비빔밥의 조리과정 변화 연구 -근대 이후 조리서를 중심으로-

This essay provides an intellectual history for the cultural turn that transformed the human sciences in the mid-20th century and led to the creation of cultural sociology in the late 20th century. It does so by conceptualizing and contextualizing the limitations of the binary primitive/modernity. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, leading thinkers – among them Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Freud – confined thinking and feeling styles like ritual, symbolism, totem, and devotional practice to a primitivism that would be transformed by the rationality and universalism of modernity. While the barbarisms of the 20th century cast doubt on such predictions, only an intellectual revolution could provide the foundations for an alternative social theory. The cultural turn in philosophy, aesthetics, and anthropology erased the division between primitive and modern; in sociology, the classical writings of Durkheim were recentered around his later, religious sociology. These intellectual currents fed into a cultural sociology that challenged the sociology of culture, creating radically new research programs in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Coffee Culture in Dublin: A Brief History

Rational Buildings Designed To `Calm the Disorderly Mind'

This study aimed to examine the cooking methods used in the Joseon Dynasty using cooking books. We chose Suwoonjabbang (1500`s) and Eumsikdimibang (1610) as the subjects of this study. Cooking methods from these two recipe books were categorized into staples, side dishes, rice cakes, Korean traditional sweets and cookies, drinks, fermented foods, seasonings, and storage methods. Firstly, Suwoonjabbang contains a total of 121 cooking methods divided into two volumes. In contrast, Eumsikdimibang includes 146 cooking methods. There are 18 methods for noodles and dduks, 74 methods for fish and meat, and 54 methods for drinks and vinegars, and others. Secondly, Suwoonjabbang written by Yu Kim in Chinese characters can be described in simple terms. It provides caution against indulging in the taste of food. In contrast, Eumsikdimibang by Kye Hyang Jang contains detailed cooking methods that have disappeared. Thirdly, Eumsikdimibang introduced more diverse cooking methods for noodles, dumplings, side dishes, rice cake, Korean traditional sweets and cookies, and fermented foods as compared to Suwoonjabbang. In conclusion, unique cooking methods introduced in these two cooking books, which are rare these days, are expected to be further applied and developed.

Le prieuré Saint-Crespin a été fondé entre le milieu du XIe et le milieu du XIIe siècle à la place d’un ancien cimetière et de son église. Celle-ci (fin du VIe siècle) a connu trois phases de construction avant d’être reconstruite entre le milieu du IXe et le milieu du XIe siècle. Plus de 700 tombes fouillées, permettent de dégager l’évolution de l’organisation spatiale du cimetière, de caractériser la population inhumée et ses pratiques funéraires. Un tiers des défunts présentait des dépôts céramiques mais aussi des accessoires vestimentaires, des outils et des armes.

Corvin Castle, located in Hunedoara County (Transylvania), is an important Romanian cultural site. Originally, a fort constructed in the 14th century, it was first converted into a castle by Ioan de Hunedoara in the 15th century, frequently changing owners (with significant construction in the 15th and 17th centuries) until it was abandoned in the mid-19th century. After undergoing various ill-fated reconstruction efforts in the late 19th century, the castle reopened in the 1950s when the Romanian government renewed its interest in cultural sites and undertook a series of sparsely-documented archaeological investigations and conservation projects. Presently, restoration efforts require renewed investigation of Corvin Castle’s construction and history. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a promising tool for investigating the construction phases of heritage structures like Corvin Castle, where invasive methods are inappropriate and extensive historical modification has left incomplete records. In 2017, a comprehensive GPR survey of the castle was conducted. The survey recognizes features mentioned in texts, discovers previously unknown constructions, locates areas of moisture ingress around the courtyard, and identifies the extent and composition of the building foundations. Information gained from these scans, especially combined with printed sources, is an asset in planning restoration efforts and understanding the effects of past modifications.

