СТРУКТУРНО-СЕМАНТИЧНІ ТИПИ ІННОВАЦІЙ У МОВІ СУЧАСНИХ ЗМІ

The compound words are all the words that are compound from two or more words and both of them creative the new words with the new meaning. In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word-formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. Article visualizations:

The paper investigates the relations between perception and language in Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy in the light of the recent publications of the course notes dating back to the early fifties, Le monde sensible et le m onde de l'expression and Recherches sur l'usage litteraire du langage . The first course gives us an articulated conception of expression, which plays a decisive role in explaining the continuity between perception and language. Perception is closely associated with linguistic acts of parole and sharing an expressive, diacritical structure analogous to the one characterizing linguistic meanings. Nonetheless some philosophical problems regarding Merleau-Ponty’s basically phenomenological method of searching for the roots of linguistic meanings in perceptions are considered. In the second course the idea of the two alleged languages finds support and is developed in a more radical direction through Merleau-Ponty’s engagement with the experience of the writer trying to find new words to convey his own experience of the word. This emphasis on the langage conquerant at the expenses of ordinary shared linguistic practices is critically considered, also in the light of other research trajectories followed by the French philosopher in the same period.

The process by which people acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate is known as language learning. The present study aimed at assessing whether intralingual subtitling can be used to effectively improve on the learning of English language by French speaking Cameroonian students in the country. It involved exposing French speaking students to a film without subtitles over a period of two weeks during which they viewed the film six times and subsequently to the same film with English intralingual subtitles over the same period and length of time. Prior to the exercise the students underwent a diagnostic test which was aimed at evaluating their level of the English language which was an essential component in the subtitling of the film. The students then underwent pre and post tests after viewing the film without and with the subtitles respectively. Analysis of the results of these tests using statistical methods (t-test and ANOVA) showed an improvement in their language elements namely: comprehension, vocabulary, word formation, sentence structure, sound speech, meaning, and usage depending on the context. The improvement average mark increased from 9.5/20 in the pre-test to 12.0/20 in the post-test, thereby confirming the fact that students can effectively improve on language learning through the use of intralingual subtitling which can therefore be considered as an important tool of audiovisual translation. Key words: Audiovisual translation, linguistic elements, language learning, language teaching, French speaking students.

This dissertation tracks what I term the public dispensability of language: the apportioning of particular language varieties to contexts deemed public by their users, and the dialectical, productive potential for language forms to assemble and shape publics of varying durability and form. The work of linguistic representation, as phenomena described in this dissertation demonstrate acutely, produces not only the people involved as participants in communication, but also the groupings to which they belong, against which they mobilize, through which they live their relationships to the world. These representational processes are deeply internalized and reproduced at both the most unremarkably quotidian and unabashedly spectacular scales. Based on two years of ethnographic fieldwork in literacy classrooms, Kurdish language classes, and wider community spaces in Turkey, I examine how language is used in public and how language is used to assemble publics, and explore the fraught politics of a would-be public Kurdish. I investigate how ways with text – reading, writing, brandishing, and circulating text objects – become indices of, and means to, the transformations of selves, and explore some of the consequences – personal, political, linguistic, moral – that ensue. Although the official ban on Kurdish (the largest minority language in Turkey) was lifted in 1991, the use of Kurdish in public life in Turkey remains restricted and politically fraught. Decades of violent confrontation between state security forces and Kurdish militants continue to frame “the Kurdish question” in Turkey, defining national debates over the future of democratic pluralism and national security. In recent years, the Kurdish political project has been increasingly pitched in terms of expanded linguistic rights, particularly for “mother tongue education.” Yet the majority of able speakers – women and older generations, who grew up in monolingual rural settings – are also the least likely to have had formal schooling or to have developed comprehensive literacy skills. A paradox thus unfolds: a newly emergent Kurdish language press produces texts (grammars, novels, newspapers, etc.) that few can read, since those who wield literacy are unlikely to know Kurdish, and those most likely to be proficient in Kurdish are unlikely to know how to read. How do expectations around language forms both presuppose and produce contexts as variously public, and with what stakes for negotiations of political and personal sovereignty? I examine how language ideologies and linguistic practices mediate the everyday productions of self- and group-making, and highlight the importance of understanding the political economy of language in Turkey – the politics around which language is deployed in what contexts, to what purposes, and with what histories of association. Key words: language politics; publics; literacy; Kurdish; Turkey

