Механизм экономических взаимодействий: содержание категории и сущностные характеристики

The recent discovery of the specific molecular defects in many patients with hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis/pyropoikilocytosis partially clarifies the molecular pathology of these diseases. HE and HPP are caused by defects in the horizontal interactions that hold the membrane skeleton together, particularly the critical spectrin self-association reaction. Single gene defects cause red cells to elongate as they circulate, by a unknown mechanism, and are clinically harmless. The combination of two defective genes or one severe alpha spectrin defect and a thalassaemia-like defect in the opposite allele (alphaLELY) results in fragile cells that fragment into bizarre shapes in the circulation, with haemolysis and sometimes life-threatening anaemia. A few of the alpha spectrin defects are common, suggesting they provide an advantage against malaria or some other threat. HS, in contrast, is nearly always caused by family-specific private mutations. These involve the five proteins that link the membrane skeleton to the overlying lipid bilayer: alpha and beta spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and protein 4.2. Somehow, perhaps through loss of the anchorage band 3 provides its lipid neighbours (Peters et al, 1996), microvesiculation of the membrane surface ensues, leading to spherocytosis, splenic sequestration and haemolysis. Future research will need to focus on how each type of defect causes its associated disease, how the spleen aggravates membrane skeleton defects (a process termed 'conditioning'), how defective red, cells are recognized and removed in the spleen, and why patients with similar or even identical defects can have different clinical severity. Emphasis also needs to be given to improving diagnostic tests, particularly for HS, and exploring new options for therapy, like partial splenectomy, which can ameliorate symptoms while better protecting patients from bacterial sepsis and red cell parasites, and perhaps from atherosclerosis (Robinette & Franmeni, 1977) and venous thrombosis (Stewart et al, 1996).

Based on responses to a survey of international migrants and Norway-born residents in three rural municipalities, this article analyses place attachment at various levels of scale. It compares international migrants to Norwegian-born internal migrants and local natives. Three questions are addressed: 1) Are there differences in the three resident categories’ levels of place attachment at different levels of scale?; 2) What are the predictors of place attachment, and is being a migrant a predictor in its own right? and 3) Are the predictors of place attachment the same for international migrants, internal migrants and local natives, and for different levels of scale? After controlling for other factors, the study found that all three categories have similar place attachment levels to the local scales. However, place attachment predictors differ, and predictors of place attachment have different relevance on different scales for the three categories. Institutional trust, usually not addressed in the research tradition, predicts place attachment for all categories.

Chapter 4 - Geographic Space as a Living Structure for Predicting Human Activities Using Big Data

Science is made feasible by the adoption of common systems of units. As research has become more data intensive, especially in the biomedical domain, it requires the adoption of a common system of information models, to make explicit the relationship between one set of data and another, regardless of format. This is being realised through the OBO Foundry to develop a suite of reference ontologies, and NCBO Bioportal to provide services to integrate biomedical resources and functionality to visualise and create mappings between ontology terms. Biomedical experts tend to be focused at one level of spatial scale, be it biochemistry, cell biology, or anatomy. Likewise, the ontologies they use tend to be focused at a particular level of scale. There is increasing interest in a multiscale systems approach, which attempts to integrate between different levels of scale to gain understanding of emergent effects. This is a return to physiological medicine with a computational emphasis, exemplified by the worldwide Physiome initiative, and the European Union funded Network of Excellence in the Virtual Physiological Human. However, little work has been done on how information modelling itself may be tailored to a multiscale systems approach. We demonstrate how this can be done for the complex process of heart morphogenesis, which requires multiscale understanding in both time and spatial domains. Such an effort enables the integration of multiscale metrology.

The article examines the key aspects of strategic management in the construction sector under conditions of digital transformation, emphasizing the relevance of a comprehensive approach that considers the interrelation between the real estate market and financial leasing. Proposals for the implementation of digital development strategies are formulated, systemic barriers are outlined, and the impact of digital technologies on the dynamics of key indicators is visualized. A mechanism for interaction between stakeholders in construction, finance, and leasing activities is proposed. The aim of the study is to justify the role of strategic management based on digitalization, taking into account the influence of financial leasing on the development of the real estate market. The object of the study is the process of interaction between economic entities in the construction, financial, and leasing sectors under conditions of digitalization. The methodological foundation of the study is based on the dialectical approach, systems analysis, economic and statistical methods, comparative analysis, and the structural-functional approach. In the context of the digital transformation of the economy, strategic management in the construction sector requires a rethinking of existing approaches, with due regard to the relationship between the real estate market and financial leasing mechanisms. The integration of digital technologies at all stages of investment and construction project implementation – from design to operation – necessitates the use of innovative management tools that enhance efficiency, transparency, and investment attractiveness in the construction industry. As a result, mechanisms of interaction between digital platforms, leasing instruments, and developers are substantiated, which reduce investment barriers, improve operational transparency, and accelerate project implementation. It is established that the introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM), smart contracts, digital platforms, and management systems allows for the optimization of financial leasing processes, improvement in communication among market participants, and enhancement of managerial decision-making quality. The practical value of the results lies in identifying strategic directions for the digital development of the construction sector, which contribute to improved housing accessibility, increased investment volumes, and more effective responses to changing real estate market demand.

