ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ КОМУНАЛЬНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ

The article discusses some common problems faced by most municipal urban electric transport enterprises that existed in the pre-war period and provides a forecast for the post-war recovery of the industry. It emphasizes that the urban public transport in Ukraine should develop based on the principle of multimodality, where schedules of different types of urban public transport are coordinated and tickets are valid for a certain period of time, allowing passengers to transfer between a certain number of transport modes. Specific measures are proposed to improve the functioning of urban public transport in Ukraine on the path to multimodality. The article also provides a brief overview of the application of multimodal transport by public transport in a number of developed countries around the world. According to the forecasts made in the article, in the coming years, public transport will become not only more technological and environmentally friendly, but also more economical due to the introduction of advanced types of public transport, various convenient forms of payment for passenger services based on contactless electronic media, the development of other transport technologies and electronic transport applications. All this, combined with modernized dispatching of urban passenger transport, route rationalization, and the optimization of coordinated schedules, will inevitably lead to the creation of a highly automated multimodal public transport system in our cities, which will make urban public transport a better choice compared to private vehicles in the future. The article provides interesting illustrative material showing how equal-sized groups of people, who are public transport passengers, use micro-mobility vehicles (bicycles) and are owners and passengers of cars in the urban space. The presented material vividly demonstrates the advantages of public transport in terms of relieving congested roads in the majority of Ukrainian cities. Multimodality of urban public transport is the decisive word in the post-war recovery and further sustainable development of our country's urban public transport.

The aim of the article is to analyze the current state and development prospects of multimodal transportation, to examine its efficiency and advantages compared to traditional modes of transport, and to identify the main problems and ways to solve them in order to improve logistics efficiency and the integration of transportation systems. The overall aim of the study is to determine and substantiate efficient strategies for the development of multimodal passenger transportation in Ukraine to ensure safe, comfortable, and economically viable passenger transport. The article explores the current state and prospects for the development of multimodal passenger transportation in Ukraine. The article considers the principles of integrating different types of transport into a unified system capable of ensuring continuous and efficient passenger movement. Special attention is given to the regulatory and legal support for the functioning of transportation infrastructure, modern logistical approaches to route formation, and the use of digital technologies for planning «door-to-door» transportation. The role of multimodal transportation in increasing the convenience, speed, and safety of passenger flows is assessed. The authors examine the impact of the ongoing war on Ukraine’s transport system during 2022–2024, including evacuation operations, the delivery of humanitarian aid, and the resilience of infrastructure during crises. The analysis covers the destruction of transport facilities and the challenges of their restoration, as well as ways to integrate the Ukrainian transport network into the European TEN-T system. It is demonstrated that the efficient operation of multimodal transportation in crisis conditions requires a comprehensive approach, infrastructure modernization, the implementation of digital solutions, and international cooperation. Based on the analysis, key factors for the successful development of multimodal transportation have been identified, including systemic planning, route optimization, improving logistics efficiency, ensuring passenger safety, and the resilience of the transport system. The study provides practical recommendations for implementing modern technologies and improving the management of multimodal routes, which helps enhance the competitiveness of the Ukrainian transport sector internationally and ensures its capacity to respond to crisis challenges. The practical significance lies in the applicability of the proposed strategies and recommendations for improving the integration of different modes of transport, boosting safety, comfort, and the accessibility of passenger transportation. Overall, this research makes an important contribution to the study of multimodal passenger transport in Ukraine, offering scientifically grounded recommendations for optimizing transport flows, increasing transport efficiency, and enhancing the quality of passenger services.

Prelims

Introduction. Lately the ability to ship products on time and without damage has more priorities than a good price. This redistribution of emphasis on the market has led to the development of logistics management. The purpose of the paper is to take a look at the transport and logistics system of Ukraine, find its main problems and tasks. Results. Ukraine's place in the global transportation network can be determined by the LPI Logistics Efficiency Index provided by the World Bank. Transport infrastructure is very important for the economic and social development of the country. A structured logistics system is important for efficient international trade as it involves long-distance transportation. Ukraine's internal transport and logistics system has many problems. This is due to the lack of the necessary transport and road complex. Ukrainian entrepreneurs hardly use information systems in their activities, such as SRM (supplier relationship management). It can be explained with different reasons: distrust of new technologies; high cost of information systems; lack of understanding of the importance of using modern technologies. Lately there has been an increase in the cost of transport and logistics. The logistics system of domestic enterprises faces the following tasks: management and regulation of material flow; organization of the transport process and inventory management of the enterprise. Conclusion. Ukraine's transport and logistics system is still under development, with many problems that need to be solved. Particular attention should be paid to improving the quality of transport services both within the country and abroad to strengthen Ukraine's position in the international market. In further research it is recommended to help entrepreneurs learn more about information systems because it`s an important part of the development of transport and logistics chains.