Nowadays, mass media innovates and has the great power of revolution of our lives. Marshall MacLuhan says new media is the new method of language and also, it is connecting to the real world possibly. The letters make media world a big different. At the end of voiceless age, the caption not only delivers means of the contents but also provides for the composition of the screen itself. In these kinds of composition elements contain explanations such as aesthetic, entertainment, and revival aspects. The caption as translation that used to use was as changing as new way of exploring method. To deliver means of contents, the letters of inside screen has extremely big changes and meaning as well. The design of lettering is the new aesthetic method of media world. Also, the elements of lettering is approaching as the new way of lives. Therefore, this study is to provide the aspects of the lettering to the mass media respectively.

Recently the process of active informatization of society and globalization of the world information space has been observed. The consequence of this process is different kids of Information Wars, where the mass media plays the main and the most important role. The immersion of an increasing part of humanity into the virtual world of media in the age of digitalization generates a high demand for the creation of information and cyber warfare. If the main tool of the information war is the media, then the main tool of the media is language. The subject of the study is the language functioning in the mechanisms of information wars. The main content of the research is the analysis of the concept of "information war" from a linguistic point of view. Theoretical analysis of literature, media linguistic analysis, methods of critical linguistics, etc. are used as research methods. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is a media linguistic study involving foreign scientific concepts (English), untranslated and unpublished in Russian. The article provides a number of clarifications and additions to the existing theories of information warfare with the involvement of linguistic and political science textures. A systematic, versatile and detailed description of the current state and changes that have occurred in linguistics over the past ten years in the light of the conceptualization of the phenomenon of "information war" is presented. Based on the results of the study, the concept of information warfare in mass media discourse is revealed, and a comprehensive method for studying this phenomenon is proposed.

[Extended abstract] This is the first detailed description of Murui (Bue variety of ‘Witoto’), a hitherto little-documented Witotoan language spoken by about 2,000 people in the Colombian and Peruvian areas of the Amazon Basin. The thesis is written following the latest theoretical requirements of modern descriptive linguistics (Dixon’s Basic Linguistic Theory). It uses extensive immersion fieldwork and participant observation as methodological techniques in the best tradition of descriptive linguistic work. Collected during several fieldtrips to the Murui communities located between the Putumayo and Caqueta rivers in Colombia (El Encanto, Tercera India, San Rafael, and San Jose) between 2013 and 2016, the linguistic data consists of an extensive corpus of texts in a variety of genres (including songs, folk tales, myths, life story narratives, narratives of traditional customs and practices, and everyday conversations), as well as field notes. In addition to the language description and analysis, the grammar also draws attention to the typological features of Murui, and sheds new light on the linguistic variation among the Witotoan languages. It is a valuable resource for further research on the linguistic affiliation of the Witotoan language family in South America. The grammar presents analyses of the phonology, morphology and syntax of the Murui language. The thesis is divided into 13 robust chapters covering specific relevant topics. These chapters are: (1) The Murui language and its speakers (sociolinguistic and genealogical information, overview of earlier work), (2) Phonology (a detailed treatment of the Murui sound system with all its complexity), (3) Word classes (an overview of open and closed word classes and their main characteristics), (4) Noun structure and classifiers (shows the central role of classifiers and repeaters in the structure of nouns and of the language in general), (5) Possession and number (on possessive constructions and the ability of nouns to be possessed), (6) Grammatical relations (the central topic in every language description), (7) Predicate structure, non-spatial, and spatial setting (a detailed presentation of predicate structure and the main categories in verbal morphology: tense, aspect, modality, evidentiality, and spatial distinctions), (8) Valency-changing mechanisms (the verbal derivational categories passive, causative, reflexive and reciprocal), (9) Adjectives and comparative constructions (on adjectives and strategies of comparison), (10) Negation (types of negation, clausal and non-clausal), (11) Commands and questions (imperatives and command strategies, types of questions), (12) Sentence types and clause linking (the structure of complex sentences, types of independent clauses), (13) Discourse organization (clause linkage, structure of narratives, focus, the influence of Spanish). Additionally, there is an elaborate list of relevant literature references, and a sample of five fully analysed illustrative texts with glosses and translation, including the origin story of the Murui people.