An instructive lecture is delivered for mineralogists who intend to devote themselves to or are engaged in the technology of relevant fields. The brief history is given on developments of single crystal devices for optics as well as those for ferromagnetic, ferroelectric and ferroelastic (ferroic) usages. It is emphasized, for the survival of the mineralogists in fields of industry, they should understand functions of physical properties and mechanisms of interactions in addition to their knowledge of symmetry and structure of crystals.

Implications and applications of modern test theory in the context of outcomes based education

Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder caused by a heterozygous contiguous gene deletion on chromosome 7q11.23. Clinical features of the disease include low IQ and deficit in some cog- nitive domains, and the presence of relatively strong abilities in social drive, face processing, language, and musical skills. The presence of a strong predisposition to the development of musicality in individuals affected by WS leads us to suppose that some genes deleted in this syndrome are somehow involved in the evolution of this ability, and that these genes could act in normal conditions as “suppressors of music ability”. To test this hypothesis, we carried out an “in silico” analysis by using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to identify the interaction between genes mapped in the WS critical region and genes previously related to musical ability by literature data. This approach allowed us to identify 3 networks of interaction, involving AVPR1A, NCF1, UNC5C and LAT2 in the first network, STX1A and SLC6A4 in the second one and only WS related genes in the last one. Among these associations, the one involving STX1A and SLC6A4 suggested a possible mechanism of interaction was based on the influence played by STX1A deletion on the serotonin levels through a decrease of SLC6A4 activity.

The functional interaction between the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nitrendipine and quinidine was studied in isolated preparations from guinea-pig cardiac ventricle and in mesenteric arterial segments under a variety of experimental conditions. The negative inotropic potency of nitrendipine is clearly enhanced by quinidine (3 x 10(-6)-10(-4) mol/l) by up to two orders of magnitude, i.e. cardiac nitrendipine effects are potentiated. Vasorelaxant effects, however, remain largely unaffected (nitrendipine potency is increased by half an order of magnitude maximally). To elucidate the mechanism of this interaction, the ability of quinidine to potentiate the negative inotropic effect of a series of 12 dihydropyridines was compared with their voltage-dependence of action in guinea-pig left atria. No significant correlation is found (r = 0.18). Furthermore, quinidine inhibits rather than stimulates binding of tritiated nitrendipine, nimodipine or (S)-isradipine to isolated cardiac membranes. Therefore, the mechanism of the quinidine-nitrendipine interaction differs from those previously proposed for modulation of dihydropyridine binding by other drugs. We hypothesize that quinidine-occupied calcium channels adopt an intermediate affinity for nitrendipine, higher than in resting channels, but lower than the high affinity present with inactivated channels. Model calculations which are based on this assumption are able to reproduce all experimental findings of this study.

This article focuses on four industrial additive manufacturing approaches that are used to create polymer parts. The first section focuses on material extrusion, providing information on lumped-parameter material flow models and higher-fidelity models developed to estimate temperature distribution. The second section covers polymer powder-bed sintering/ fusion, discussing the different levels of scale used to address modeling and the impact of process settings: thermodynamics at the powder-bed surface, consolidation of adjacent particles in the fusion process, and fusion and molecular-level behavior within particles. The third section on vat photopolymerization (VPP) discusses two primary approaches to modeling VPP processes, namely a lumped-parameter approach to estimate cured regions in the vat, known as the Jacobs model, and a high-fidelity, continuum approach that uses finite-element methods. The final section is devoted to material jetting, focusing on simulations used to study droplet generation at the nozzle and droplet impact.

Scale-space theory provides a well-founded framework for dealing with image structures, which naturally occur at different scales. According to this theory, from a given signal one can generate a family of derived signals by successively removing structures when moving from finer to coarser scales. At any scale in this representation, features can then be defined either by geometric constructions or by combining Gaussian derivatives into differential invariants. In contrast to other multi-scale or multi-resolution representations, scale-space is based on a precise mathematical definition of causality, or scale invariance, and the behaviour of structure as scale changes can be analytically described. However, the information in the scale-space embedding is only implicit in the grey-level values. The smoothed images in the raw scale-space representation contain no explicit information about the features in them or the relations between features at different levels of scale.