The article considers the development of transport in the infrastructure system of Ukraine. Several main problems that hinder the development of transport infrastructure have been identified. The role of transport in the sphere of economic relations is determined. Transport, as an infrastructure sector, should provide timely and efficient freight and passenger transportation, promote the integration of Ukraine's economy into European and world economic systems. However, the current unsatisfactory condition of the rolling stock of various modes of transport in Ukraine causes a low level of use of Ukraine's potential as a transit country and, accordingly, reduces the competitiveness of the country's economy. Our state has significant potential in the development of air transport and increasing the volume of cargo and passenger traffic by air fleet of foreign and domestic production. But to realize this potential, it is important to adapt legislation to European standards. The importance of transport is that it provides links between industries, enterprises, regions of the country, foreign countries. It should be noted that the problems associated with the need to modernize the transport infrastructure of Ukraine do not lose their relevance over a long period of time. Transport is a necessary condition for the emergence and development of intensive exchange of goods between the individual territories involved in this division. The expansion of the territorial division of labor, its improvement and the emergence of new, more efficient forms largely depends on the level of development of transport. The role of the transport industry in the modern economy is very large. The efficiency of other industries and, consequently, the economic well-being of the country depend on its efficiency. The level of development of transport infrastructure, which provides the movement of freight and passenger flows, directly affects not only the socio-economic growth of territorial social systems. The developed transport system forms the "framework" of the regions and is the basis for the territorial division of labor. Transport is a necessary condition for the territorial division of labor, specialization of regions, and their integrated development.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic resilience of Ukrainian transport enterprises amid a multifactor crisis caused by full-scale war, infrastructure destruction, disruption of logistics routes, and declining transportation volumes. The study examines the dynamics of freight and passenger transport in Ukraine during 2020–2024, highlighting structural shifts in the transport sector and the differential impact of external shocks on various modes of transportation. Special attention is paid to the role of railway and road transport, adaptive mechanisms, development of alternative export corridors, rising operational costs, and deterioration of financial performance of enterprises under wartime conditions. Operational and financial risks determining sectoral resilience are analyzed, along with trends of recovery observed in 2023–2024, including expansion of multimodal logistics solutions, digitalization of processes, and reorganization of transport flows. Statistical data on freight turnover, passenger traffic, and profitability are synthesized to assess enterprise-level stability and to identify factors that enhance the ability of transport companies to withstand crises. The study emphasizes the strategic importance of modernizing infrastructure, strengthening international cooperation, adopting innovative risk management approaches, and optimizing operational efficiency to support long-term sustainability. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the transport sector’s vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity, providing guidance for policymakers, managers, and stakeholders involved in transport and logistics planning in conditions of high uncertainty and systemic shocks. A SWOT analysis is conducted to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the sector. The study reveals that transport enterprises demonstrate significant adaptive capacity, yet substantial risks of prolonged instability remain, necessitating strategic management and comprehensive investments. The results highlight the importance of infrastructure modernization, enhanced financial flexibility, and integration into European transport networks as key directions for ensuring sectoral resilience.

With the acceleration of the process of urbanization and motorization, the traditional development mode of passenger transport can not meet the requirements of the present era. Firstly, after the brief introduction of the characteristics of traditional passenger transport mode, the connotation of urban passenger transport in the background of the integration is put forward; secondly, the development trend of integration research of urban passenger transport is expounded; afterwards, the influence factors of constructing integrated development mode of passenger transport in city are analyzed; finally, the research object of this topic is set up, namely the integrated development mode of passenger transport in city, having very important and practical significance to guide urban benign development, integrate urban transportation resources and optimize the urban space layout and so on.