Learning Discourses and the Discourses of Learning is an edited collection of papers exploring issues of teaching and learning in academic settings. The key theme of the volume is 'discourses' - especially as these relate to institutional policies, disciplinary practices and students' processes of learning in the academy. Particular attention is paid to the experiences of second-language students studying at Australian universities as well as those learning foreign languages in Australia. Employing a variety of methodologies and theoretical perspectives, the papers in Learning Discourses are unified by a focus on rich and socially situated empirical data. The book addresses issues highly pertinent to the dynamic character of contemporary higher education in Australia, one dominated by trends towards the internationalisation and professionalisation of university programs, and the growing intercultural nature of social and academic interactions. Part one covers issues of discourse and change, exploring processes of discourse acquisition and production in a range of disciplinary contexts, along with the nexus between academic and professional discourses. Part two deals with broader issues of the participation and socialisation of students in second-language-use situations, ranging from macro (social planning and policy) issues to the micro (interpersonal) level. Part three looks at the social mediation of foreign language learning covering a range of tertiary and secondary settings in Australia and has a particular focus on Japanese as a foreign language. This book is intended for academics and students - postgraduate and undergraduate - working in foreign language programs, academic and language support programs, and applied linguistics.

This thesis applies linguistic analysis to one of the most difficult and under-theorised problems in criminology: recidivism on parole (Weisberg, Mukamal, & Segall, 2011, p. 3). During the parole hearing, inmates’ suitability for early release is judged according to parole board members’ intuitions and impressions, not evidence-based -- or even consistent -- criteria. The forensic linguistic approach of this study examines the same inmate statements considered by parole board members, but draws quantitative speech data from these, combining cutting-edge linguistic research with sophisticated data modelling to determine whether inmates exhibiting differentiated parole outcomes (i.e., recidivism or non-recidivism) also exhibit differentiated structural linguistic choices in the parole hearing.This study is inspired by the text analysis efforts of historic criminological and social cognitive research, contemporary psychological studies, and burgeoning interdisciplinary explorations toward connections between language and behaviour. It innovates by assessing pragmatic dimensions of language in naturally-occurring, high-stakes data, and is able to go further as a result. 182 successful parole hearings for violent criminals (i.e., murder, rape and sexual assault, and/or robbery) in four American states were transcribed and coded to form a parole hearing corpus of 750,000 words. Over thirty linguistic features, identified from criminological, social-cognitive, and psychological theories of violence, were operationalised for a thorough corpus analysis. The most significant linguistic features (p < 0.05) were included in a multiple logistic regression model alongside variables commonly used by criminologists, to ensure potentially significant and interfering factors were judged together, preventing bias or omission which could otherwise invalidate results -- a serious Type I error which commonly compromises linguistic research.The result is the first evidence-based linguistic assessment of interactions between criminal recidivism and language behaviours. The findings suggest significantly greater accuracy towards parole outcome (76%) than predictive measures currently in use. Theoretically, they provide new contours to the understanding of language and behaviour. In practical terms, they indicate that evaluating linguistic choices toward potential re-offense and behavioural outcome may be justified, while affirming the importance of evidence-based grounding for those judgments (Latessa & Lovins, 2010).

Homeland Discourse is a translation from German “Heimatdiskurs”. We have introduced this new term into a theory on Societies of Interventions. This neologism has a few relatives in other languages but claims originality insofar as it is inseparably linked to both: the theory of interventions and the fact that societies in those countries that send troops into military interventions develop a specific and powerful discourse with a strong impact on politics and culture. Our main assumption is that Homeland Discourse has become influential to political decisions and the mindset of countries that are engaged in military operations out of area.