This study intends to present the geographic perceptions of the early medieval sources describing the Eastern European steppe. The main goal is to outline the dwelling places of the Hungarians in the 9th century and the Pechenegs in the 10th century on the Pontic steppe. The sources, I examine here, embody very different points of view and come from different cultural circles. The so-called Armenian Geography from the 7th century, the Byzantine De administrando imperio with information from the late 9th and mid-10th centuries, and the Persian Ḥudūd al-ʿālam (Regions of the World) from the late 10th century. As an important addition, some important pieces of the Muslim Jayhānī tradition from the very beginning of the 10th century. The first three sources give a detailed description of Eastern Europe, presenting the peoples, countries and borders living in the vast area east of the Carpathians and north of the Black Sea. Harmonizing their mental map is a rather difficult task in several cases due to the dynamic changes in steppe conditions. Armenian Geography is important in understanding the hydrography and determining where the Bulgars lived. I outlined the area controlled by the Hungarians and then the Pechenegs near the Black Sea primarily on the basis of the DAI. The Ḥudūd provides additional important pieces of information for this, but it caused serious difficulties in several cases, such as the localization of different Bulghār countries or the Mirvāt. These two sources complement each other well for the two groups of Pechenegs, east and west of the Volga. The examined sources add up to a very dynamic map of the Eastern European steppe from the 7th to the 10th century, showing the political processes in their progress.

The formalisation of the Anthropocene as a subdivision of the Geological Time Scale has been under debate. Its stratigraphic boundary has been proposed as a precise Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) in the mid-20th century, but it is part of an episode of human-induced changes to the Earth System that have unfolded over millennia. Here we attempt to identify stratigraphical patterns of the Anthropocene from a previously well studied lake sedimentary archive from the English Midlands, located in one of the most heavily human-modified landscapes in the UK, and the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. Our analysis is predicated on the sedimentary succession of Groby Pool, a small lake situated to the immediate northwest of Leicester. We have found that whilst proxy signals for biotic change are indicative of significant landscape and consequent ecological changes prior to the 20th century, the signal from radiogenic fallout and rapid increase in spheroidal carbonaceous particles indicative of fossil-fuel combustion yield a clear mid and later 20th century stratigraphical signature that corresponds with the Great Acceleration of the post-WWII period. We therefore demonstrate clear stratigraphical signatures in the oldest Industrial Revolution landscape on Earth that are consistent with a mid-20th century start point for the Anthropocene.

Agricultural influence on landscape sensitivity in the Upper Mississippi River Valley

Transport's historical, contemporary and future role in shaping urban development: Re-evaluating transit oriented development

The article is devoted to one of the oldest rites - the plowing of villages (ritual plowing) in order to prevent the death of livestock or to get rid of diseases in case of epizootics that have already begun. The purpose of the work is to identify the local features of the rite and to confirm the presence in the Tula province of an invariant core of ritual actions common to all Great Russian provinces. The main source base of the article is the ethnographic materials of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS) archive, collected in the middle of the 19th century, and the publications of parish priests in the church publication “Tula Diocesan Gazette”. The article also considers the publications of researchers in the journal “Ethnographic Review” in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The analysis of the sources allowed to examine the rite of plowing in the Tula province from the 1840s to the 1910s, and to identify the characteristics: participants, ritual actions, and ceremonial paraphernalia. The author comes to the conclusion that the “general scenario” of the plowing in the Tula province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was similar to the practice in other Great Russian provinces of the Russian Empire. It was revealed that the ritual plowing was widespread in the mid-19th century and retaining significant archaic features in the Tula province. By the beginning of the 20th century fragmentary information about the plowing suggests that wasn’t a standard or habitual practice, but rather a relapses. The author also notes that local accounts of plowing often mention the use of strengthening ritual paraphernalia and actions, such as “locking” the village, using a protective thread, and making noise in the Tula province.

Analyzing the geomagnetic axial dipole field moment over the historical period from new archeointensity results at Bukhara (Uzbekistan, Central Asia)

The aim of this study is to elaborate comparative portraits of Korean and Japanese beauty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Six portraits of beauty in the Korean Joseon Dynasty (early 19th century) and 5 in Japanese Edo Dynasty (late 18th century) were analyzed. Twenty anthropometric items were applied to the measure of the features on each portrait and 18 proportional indices of the face were calculated. Among the 18 indices, Korean and Japanese beauty did not show any significant differences in 13, but in 5: 1) the ratio of eye fissure to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 2) eye inclination was greater in Japanese beauty; 3) the ratio of nasal width to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 4) the ratio of nasal and facial width was greater in Korean beauty; and 5) the ratio of vermilion size to mouth width was greater in Japanese beauty. It is assumed that Korean had narrower eye fissure, lower eye inclination, wider nasal ala, and thinner lip than what Japanese craved during that era.

