Феноменальный характер мышления и проблема субъектности искусственного интеллекта

The paper presents definite review of mutual communication between analytical philosophy and phenomenology in the study of conscious experience’s phenomenal character. It is clearly demonstrated, that analytical philosophy tends to share the so-called “narrow” inter­pretation of conscious experience phenomenal character both in its strong and moderate ver­sions. Strong version denies that cognitive states may have phenomenal properties and in­sists that the latter adhere only to sensorial domain. Those who share moderate position, admits, that perceptual experience preserves its phenomenal character although laden with definite conceptual content. According to this position, conscious thoughts may possess their specific phenomenal character, but only due to perceptual states, with which they are obvi­ously tied. In their turn, those, who adhere to phenomenological tradition, support the so-called wide interpretation of conscious experience phenomenal character. Their point is, that our thoughts also have their specific phenomenal character, which differs from the former and cannot be reduced to sensory phenomenology. Those who accept this position acknowl­edge (logical and metaphysical) possibility of specific cognitive mental states; differ from any sensorial mental states. Vivid debates on cognitive phenomenology, dated back to the last years 80th of XX century and embrace wide range of international philosophical community, still continue. They throw a fresh light on the most fundamental problems of contemporary epistemology: perceptual intentionality and its influence on the high-level cognitive processes, qualia of mental experience (if any), the relevance of introspection in the study of abstract thinking, phenomenological description cognitive status. This analy­sis outlines directions of their further elaboration and not only paves the way to the new de­cision of the so-called “hard problem” of mind, but also raises to the new level of complex­ity the problems of artificial intelligence.

<i>Vagueness and the Evolution of Consciousness</i>

This thesis aims to challenge a variety of representationalist theory of mind – what may be called reductive wide representationalism or externalist representationalism – which asserts that phenomenal characters (or qualia) of perceptual experiences are completely determined by representational contents assuming that since representational contents, like all other propositional contents, are externally determined, so are phenomenal characters. The principal claim of this paper is that there is a gap between phenomenal characters of an experience and its representational content: even if all representational facts were given, we would not have a complete explanation about relevant phenomenal facts. In my view, no matter how much the theories of representational content can be refined, there is always going to be phenomenal residue. Furthermore, this version of representationalism cannot explain why certain phenomenal characters co-occur with certain representational contents since the link between them seems contingent. That is, representationalism is not immune to the typical explanatory gap problem. While most contemporary discussions about representationalism have focused extensively on vision and visual qualities, I focus particularly on audition and its distinctive features. I think that audition-centred examples can help to build a strong case against reductive wide representationalism by revealing what might have been overlooked in the vision-centred examples.

The name psych-verbs is commonly assigned to verbs denoting mental or emotional states, such as fear, worry, frighten, or surprise. Such verbs select a participant/an individual who experiences an emotional or mental state, usually referred to as an Experiencer, and a non-Experiencer argument, sometimes called stimulus, trigger of emotion, causer or target/subject matter, or subsumed under the label of ‘theme’ (Landau, 2010, p. 5). The special behaviour of Experiencers, related to the so-called ‘psych effects’, is the reason why psychological predicates have been a subject of debate in theoretical syntax for several decades. The aim of this study is to check whether English verbal phraseological units, which denote a psychological condition of an Experiencer and occur with locative Prepositional Phrases (PPs), may serve as evidence for Landau’s (2010, p. 6) hypothesis of ‘Experiencers as mental locations’. Landau’s theory has been chosen since it covers a much broader variety of data, in comparison with the previous approaches, offered by Belletti &amp; Rizzi (1988), Grimshaw (1990), and Pesetsky (1995), among others. The data analysed in the paper have been extracted from English dictionaries of idiomatic expressions, supported with the COCA Corpus. The study focuses on Object Experiencer verbal phraseological units that display a structure V + PP. The results of the study reveal that, in total, out of 3,000 tokens, there are only 50 psychological verbal idiomatic expressions with an Object Experiencer. However, the data show that a lexical P with the Experiencer as an object appears only in 13 (26%) idiomatic expressions out of the 50, whereas 37 items (74%) include an Experiencer preceded with no P. The latter might be treated as exhibiting an oblique Experiencer with a null preposition. However, no relevant syntactic evidence can be found in support the claim that there is a covert P in this type of phrase. Therefore, the results do not provide enough evidence in favour of Landau’s (2010) theory of Experiencers as mental locations, placed either in a covert or overt PP.