The region is a complex multi-element and heterogeneous dynamic system. Regional public transport systems are characterized by heterogeneity and incompleteness of information about the processes that take place in them. The factors determining the demand for public passenger transport services, the structure of suburban population transit and the economic consequences of changing this structure have not yet been sufficiently investigated. There is no quantitative assessment of the control factors’ influence on the results of the passenger transport system functioning in suburban traffic, which complicates the effective management in this field.In order to determine the mutual influence of objects with unclear functional connection, one of the methods of computational geometry is considered, which allows quantifying and obtaining tabulated functions of various components and parameters of settlements' interaction and centers of gravity. The numerical characteristics obtained by the described method are further used in the modeling of the processes of efficient functioning and collaboration of urban passenger transport with other external transport types, in particular at interchanges.As a result of the proposed operations, we obtain a tabulated function of the investigated parameter for the area of spatial interaction of infrastructure objects and visualize the calculated parameters in the form of graphical dependencies or in the form of a three-dimensional surface. Thus, using the method of computational geometry, with constructing a Voronoi diagram and executing the Delaunay triangulation, it is possible to obtain tabulated characteristic parameters for inhomogeneous zones of mutual influence where infrastructure objects with unclear functional connection are located.

The current socio-economic conditions of some developed and developing countries are not favorable for the development of the public mass transport services. Most of the residents of large and medium-sized cities, but also smaller towns, use their own passenger car on mandatory trips. This phenomenon perfectly reflects the constantly growing of motorization index in such countries. The consequence of this is, of course, the decreasing number of passengers carried by means of public mass transport, in particular operating outside of large urbanized areas. This causes and unfortunately will cause not only further problems of automotive congestion on the transport networks of urban areas, reduction of the road safety level, but also adverse environmental effects in the form of pollution. The authors of the article analyzed the results of transport surveys, which were carried out in recent years among the public transport passengers. The surveys concerned the assessments and postulates and expectations of passengers. The research was carried out in one of the typical in terms of socio-economic conditions of Polish voivodships (a country dynamically developing in the passenger transport sector, in terms of both mobility, as well as the quantitative and qualitative status of transport means and transport infrastructure). The voivodship subjected to such analysis was the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship, located in the central part of Poland. The respondents were asked to speak on topics related to, among others, transport infrastructure, means of transport, access to services of public transport systems, comfort and safety of traveling. The analysis also included assessments and postulates related to tariff systems, travel information systems, and transport integration systems - functioning in the voivodship. The results of the research were analyzed by the rail passenger transport and bus passenger transport as part of the voivodship public transport system. In the majority of cases, passengers’ assessments were not satisfactory. The most frequently issued evaluations fluctuated only around the average (on a scale from 1 to 10). The authors have thoroughly analyzed the results of the transport survey, confronting the results obtained and trying to find out their causes depending on the characteristics of the area under analysis.

Intermodal Passengers Terminals: Design Standards for Better Level of Service

The Ukrainian market of international freight transportation has considerable unrealized potential, therefore it is necessary to identify mechanisms for improving the efficiency of functioning of the transport system of Ukraine and its integration into the international transport system.  One of the priority areas for the development of the Ukrainian transport industry is its integration into the world and European transport and logistics systems.  This can be achieved by developing the country's transport and logistics infrastructure and creating a network of modern transport and logistics centers.  Transport and logistics centers, as objects of transport and logistics infrastructure, have emerged due to the spread of integration processes in the economies of countries and have become an integral part of transport and logistics systems.  The transport and logistics center is a complex system that includes several subsystems, integrated by integration links, through which it is able to perform logistic functions. The article provides an analytical overview of the transit potential of Ukraine and the country's transport and logistics system in the global environment, examines the world experience of creating and operating transport and logistics centers as elements of the transport and logistics system, and gives attention to the peculiarities of functioning of logistics centers in developed countries. The main characteristics of the transport and logistics center, its place in the transport and logistics system and the goals of operation are determined.