Sensemaking occurs when people face the problem of forming an understanding of a situation. One scenario in which technology has a particularly significant impact on sensemaking and its success is in legal investigations. Legal investigations extend over time, are resource intensive, and require the sifting and re-representation of large collections of electronic evidence and close collaboration between multiple investigators. In this article, we present an account of sensemaking in three corporate legal investigations. We summarize information interaction processes in the form of a model which conceptualizes processes as resource transformations triggered and shaped by both bottom-up and top-down resources. The model both extends upon and validates aspects of a previous account of investigative sensemaking (Pirolli & Card, 2005) and brings to the fore two kinds of focusing. Data focusing involves identifying and structuring information to draw out facts relevant to a given set of investigation issues. Issue focusing involves revising the issues in the light of new insights. Both are essential in sensemaking. We draw this distinction through detailed accounts of two activities in the investigations: reviewing documents for relevance and the creation and use of external representations. This provides a basis for a number of requirements for sensemaking support systems, particularly in collaborative settings, including document annotation; dynamically associating documents of a given type; interacting with documents in fluid ways; linking external representation elements to evidence; filtering external representations in flexible ways; and viewing external representations at different levels of scale and fidelity. Finally, we use our data to analyze the conceptual elements within a “line of inquiry.” This provides a framework that can form the basis for partitioning information into hierarchically embedded inquiry ‘contexts’ within collaborative sensemaking systems.

With the view point of granular computing, there are different granules at different levels of scale in data sets having hierarchical scale structures. In this paper, the notion of incomplete multi-scale information systems is first introduced. Using tolerance relation, the lower and upper approximations in incomplete multi-scale information systems are then defined and their properties are examined.

The tangible patterns of urban heritage sites are composed of complex components, and their interaction is involved in the process of formation and transformation. The past of cities also partially survives in the structure of the settlement, even if many buildings are demolished or significantly transformed. In this study, we introduce a model based on the integration of urban morphology, deep learning, and artificial intelligence methods for exploring the tangible patterns of urban heritage areas at different levels of scale. The proposed model is able to define and recognize the characteristics of the basic elements of urban forms at different resolution levels and reveal the patterns of the heritage. The basic principle of the model is the analysis of urban heritage sites located in different parts of the historical city center of Istanbul. We first define the relationship patterns and complexity levels, and form the characteristics of the urban form by using geographic information systems (GIS), based on the cartographic and contemporary maps. We then employ deep-learning-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automatic segmentation, using OpenCV and NumPy in Python to extract streets and blocks on both historical and contemporary map sources. Based on the results integrated with human intelligence and the CNNs model, we finally generate several prompts for AI for better reasoning in the process of pattern recognition. Our results reveal that this integration increases GPT-4o’s assumptions in the pattern recognition process and, thus, it is able to reveal similar results to those obtained from the form features with different levels of specificity that are interdependent and complementary to human assessments.

Abstract. "Two important characteristics of maps should be noticed. A map is not the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a similar structure to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness. If the map could be ideally correct, it would include, in a reduced scale, the map of the map; the map of the map, of the map; and so on, endlessly, a fact first noticed by Royce." Alfred Korzybski (1933)As noted in the introductory quotation, a map was long ago seen as the map of the map, the map of the map, of the map, and so on endlessly. This recursive perspective on maps, however, has received little attention in cartography. Cartography, as a scientific discipline, is essentially founded on Euclidean geometry and Gaussian statistics, which deal with respectively regular shapes, and more or less similar things. It is commonly accepted that geographic features are not regular and that the Earth’s surface is full of fractal or scaling or living phenomena: far more small things than large ones at different levels of scale. This paper argues for a new paradigm in mapping, based on fractal or living geometry and Paretian statistics, and – more critically – on the new conception of space, conceived and developed by Christopher Alexander, that space is neither lifeless nor neutral, but a living structure capable of being more living or less living. The fractal geometry is not limited to Benoit Mandelbrot’s framework, but towards Christopher Alexander’s living geometry and based upon the third definition of fractal: A set or pattern is fractal if the scaling of far more small things than large ones recurs multiple times. Paretian statistics deals with far more small things than large ones, so it differs fundamentally from Gaussian statistics, which deals with more or less similar things. Under the new paradigm, I make several claims about maps and mapping: (1) Topology of geometrically coherent things – in addition to that of geometric primitives – enables us to see a scaling or fractal or living structure; (2) Under the third definition, all geographic features are fractal or living, given the right perspective and scope; (3) Exactitude is not truth – to paraphrase Henri Matisse – but the living structure is; and (4) Töpfer’s law is not universal, but scaling law is. All these assertions are supported by evidence, drawn from a series of previous studies. This paper demands a monumental shift in perspective and thinking from what we have used to on the legacy of cartography and GIS.