The research objective is as follows: to reveal intentional specificity of moral discourse of the German-language mass media. The article examines the notions “morality”, “moral discourse”, “intention”, describes the intent analysis method as a technique to study moral discourse. Scientific originality of the paper lies in the fact that the researcher proposes her own approach to analysing the intentional component of the mass media moral discourse, identifies the role of metonymy in realization of author’s subjective-evaluative attitude within this discourse. The research findings are as follows: the author identifies and describes intentional models typical of moral discourse of the German-language mass media. It is emphasized that in moral discourse, intentions of negative evaluation prevail.

The study explores the practice, meaning and significance of invective and insults in political discourse among Ghanaians. It examines the use of such language forms against people of higher social status in online discourse in Ghana, a country where it is traditionally unacceptable to openly criticize the elderly and authority figures, let alone insult them. Data was sourced from GhanaWeb [www.ghanaweb.com], the most patronized online news website in Ghana that ensures anonymous citizen participation in issues of national interest. The data involved invective and insult-filled online reader comments on news reports about the presidential candidates and the electoral commissioner involved in the 2016 general election in Ghana. Metapragmatic comments (reader reactions) which portray Ghanaian sociocultural perspectives on the use of abusive language against these individuals were also gathered. These two sets of comments were used to build the Corpus of GhanaWeb Comments on Ghana’s 2016 Election (CGCGE16). In addition to CGCGE16, the data for the study included comments from social media platforms, native speakers’ intuitions and the views of Ghanaian anthropological linguists and cultural specialists obtained from interviews, and evidence from scholarly works. The qualitative meaning analysis method is used along with the quantitative discourse analysis method. The study adopts an ethnopragmatic approach, combining corpus-based searches with semantic explications and cultural scripts, following the principles of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach (Wierzbicka, 1992, 1996; Goddard & Wierzbicka, 2014). The findings indicate that most of the comments in CGCGE16 are personal attacks that violate the Ghanaian communicative norms towards the elderly and people in authority and, furthermore, do not conform to the expected displays of verbal respect. Instead of expressing their views on on-going socio-political issues, the commenters often draw on past socio-political occurrences, their public and sociocultural knowledge to engage in negative emotional characterizations and evaluations of the presidential candidates and the electoral commissioner, thereby, showing disapproval of them. By means of name-calling expressions, derogatory adjectives, and derogatory interjections, these commenters attack the intellectual abilities, moral behaviour, social competence, and physical characteristics of their targets. This negative communicative behaviour is attributed to the fact that on GhanaWeb, like on many online communities, interactants are not obliged to uphold communicative norms. The anonymity of GhanaWeb shields commenters from the repercussions such speech behaviours would otherwise necessitate. It is also attributed to the right to freedom of speech, the repeal of the criminal libel law, and the fact that traditionally, there are some specific settings that allow the use of insults against authority. The study demonstrates that although the practice of using insults against political leaders in online commentary appears to be “normal” in the online context, it is a transgression when one considers the Ghanaian sociocultural norms of communication. Consistent with this, although the interaction on GhanaWeb is asynchronous, some commenters play the role of regulatory figures and traditional gatekeepers of appropriate communicative behaviour by posting disapproving metapragmatic comments. The study identifies many ways in which interactions on GhanaWeb are culturally shaped. These include first, commenters do not only rely on English slang terms and swearwords, they also employ some local language insulting expressions (e.g. kwasea ‘fool’, yaka gbɔmɔ ‘worthless person’) due to the ‘weight’ such expressions carry for Ghanaians. Secondly, the metapragmatic comments do not employ certain key terms such as “offensiveness” that can be found in the literature on online studies related to the speakers of Inner Circle Englishes. Instead, they highlight the clear position of the Ghanaian culture on respect for elders and people in authority. These metapragmatic comments also stress the fact that the exchange of invective and insults in politics can result in violence which may have adverse effects on the development of the nation. Overall, the study is inclined towards the view that instead of generalizing the results of studies on abusive language use in online interactions, there is a need to draw out what distinguishes Ghanaian online interactants from, let’s say, Western countries, Asian countries, African countries, or from interactants elsewhere. The key claim is that understanding the sociocultural backdrop for the speech practices of online interactants is crucial to understanding their language use, as interactants draw on existing communicative repertoires which influence their language choices. Also, the study draws attention to news websites in Ghana as a platform where the use of unmitigated invective and insults against people of higher social status is increasingly becoming the norm, despite the fact it violates Ghanaian communicative values. Thus, this study serves as a springboard for future research into abusive language use in online interactions among Ghanaians.