Cognitive and emotional factors influence specific domains of postural control in individuals with moderate-to-severe Parkinson’s disease

BackgroundEvidence from quantitative studies suggest that Tai Chi produces a variety of health-related benefits, but few qualitative studies have investigated how older adults perceive the benefit of Tai Chi. The objective of the current study was to qualitatively evaluate the perceived benefits of Tai Chi practice among community older population.MethodsThis study was conducted with participants from a trial examining the effects of a 12-week Tai Chi training on ischemic stroke risk in community older adults (n = 170). A total of 20 participants were randomly selected from a convenience sample of participants who had completed 12-week Tai Chi training (n = 68) were interviewed regarding their perceived benefit on physical and mental health and whether Tai Chi exercise was suitable for the elderly.ResultsAll participants agreed that Tai Chi training could relax their body and make them comfortable. Most of them thought Tai Chi training could promote physical health, including relieving pain, enhancing digestion, strengthening immunity, enhancing energy and improving sleep quality, enhancing their mental and emotional state (e.g. improving mood and reducing anxiety, improving concentration and promoting interpersonal relationship). Most of participants also agreed that Tai Chi exercise was appropriate for community older people. Three primary themes emerged from content analysis: Improving physical health; Enhancing mental and emotional state; Conforming with the request of the elderly.ConclusionThe findings indicate that regular Tai Chi exercise may have positive benefits in terms of improved physical health and mental state among community elderly population, and may be useful and feasible body-mind exercise to community elderly population for its positive effects and advantages.Trial registrationChiCTR ChiCTR-TRC-13003601. Registered 23 July 2014.

Eeg-based mental states assessment of three-wheeler drivers in different environments and traffic conditions

According to intentionalism, phenomenal properties are identical to, supervenient on, or determined by representational properties. Intentionalism faces a special challenge when it comes to accounting for the phenomenal character of moods. First, it seems that no intentionalist treatment of moods can capture their apparently undirected phenomenology. Second, it seems that even if we can come up with a viable intentionalist account of moods, we would not be able to motivate it in some of the same kinds of ways that intentionalism about other kinds of states can be motivated. In this article, I respond to both challenges: First, I propose a novel intentionalist treatment of moods on which they represent unbound affective properties. Then, I argue that this view is indirectly supported by the same kinds of considerations that directly support intentionalism about other mental states.

Introduction. Disability to recognize emotional and mental states from other people’s facial expressions is acknowledged as one of the major developmental-behavioral problems in autistic children. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of traditional and computer emotional facial training on the recognition of facial emotional states in children with autism and mother-child relation and parental competence in mothers of autistic children. Material and Methods. The present was clinical trial study. The children in the both groups were trained during 10 sessions. In traditional group children training using 40 images related to four situations as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. The children in the computer group trained with the Let’s Face It software. These questionnaires were completed one day before and one day and one week after performing the intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results. Findings showed that emotional state training has improved the identification of emotional states (p = 0.01), mother-child relation (p = 0.001) and parental competence (p = 0.001) in the both groups. There was also a statistically significant difference between the scores of identifying face emotional states (p = 0.01), mother-child relation (p = 0.001) and parental competence (p = 0.001) in the both groups. But training in traditional group was effectiveness than computer grope. Conclusion. Teaching emotional face to children with autism improved the recognition of emotional states by these children, and subsequently improved the mother-child relationship and motherly sense of competence in the mothers of these children.

