The findings contribute to the development of lexicography which is going to reflect not only static but also dynamic characteristics of lexical units including stylistic ones. The subjectivity of labeling poetic vocabulary in dictionaries can be partially removed through the analysis of corpus data by comparing frequency indices in different subsections, however this method is not always accurate, moreover, it doesnt effectively trace evolutionary changes. The data from the psycholinguistic experiments can help reveal the dynamics of changes. On the one hand, the results of scaling show the extent of poetry in connotative meanings; on the other hand, the open-response associative experiment allows us to calculate the archaization index of a lexeme through summing up the numerical values of certain selected parameters. The research gives obvious evidence of active archaization of some specific poetic lexemes. The findings also prove that the dynamic changes in stylistic connotation are not synchronous with the changes in the denotative layer of a lexical unit.

This article explores cognitive strategies for translating Russian medical terminology into Chinese. The aim of the study is to identify and classify approaches that ensure precise and conceptually adequate rendering of medical terms in the context of linguistic and cultural asymmetry. The research employs methods of cognitive and contrastive analysis, translation studies approaches, examination of lexical formation models, as well as analysis of corpus data and medical reference materials. The study investigates four key mechanisms of term formation: word formation, terminologization of common language units, abbreviation, and metaphorization. For each mechanism, relevant cognitive translation strategies are identified, including conceptual expansion, explicative calquing, and the construction of cross-linguistic terminological maps that reflect differences in cognitive models. Special attention is given to challenges arising from the translation of homonymous and latent metaphorical units, as well as culturally marked terms. The article introduces the concept of conceptual adaptation—the process of integrating a medical concept into a different linguistic and cultural worldview, based on cognitive models such as frames and prototype schemas. The findings confirm that high-quality medical translation is only possible through the integration of linguistic knowledge, a cognitive approach to meaning modeling, and professional understanding of the specialized domain. The proposed strategies may be applied in translator training programs and in the practice of medical and scientific translation between Russian and Chinese.

<p class="Abstract">This paper sets out an argument in favour of emergentism as an alternative theoretical paradigm to nativism, arguing that it offers a coherent, evidence-based account of language structure, language acquisition, language evolution, and language change. A number of key tenets of the nativist approach are summarised first, including the nature of the presumed complexity of language, the poverty of the input argument against the learnability of language, the assumption of parsimony, the view of language as innate, biological faculty, and the view of the primary function of language as cognitive representation rather than communication. This is followed by a presentation of the emergentist alternative, which is centred on the notion of the grammatical construction as central unit in the emergentist approach. The properties of constructions, and how they can come into being with recourse to only domain-general cognitive processes, are presented, before the implications of this view for language structure, language acquisition, language evolution and language change are discussed. Additional points of difference with the nativist position are highlighted, including the assumptions of non-parsimonious storage and the centrality of communicative interaction in the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of language. Throughout the presentation, arguments are illustrated with reference to aspects of complementation in the Germanic languages. The article concludes with a detailed case study of the wh-extraction construction, drawing on an analysis of corpus data from Afrikaans, to demonstrate how the construction-based, emergentist approach leads to an insightful analysis of a well-known construction, without having to make extensive assumptions about the underlying linguistic complexity and the need for innate mechanisms to enable the acquisition of such a complex construction.

This study seeks to compare how various English dictionaries distinguish multiple meanings, focusing on a particular class of words identifiable in dictionary classification, namely, polysemous adjectives. The polysemy displayed by adjectives tends to be of a heavily context-dependent type. A great deal of the literature concerning polysemy has little bearing upon adjectives. Adjectives are also a varied word-class, thus posing a range of challenges to the lexicographer. This study looks at six recently published British monolingual dictionaries of English, both for native speakers and advanced learners. A random sample (based on Collins English Dictionary) of adjectives with many senses is selected, and their respective dictionary entries compared and evaluated, following analysis of corpus data. The random sample chosen prove a quite heterogeneous set, with some appearing to be not true adjectives; others to be not truly polysemous; some having a clear hierarchy of senses; others much less clear. Differences between senses are often highly subtle and contextually determined, forming a semantic cline, or continuum of senses, which dictionaries often divide quite differently. Detailed results are shown here for four of the adjectives, unbalanced, idle, canonical and particular, and other results discussed in brief.