This essay stages an intervention by Saussure in Kant’s account of the formation and application of empirical concepts. It takes the shape of a productive comparison of Kantian concept formation and Saussure’s “language mechanism.” My thesis is that whereas for the Kant the interplay of concept and intuition constitutes the achievement of cognition, for Saussure it is the condition of possibility of cognition, without at the same time being its completion. I conclude that Saussure’s linguistic program yields a conceptual framework given in and as language, which framework must be reapplied to sensible manifolds in order to yield experience. The essay comprises three central components: (1) I begin with a recountal of Saussurean linguistics with attention to certain motivations it shares with Kant; (2) I rehearse the fundamentals of Kantian cognition to demonstrate the sense in which signs are underpinned by the same synthesis of form and content, in light of which I clarify how signs function as formal rather than substantial entities. I also give an account of empirical concept formation as governed by the acts governing the language mechanism, arguing that we must turn attention to the social nature of language and language learning; finally (3) I show how the preceding insights hold at the level of pure concepts or categories, hence how rational grammar is also already linguistic.

Natural language texts frequently contain related information in different positions in discourse. As human readers, we can recognize such information across sentence boundaries and correctly infer relations between them. Given this inference capability, we understand texts that describe complex dependencies even if central aspects are not repeated in every sentence. In linguistics, certain omissions of redundant information are known under the term ellipsis and have been studied as cohesive devices in discourse (Halliday and Hasan, 1976). For computational approaches to semantic processing, such cohesive devices are problematic because methods are traditionally applied on the sentence level and barely take surrounding context into account. In this dissertation, we investigate omission phenomena on the level of predicate-argument structures. In particular, we examine instances of structures involving arguments that are not locally realized but inferable from context. The goal of this work is to automatically acquire and process such instances, which we also refer to as implicit arguments, to improve natural language processing applications. Our main contribution is a framework that identifies implicit arguments by aligning and comparing predicate-argument structures across pairs of comparable texts. As part of this framework, we develop a novel graph-based clustering approach, which detects corresponding predicate-argument structures using pairwise similarity metrics. To find discourse antecedents of implicit arguments, we further design a heuristic method that utilizes automatic annotations from various linguistic pre-processing tools. We empirically validate the utility of automatically induced instances of implicit arguments and discourse antecedents in three extrinsic evaluation scenarios. In the first scenario, we show that our induced pairs of arguments and antecedents can successfully be applied to improve a pre-existing model for linking implicit arguments in discourse. In two further evaluation settings, we show that induced instances of implicit arguments, together with their aligned explicit counterparts, can be used as training material for a novel model of local coherence. Given discourse-level and semantic features, this model can predict whether a specific argument should be explicitly realized to establish local coherence or whether it is inferable and hence redundant in context.

The paper made a review of different convictions on the discourse as a complex phenomenon being subject for the combined studies. The study explored mental, substance-specific, procedural and linguistic boundaries of the dis-course of law, the substance of it and dimensions as well; and made a description of linguistic features specific for an American English discourse of law, with a definition of American English discourse of law provided. The dis-course of law represents a specific type of institutional discourse (an occupation-specific shoptalk), with a semiot-ic domain characterized by the set of verbal and non-verbal signs (with their verbal equivalents), all these creating both institutional and non-institutional communication patterns, where an agent, an addressee and the substance (or at least either of the mentioned components) refer to the do-main of law and/ or occur at the intersection of the dis-course of law with other types of discourse (e.g. historic discourse, or political one, or educational or military ones), with the mass-media discourse, or the discourse of fiction, etc.