“Geteiltes Leid ist halbes Leid.” The old German proverb reflects the fact that sharing a bad emotion or feeling with someone else may lower the psychological strain of the person experiencing sorrow, mourning or anger. On the other hand the person showing empathy will take literally a load from its counterpart, up to physiological reaction of the peripheral and central nervous pain system. Though subjective, mental and physical states can be shared. Visual perception of suffering may be important but also narrative description plays a role, all our senses are mixing in. It is hypothetized that literature, art and humanities allow this overlap. A change of mental states can lead to empirically observable effects as it is the case for the effect of role identity or placebo on pain perception. Antidepressants and other therapeutics are another choice to change the mental and bodily states. Their development follows today's notion of “rationality” in the design of therapeutics and is characterized solely by an atomic resolution approach to understand drug activity. Since emotional states and physiological states are entangled, given the difficulty of a physical description of emotion, the future rational drug design should encompass mental states as well.

This study investigates the role of expressive syntactic constructions (ESCs) in conveying cognitive intentions (opinion, argument, supposition) in literary texts. Using Guzel Yakhina's novel «Zuleikha Opens Her Eyes» as primary material, the research analyzes the functional capabilities of specific syntactic devices including parcellation, repetition, rhetorical questions and exclamations, aposiopesis, ellipsis, inversion, and other constructions that shape the pragmatic dimension of character utterances. The analysis demonstrates that parcellation enhances emotional emphasis and renders character speech more dynamic and expressive; repetition underscores speaker persistence and conviction; while ellipsis creates effects of implication, uncertainty, or internal tension. Rhetorical questions and exclamations enable characters to express subjective attitudes toward events, whereas inversion structures utterances to foreground key informational elements. Collectively, these devices not only transmit characters' cognitive states but also model their interpersonal interactions, reveal social status and psychological traits, thereby constructing comprehensive representations of their inner worlds and emotional experiences. The methodological framework is grounded in a cognitive-pragmatic approach, which treats expressive syntactic constructions as means of expressing intentionality. The scientific novelty lies in systematically correlating syntactic tools with types of cognitive intentions, revealing consistent patterns between utterance structure and intentional content, while facilitating identification of distinctive character speech types. Findings indicate that expressive syntax serves to verbalize cognitive and emotional states, enhances textual expressiveness, models characters' inner worlds, and reveals their psychological portraits. The practical significance encompasses applications in literary analysis, psycholinguistic research, and teaching literary interpretation. Study limitations acknowledge the single-text basis of conclusions, which may reflect genre and stylistic specificities. Nevertheless, the proposed approach opens new perspectives for analyzing literary discourse through the dual lens of syntactic expressivity and cognitive intentions.

The articlepresents the results of the theoretical analysis of the problem of emotional intelligence as a resource for the competitiveness of athletes in sports gaming activities. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that modern elite sport is characterized by high physical and psychological stress, focus on achieving the highest possible results, and fierce competition of rivals. Emotional intelligence is considered as a psychological phenomenon, studied with the help of different ideas, theories, concepts, categories: emotions, feelings and experiences, emotional state, emotional-volitional regulation, emotional maturity of the individual (F. Vаsilyuk, V. Vіlyunas, К. Іzard, E. Іl’in, G. Оrme, О. Sannikova, О. Chebykin, P. Екman); emotional intelligence,emotional and social intelligence, emotional competence (R. Bar-on,D. Goleman, J. Mayer,P. Salovey);emotional stability, arrogance, regulation, which ensure the competitiveness of athletes in the process of improvement (R. Agavelyan, G. Gorska, N. Ilyasova, S. Kasyanova, V. Pirozhkova).The purposeof the article is to analyze modern psychological statements about the nature of emotional intelligence as a resource of competitiveness in sports game activity. Research methods: analysis, comparison, systematization, generalization of modern scientific sources and the results of the empirical studies of the psychological content of the problem under study. The resultsof the study showed the importance of the developing the emotional intelligence of athletesto ensure their competitiveness in competitive activities, however, given the heterogeneity of the results of theoretical and empirical studies, there is a need for further scientific research on this problem. The conclusionsare that the specificity of sports gaming activity requires the development of emotional intelligence and all its components to reduce the situational anxiety of athletes before competitions, as well as increase their competitiveness.