The criteria (lichen measurements, geomorphology, vegetation cover and degree of weathering of rocks) used for comparing and dating moraine ridges near the Mueller, Tasman and Hooker glaciers at Mount Cook are briefly discussed. Characteristic land- forms, indicating that episodes of glacier expansion have occurred, include sharp- crested lateral moraines. A description is given of the chronology of moraine ridges formed by periods of expansion of the three glaciers during the last 700–800 years, illustrated by maps, diagrams and photographs. There have been marked expansions of one or more of the glaciers in A.D. mid 12th century, mid 13th century, mid 15th century, mid 16th century, early and mid-to-late 17th century, mid and late 18th century, early, mid, and late 19th century and about 1930. There may have been other minor expansions during this time span.

Until the mid 20th century, children with cystic fibrosis (CF) died at a young age from a combination of malnutrition and suppurative lung disease. In the past three to four decades, coincident with new treatments for pulmonary complications and the use of high-calorie diets without restrictions on fat intake, there has been marked and progressive improvement in lung function, nutritional status and survival. However, treatment for pancreatic insufficiency, which affects most individuals with CF, remains largely unchanged, and there have been few advances in our understanding and management of gastrointestinal problems in this population. Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT), principally using enzyme extracts of porcine origin, has been the mainstay for treating maldigestion resulting from pancreatic insufficiency (PI) for over a century. Powdered PERT was instituted before the 1931 creation of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the subsequent Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 that required proof of safety and efficacy before approval of drugs for marketing. Enteric-coated microcapsules, the most commonly used PERT, have never been FDA approved. After the epidemic of fibrosing colonopathy in the early 1990s, a condition that was clearly related to high doses of exogenous pancreatic enzymes, the FDA initiated a process of re-evaluating the safety and efficacy of PERT. In 2004, the FDA released a draft of a new Guidance Document for public comment that stated that within the next 4 years, all manufacturers of current enzyme products will need to submit a New Drug Application to the FDA with proof of safety in manufacturing, stability and efficacy. The coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) is the traditional method of testing the clinical efficacy of PERT. CF clinicians have long recognized that there is a very wide range of CFA in patients with CF. Less well known is that there is marked variability in the actual amount of enzyme in each capsule. Capsules are overfilled so that the stated dosage reflects the least amount of enzyme activity present after a six-month shelf life. There is little correlation between CFA and enzyme dose when subjects are receiving a dose of PERT considered optimal by the caregiver and/or patient. Furthermore, a recent cross-sectional study showed no correlation between enzyme dose and growth or self-reported symptoms. Consequently, the common belief that PERT dose can be titrated to correct malabsorption and/or maldigestion using patient-reported relief of abdominal symptoms or stool bulk and consistency appears to be questionable. PERT may not completely correct PI even if given in adequate doses because the release and onset of activity is not synchronous with the presence of food in the proximal intestine, the site for optimal absorption. Furthermore, as discussed below, it is becoming evident that poorly understood nonpancreatic intestinal and/or hepatobiliary factors likely contribute to incomplete and variable nutrient assimilation in patients with CF. However, we lack tools to distinguish PERT-related factors that might contribute to treatment failure from other confounding factors. Ironically, as mouse models of CF were developed in the late 20th century, these animals did not develop lung or severe pancreatic manifestations. However, the mice have characteristic CF-like bowel obstruction and are proving to be excellent models for study of nonpancreatic gastrointestinal manifestations of CF. The combination of new ways to study gastrointestinal disease in CF that further our understanding of the pathophysiology of CF and the need to evaluate novel methods to study pancreatic and nonpancreatic causes of maldigestion and malabsorption led the CF Foundation to sponsor a workshop, which was held in Baltimore in May 2005. The goals of this workshop were to evaluate what is known about gastrointestinal issues leading to malabsorption, to consider other factors that may contribute to malabsorption and to identify ways to improve care of patients with CF. We set an agenda for further clinical and laboratory-based investigations that would help to elucidate the spectrum of causes of maldigestion and malabsorption. The workshop participants included clinicians and investigators with a variety of interests, members of the US and European regulatory agencies and individuals from industry who were involved in producing traditional PERT or developing novel PERT or diagnostic tests. © 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.