Системи міського пасажирського транспорту займають особливе місце в загальній структурі пасажирського транспорту, що пояснюється безупинним підвищенням ролі міст у житті суспільства, обумовленого розподілом праці та концентрацією виробництва. Зміни в житті України призвели до значної модифікації структури потреб населення в перевезеннях і перебудові маршрутних систем більшості українських міст, яка найчастіше носила стихійний характер. У той же час прийняття рішень про зміну маршрутних систем являє собою складну задачу, що торкається інтересів великої кількості городян та має значне соціальне й економічне значення. Створення інформаційної бази міста передбачає збір вихідних даних про транспортну мережу, характеристики вулично-дорожньої мережі і попиту на переміщення пасажирів. При цьому вибір маршрутів руху громадського транспорту, що входять у систему, відбувається на основі попередньої оцінки ефективності її функціонування. На підставі пасажиропотоків за кожним маршрутом розраховується раціональна кількість транспортних засобів, техніко-економічні і техніко-експлуатаційні показники роботи на маршрутах. У роботі представлено аналіз оціночних показників функціонування пасажирської системи міста Дубно, дано їх характеристику, намічено шляхи покращення ефективності функціонування на перспективу.

As they involve many interacting agents behaving in numerous ways that are extremely difficult to predict, urban transportation systems are complex in nature. The development of intermodal passenger transportation solutions to address the mobility issues constitutes a major thrust area of urban transport policies. But, to offer citizens comprehensive seamless mobility, intermodal transportation system management (ITSM) requires the integration of two major components. The traffic regulation support system, to help the operator responsible for the regulation tasks: coordination of timetables, synchronising arrival and departure times between the different transportation modes, and the traveller information system, giving customers access to information and using a comprehensive set of information tools. In this paper, a generic model of a transport management system, integrating these two components is proposed. This generic model is then used to elaborate a traffic regulation system in the case of a bimodal transportation system (tram-bus). The traffic regulation support system, based on the decision model of an operator, and the traveler information system are described.

This paper provides a Lagrangian dynamic fluid model of the traffic of Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) system or of personal rapid maglev-transporters. The transport system using these maglev-transporters or sky-podcars operates in the style of demand-responsive systems. The advantage of the sky-podcars is that they are fast and that they do not operate in the same physical space as the other ground transportation modes. Thus they will contribute to alleviate congestion. We model the dynamics of the sky-podcars transportation system and we solve the problem of relocation with minimum cost in this maglev system. An analysis of assumptions of effective operation of the PRT is carried out. Reactive dynamic assignment in such PRT system is described. In a multi-modal transport system where the maglev-transporters mode is taken into account, we describe the multi-modal dynamic assignment and its spatial interactions with other common transportation systems.

The state of atmospheric pollution is determined by the growth of the population, the amount of transport and the generated volumes of emissions. The object is the process of analyzing passenger transportation in the city. The subject is passenger transport analysis methods. Purpose: analysis of passenger transportation and approaches to optimization of public transport based on the concept of a smart city. Tasks: analysis of passenger transportation, classification of existing conceptual approaches to optimization of public transport with low carbon emissions, systematization of existing methods, means and types of neural networks in smart cities, analysis of successful implementation projects. Methods of statistical analysis, linear and non-linear interpolation, logical generalization, comparison, grouping, analysis and synthesis. Results: the analysis of passenger transportation in the city revealed that statistical data sets indicate a decrease in the main indicators of passenger traffic and an increase in the volume of emissions of carbon-containing compounds. The classification of existing approaches to the optimization of public transport is carried out according to the priority of public transport, hybridization and electrification of vehicles and the implementation of IT monitoring. During the systematization of methods and means in smart cities, the following are highlighted: smart transport systems; electric vehicles; transport sharing networks; smart applications and information systems; innovative payment systems; unmanned vehicles; information boards and announcement systems; networks of bicycle paths and equipped sidewalks; environmental monitoring systems. Among neural networks, recurrent, convolutional, and deep neural networks have been proposed as those that contribute to route optimization and traffic prediction. Conclusions: the statistical analysis of passenger transportation established that reducing carbon dioxide emissions is an unresolved task for both public transport and the transportation system. It is proposed to include methods and means that optimize public transport, reducing the carbon footprint of the initiatives of implementing the concept of a smart city, which are successful all over the world. It is proposed to use recurrent, convolutional and deep neural networks to optimize passenger transportation in smart cities.