Purpose. The study presents the key aspects of the introduction and use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the construction industry. The challenges faced by builders when implementing AI, such as the high cost of equipment and the need for retraining, are discussed. The advantages of AI are also considered, including improving design efficiency, reducing costs and improving control over construction processes. Special attention is paid to the use of AI in monitoring construction sites, risk forecasting, automation of typical operations and the use of autonomous technology. The article emphasizes that despite the existing problems, it is a powerful tool for the transformation of the construction industry, which can significantly improve the quality and speed of construction.Methods. The research uses methods of statistical and comparative analysis, the «golden square» method in the context of digitalization of the IC, focused on managing complex situations.Results. A classifier of threats and risks for IC in difficult situations has been developed from the point of view of the sustainable development of artificial intelligence in the construction industry.Conclusion. Artificial intelligence in construction opens up new horizons for improving efficiency and optimizing processes. From BIM technologies to autonomous robots and drones, and is becoming an integral part of the modern construction industry. However, despite all the advantages, there are also challenges, such as the high cost of equipment and the need for retraining. Nevertheless, the potential in construction is huge, and its implementation promises significant improvements in the quality, speed and safety of construction work. The paper provides an overview of the problems of IC in modern conditions. The analysis of the application of the "golden square" method in the context of digitalization of the IC, focused on managing complex situations, is presented. A classifier of threats and risks for the UK in difficult situations from the point of view of sustainable development has been developed.

The importance of the topic of the article is due to the fact that nowadays there is a need to understand that the creation of artificial intelligence is associated with the understanding and study of natural intelligence. The problem of defining artificial intelligence is largely reduced to defining intelligence in general: is intelligence monolithic or does this concept define a set of different abilities? To what extent intelligence can be created? Is it possible to create computers with intelligence? These and other questions have not yet been answered by the contemporary science, but these questions have greatly contributed to the formation of tasks and methodologies that form the basis of the theory and practice of contemporary artificial intelligence in philosophy. The purpose of the article is the need to study and substantiate the indicators of overall success in the development of artificial intelligence systems; proving that human psychoreality is an open system of nonlinear type; proving the effectiveness of logo and psycho-machines in the development of artificial intelligence in philosophy. The article gives a theoretical justification for the concepts of “artificial intelligence” and “logo and psycho machines”; the conditions for the effectiveness of the development of artificial intelligence in our time are highlighted, as the scientific direction of artificial intelligence is young, and its structure and range of issues are not so clearly defined. It is now possible to implement formal systems of reasoning in the machine and test their sufficiency for the manifestation of reasonableness in practice.

Contemporary interdisciplinary researches are now based upon modern information technologies. The core of the studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences is the program of artificial intelligence. The research program of artificial intelligence represents an attempt to unite a conglomerate of different disciplines connected by a common task – to create a theoretical model of “natural” intelligence and to develop, if possible, the way (or “technology”) to manufacture it in order to apply it in different areas of human activity where “natural” intelligence is now used. However, such a program, in a strict sense of the term, still hardly exists – rather it is a “vague” ideology of complex research, which would be able to solve the set of various tasks by means of modern engineering and various “cognitive sciences”. Nevertheless, the Learned Council on the problem of artificial intelligence, which is focused on elaborating the program of interdisciplinary research of human reason with a special reference to artificial intelligence, was established at the beginning of 2006 under the guidance of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Let me remark, by the way, that not only leading Russian scientists but also the students of the corresponding institutes have been involved in the research work. The Council organized the conference entitled “Artificial Intelligence As the Subject of Interdisciplinary Research” (January, 2005) to which not only philosophers but also computer scientists, mathematicians, logicians etc. greatly contributed. The conference gave rise to a permanent seminar. It works with enormous success under the guidance of the vicepresident of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Nevertheless, very few people pose the question whether such a subject exists at all – even in the sense in which mathematicians speak about the “existence” of the solution of this or that problem (even though it still has not been found). In general, the progress of scientific knowledge, not only in mathematics but also in “empirical” sciences, often originates from the effort to solve such a problem, which has no scientific solutions or does not